References
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
- Baldner, C., Jaume, L. C., Pierro, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2019). The epistemic bases of prejudice: The role of need for cognitive closure. TPM, 26(3), 447-461. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM26.3.9
- Baldner, C., & Pierro, A. (2018). The trials of women leaders in the workforce: How a need for cognitive closure can influence acceptance of harmful gender stereotypes. Sex Roles, 80(9), 565–577. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0953-1
- Baldner, C., & Pierro, A. (2019). Motivated prejudice: The effect of need for closure on anti-immigrant attitudes in the United States and Italy and the mediating role of binding moral foundations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 70, 53–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.201903.001
- Bauomy, J. (2020). COVID-19 and xenophobia: Why outbreaks are often accompanied by racism. Euronews. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from https://www.euronews.com/
- Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Baggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic responses. Natural Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
- Bobbio, A., Nencini, A., & Sarrica, M. (2011). Il moral foundation questionnaire: Analisi della struttura fattoriale della versione Italiana [The moral foundation questionnaire. Factorial structure of the Italian version]. Giornale di Psicologia, 5(1–2), 7–18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235945311_Il_Moral_Foundation_Questionnaire_Analisi_della_struttura_fattoriale_della_versione_italiana
- Bottemanne, H., Morlaàs, O., Schmidt, L., & Fossati, P. (2020). Coronavirus: Predictive brain and terror management. L’encephale, 46(35), S107–S113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.012
- Bredemeier, K., & Berenbaum, H. (2008). Intolerance of uncertainty and perceived threat. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 46(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.006
- Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
- Brizi, A., Mannetti, L., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2015). The closing of open minds: Need for closure moderates the impact of uncertainty salience on outgroup discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(2), 244–262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12131
- Campbell, L. (2020, February 9). Chinese in UK report ‘shocking’ levels of racism after Coronavirus outbreak. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/09/chinese-in-uk-report-shocking-levels-of-racism-after-Coronavirus
- Chajut, E., & Algom, D. (2003). Selective attention improves under stress: Implications for theories of social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.231
- Chater, N. (2020). Facing up to the uncertainties of COVID-19. Nature Human Behavior, 4(5), 439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0865-2
- Choi, J. A., Koo, M., Choi, I., & Auh, S. (2008). Need for cognitive closure and information search strategy. Psychology & Marketing, 25(11), 1027–1042. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar
- Clissold, E., Nylander, D., Watson, C., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). Pandemics and prejudice. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 421–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020937873
- Conneely, V. (2020, June 25). ‘Go back to your country’: How coronavirus xenophobia is driving foreigners away. https://www.timesofmalta.com
- Conway, L. G., Woodard, S. R., & Zubrod, A. (2020, April 7). Social psychological measurements of COVID-19: coronavirus perceived threat, government response, impacts, and experiences questionnaires. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z2x9a
- Courtney, E. P., Goldenberg, J. L., & Boyd, P. (2020). The contagion of morality. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 607–617. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12392
- Dijksterhuis, A., Van Knippenberg, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Schaper, C. (1996). Motivated social cognition: Need for closure effects on memory and judgment. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 32(3), 254–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1996.0012
- Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(01)80004-6
- Eurostat. (2019). Retrieved March 8, 2020, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Migration_andmigrant_population_statistics
- Factbase. (2020). Donald Trump complete – Search Tweets, speeches, policies. https://factba.se/search#chinese%2Bvirus
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
- Federico, C. M., Ekstrom, P., Tagar, M. R., & Williams, A. L. (2016). Epistemic motivation and the structure of moral intuition: Dispositional need for closure as a predictor of individualizing and binding morality. European Journal of Personality, 30(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2055
- Flash Eurobarometer 469 Report. (2018). European commission. TNS Political & SocialRetrieved January 10, 2021, from.
- Forsberg, E., Nilsson, A., & Jørgensen, Ø. (2018). Moral dichotomization at the of prejudice: The role of moral foundations and intolerance of ambiguity in generalized prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(8), 1002–1010. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618817347
- Franks, A. S. (2019). Economic issues are moral issues 2: Attributing blame for inequality occurring in the United States versus foreign countries. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 10(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12190
- Franks, A. S., & Scherr, K. C. (2019). Economic issues are moral issues: The moral underpinnings of the desire to reduce wealth inequality. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(4), 553–562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618772821
- Gattino, S., Miglietta, A., & Testa, S. (2008). Dimensionality in Pettigrew and Meerten’s blatant subtle prejudice scale. TPM, 15(3), 135–151. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260989765
- Golec, A., & Federico, C. M. (2004). Understanding political conflict and its resolution: Interactive effects of the need for closure and salient conflict schemas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 750–762. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.750
- Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2012). Sacred values and evil adversaries: A moral foundations approach. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 11–31). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/13091-001
- Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). The moral foundations questionnaire. http://www.moralfoundations.org
- Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
- Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2003). Uncertainty, stress, and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(6), 1057–1068. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00091-0
- Grover, T., Bayraktaroglu, E., Mark, G., & Rho, E. H. R. (2019). Moral and affective differences in US immigration policy debate on Twitter. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 28(3–4), 317–355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-019-09357-w
- Hadarics, M., & Kende, A. (2017a). A closer look at intergroup threat within the dual-process model framework: The mediating role of moral foundation. Psychological Thought, 10(1), 167–177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5964/psyct.v10il.210
- Hadarics, M., & Kende, A. (2017b). The dimensions of generalized prejudice within the dual-process model: The mediating role of moral foundations. Current Psychology, 37(4), 731–739. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9544-x
- Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives may have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20(1), 98–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/S1121-007-0034-2
- Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 113(4), 55–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/0011526042365555
- Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
- Herry, C., Bach, D. R., Esposito, F., Di Salle, F., Perrig, W. J., Scheffler, K., & Seifritz, E. (2007). Processing of temporal unpredictability in human and animal amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(22), 5958–5966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5218-06.2007
- Hogg, M. A. (2007). Uncertainty-identity theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 39. Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 39, pp. 69–126). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39002-8
- Huguet, P., Galvaing, M., Monteil, J., & Dumas, F. (1999). Social presence effects in the stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1011–1025. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1011
- Janoff-Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C. (2013). Surveying the moral landscape moral motives and group-based moralities. Personality &Social Psychology Review, 17(3), 219–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313480274
- Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
- Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Iyer, R., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially purity) help explain culture war attitudes. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(2), 184–194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006
- Kossowska, M., Dragon, P., & Bukowski, M. (2015). When need for closure leads to positive attitudes towards a negatively stereotyped outgroup. Motivation and Emotion, 39(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9414-5
- Kossowska, M., Szumowska, E., Dragon, P., Jaśko, K., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2018). Disparate roads to certainty processing strategy choices under need for closure. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 161–211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1493066
- Kruglanski, A. W. (1989). Lay epistemic and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). Essays in social psychology. The psychology of closed mindedness. Psychology Press.
- Kruglanski, A. W., Pierro, A., Mannetti, L., & De Grada, E. (2006). Groups as epistemic providers: Need for closure and the unfolding of group-centrism. Psychological Review, 113(1), 84–100. http://sci-hub.tw/10.1037/0033‐295X.113.1.84
- Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2002). When similarity breeds content: Need for closure and the allure of homogeneous and self‐resembling groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 648–662. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.648
- Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “seizing” and “freezing.”. Psychological Review, 103(2), 263–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.263
- Kugler, M., Jost, J. T., & Noorbaloochi, S. (2014). Another look at moral foundations theory: Do authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain liberal-conservative differences in “moral” intuitions? Social Justice Research, 27(4), 413–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-014-0223-5
- Kuo, L., & Davidson, H. (2020, March 29) ‘They see my blue yes then jump back’ – China sees a new wave of xenophobia. The Guardian.
- Maciej, S., Kossowska, M., & Czernatowicz-Kukuczka, A. (2017). Uncertainty and prejudice: The role of religiosity in shaping group attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 91–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2298
- Manganelli Rattazzi, A. M., & Volpato, C. (2001). Forme sottili e manifeste di pregiudizio verso gli immigrati. Subtle and manifest forms of prejudice towards immigrants. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 28(2), 351–373. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285501367_Subtle_and_blatant_forms_of_prejudice_against_immigrants
- Menzies, R. E., & Menzies, R. G. (2020). Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19. Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 1(13), e19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000215
- Napier, J. L., & Luguri, J. B. (2013). Moral mind sets: Abstract thinking increases a preference for “individualizing” over “binding” moral foundations. Social Psychology & Personality Science, 4(6), 754–759. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612473783
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106
- Pew Research Centre. (2017). Western Europeans vary in their nationalist, anti-immigrant and anti-religious minority attitudes. https://pewrsr.ch/2t8XEEm.Retrieved November, 29, 2020.
- Pierro, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2005). Revised need for cognitive closure scale (Unpublished manuscript). Università di Roma, “La Sapienza.”
- Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thought: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106(4), 835–845. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835
- Roets, A., Kruglanski, A. W., Kossowska, M., Pierro, A., & Hong, Y. (2015). The motivated gatekeeper of our minds: New directions in need for closure. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 221–283. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-7052747
- Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2006). Need for closure relations with authoritarianism, conservative beliefs and racism: The impact of urgency and permanence tendencies. Psychologica Belgica, 46(3), 235–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-46-3-235
- Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation. Stanford University Press.
- Schmider, E., Ziegler, M., Danay, E., Beyer, L., & Bühner, M. (2010). Is it really robust? Reinvestigating the robustness of ANOVA against violations of the normal distribution assumption. Methodology, 6(4), 147–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000016
- Shah, J. Y., Kruglanski, A. W., & Thompson, E. P. (1998). Membership has its (epistemic) rewards: Need for closure effects on in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 383–393. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.383
- Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–45). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221–2237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
- SWG. (2020). Report. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from. Area studi legacoop
- Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
- Van Den Bos, K., & Lind, E. A. (2002). Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 77, pp. 324–336). Academic Press.
- Van Den Bos, K. (2009). On the psychology of the uncertain self and the integration of the worldview defense zoo. Psychological Inquiry, 20(4), 252–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400903448532
- Van Leeuwen, F., & Park, J. H. (2009). Perceptions of social dangers, moral foundations, and political orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(3), 169–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.017
- Vertovec, S. (2020). COVID-19 and enduring stigma. The Corona pandemic increases xenophobia and exclusion worldwide. Max-Plank- Gesellschaft. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from http://https//doi.org/npg.de/14741776/covid-19-and-enduring-stigma
- Vos, J. (2020). The psychology of COVID-19. Building resilience for future pandemics. Sage Swifts.
- Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049
- Webster, D. M., Richter, L., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1996). On leaping to conclusions when feeling tired: Mental fatigue effects on impressional primacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1996.0009
- White, A. R. (2020, March). Historical linkages: Epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia. The Lancet, 395(10232), 1250–1251. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30737-6
- Wichman, A. L., Brunner, R. P., & Weary, G. (2008). Immediate and delayed effects of causal uncertainty inductions on uncertainty accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1106–1113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.12.002
- Winterich, K. P., Zhang, Y., & Mittal, V. (2012). How political identity and charity positioning increase donations: Insights from moral foundations theory. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 346–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.05.002