Who is more willing to engage in social rejection? The roles of self-esteem, rejection sensitivity, and negative affect in social rejection decisions

References

• Ayduk, Ö., Downey, G., & Kim, M. (2001). Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 868–877. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201277009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayduk, Ö., Downey, G., Testa, A., Yen, Y., & Shoda, Y. (1999). Does rejection elicit hostility in rejection sensitive women? Social Cognition, 17(2), 245–271. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1999.17.2.245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Chen, H., Radke, H. R. M., Harding, J. F., & Fasoli, F. (2012). Losing our humanity: The self-dehumanizing consequences of social ostracism. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(2), 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212471205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Wotman, S. R., & Stillwell, A. M. (1993). Unrequited love: On heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness, and humiliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. Hoeber.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016). A unified model of depression: Integrating clinical, cognitive, biological, and evolutionary perspectives. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 596–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702616628523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation, 1, 82.
   Google Scholar
• Berenson, K. R., Gyurak, A., Ayduk, Ö., Downey, G., Garner, M. J., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Pine, D. S., Ayduk, O., Downey, G., Testa, A., Yen, Y., & Shoda, Y. (2009). Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1064–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, M. J., & Claypool, H. M. (2012). Not all social exclusions are created equal: Emotional distress following social exclusion is moderated by exclusion paradigm. Social Influence, 7(2), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2012.664326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Kaufman, J. S., Lo, B., & Zonderman, A. B. (2012). Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 75(6), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, S. J., & Gagne, C. (2018). Anxiety, depression, and decision making: A computational perspective. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 41(1), 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackhart, G. C., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 269–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309346065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, N. J., Otto, A. R., Maddox, W. T., Beevers, C. G., & Love, B. C. (2013). The influence of depression symptoms on exploratory decision-making. Cognition, 129(3), 563–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, K. E., Winkel, R. E., & Leary, M. R. (2004). Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00064-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarocco, N. J., Sommer, K. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Ostracism and ego depletion: The strains of silence. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1156–1163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201279008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L., Chamberlain, S. R., & Sahakian, B. J. (2009). Neurocognitive mechanisms in depression: Implications for treatment. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dainer-Best, J., Trujillo, L. T., Schnyer, D. M., & Beevers, C. G. (2017). Sustained engagement of attention is associated with increased negative self-referent processing in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychology, 129, 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D., Shaver, P. R., & Vernon, M. L. (2003). Physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to breaking up: The roles of gender, age, environmental involvement, and attachment style. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(7), 871–884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029007006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Bacchus, L. J., Child, J. C., Falder, G., Petzold, M., Astbury, J., & Watts, C. H. (2013). Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Medicine, 10(5), e1001439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327–1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, G., Feldman, S. I., & Ayduk, Ö. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and male violence in romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 7(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwick, P. W., Finkel, E. J., Krishnamurti, T., & Loewenstein, G. (2008). Mispredicting distress following romantic breakup: Revealing the time course of the affective forecasting error. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 800–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney, J. A. (2004). Hurt feelings in couple relationships: Towards integrative models of the negative effects of hurtful events. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(4), 487–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407504044844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, T., Diego, M., Pelaez, M., Deeds, O., & Delgado, J. (2009). Breakup distress in university students. Adolescence, 44(176), 705–727. doi:10.1037/t66170-000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, G., Powell, D. N., Le, B., & Williams, K. D. (2019). Ghosting and destiny: Implicit theories of relationships predict beliefs about ghosting. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 905–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517748791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, G., Williams, K. D., & Beer, J. S. (2016). Softening the blow of social exclusion: The responsive theory of social exclusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garris, C. P., Ohbuchi, K., Oikawa, H., & Harris, M. J. (2011). Consequences of interpersonal rejection: A cross-cultural experimental study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(6), 1066–1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110381428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, J., & Wheeler, L. (2009). On being rejected: A meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(5), 468–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01158.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P., Irons, C., Olsen, K., Gilbert, J., & McEwan, K. (2006). Interpersonal sensitivities: Their links to mood, anger and gender. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 79(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608305X43856
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T. P., & Blumberg, S. J. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 617–638. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.3.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooley, S. L., Zadro, L., Williams, L. A., Svetieva, E., & Gonsalkorale, K. (2015). Ostracizing for a reason: A novel source paradigm for examining the nature and consequences of motivated ostracism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 155(5), 410–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1060933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joel, S., Teper, R., & MacDonald, G. (2014). People overestimate their willingness to reject potential romantic partners by overlooking their concern for other people. Psychological Science, 25(12), 2233–2240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614552828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansky, J., & Allen, J. P. (2018). Making sense and moving on: The potential for individual and interpersonal growth following emerging adult breakups. Emerging Adulthood, 6(3), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817711766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Hettema, J. M., Butera, F., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (2003). Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legate, N., DeHaan, C., Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). Hurting you hurts me too: The psychological costs of complying with ostracism. Psychological Science, 24(4), 583–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman, N., Sagristano, M. D., & Trope, Y. (2002). The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 523–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00535-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London, B., Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Paltin, I. (2007). Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(3), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00531.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maner, J. K., Richey, J. A., Cromer, K., Mallott, M., Lejuez, C. W., Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Dispositional anxiety and risk-avoidant decision-making. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(4), 665–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Denton, R., Downey, G., Purdie, V. J., Davis, A., & Pietrzak, J. (2002). Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American students’ college experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 896–918. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.4.896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirsu-Paun, A., & Oliver, J. A. (2017). How much does love really hurt? A meta-analysis of the association between romantic relationship quality, breakups and mental health outcomes in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Relationships Research, 8, E5. https://doi.org/10.1017/jrr.2017.6
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, S. A., Flynn, C., & Garber, J. (2003). Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 745–755. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. M. (2008). Breaking up romantic relationships: Costs experienced and coping strategies deployed. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(1), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen, J. R., & Kashy, D. A. (2012). Two sides of the ostracism coin: How sources and targets of social exclusion perceive themselves and one another. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211430517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (3.6.3). [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Richard, F. D., Bond, C. F., & Stokes-Zoota, J. J. (2003). One hundred years of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7(4), 331–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.4.331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi, M. S., Tram, J. M., & Bergström, B. (2021). Fear of rejecting others: An overlooked construct in dating anxiety. The Family Journal, 30(1), 44-49 10664807211021968. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211021969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Canyas, R., Downey, G., Berenson, K. R., Ayduk, Ö., & Kang, N. J. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and the rejection–hostility link in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 119–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00611.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rusbult, C. E. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(2), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(80)90007-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, K., Yuki, M., & Norasakkunkit, V. (2014). A socio-ecological approach to cross-cultural differences in the sensitivity to social rejection: The partially mediating role of relational mobility. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(10), 1549–1560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114544320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, Z. V. (1988). Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavich, G. M., O’Donovan, A., Epel, E. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2010). Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavich, G. M., Thornton, T., Torres, L. D., Monroe, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Targeted rejection predicts hastened onset of major depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(2), 19391–19408. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.2.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, K. L., Williams, K. D., Ciarocco, N. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). When silence speaks louder than words: Explorations into the intrapsychic and interpersonal consequences of social ostracism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2304_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, H. H. Y., & Richardson, R. (2013). Reversing the negative psychological sequelae of exclusion: Inclusion is ameliorative but not protective against the aversive consequences of exclusion. Emotion, 13(1), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardenaar, K. J., van Veen, T., Giltay, E. J., de Beurs, E., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Zitman, F. G. (2010). Development and validation of a 30-item short adaptation of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ). Psychiatry Research, 179(1), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, P. C., Mathews, A., Williamson, D. A., & Fuller, R. D. (1992). Mood-congruent memory in depression: Emotional priming or elaboration? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J., & Nesdale, D. (2012). Rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and loneliness in young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1984–2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00927.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesselmann, E. D., Wirth, J. H., Pryor, J. B., Reeder, G. D., & Williams, K. D. (2013). When do we ostracize? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(1), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612443386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 425–452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K. D., Bernieri, F. J., Faulkner, S. L., Gada-Jain, N., & Grahe, J. E. (2000). The Scarlet Letter study: Five days of social ostracism. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 5(1), 19–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10811440008407846
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2003). Affective Forecasting. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 345–411). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01006-2
   Google Scholar
• Wirth, J. H., & Wesselmann, E. D. (2018). Investigating how ostracizing others affects one’s self-concept. Self and Identity, 17(4), 394–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1385519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2005). Riding the “O” train: Comparing the effects of ostracism and verbal dispute on targets and sources. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430205051062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J., Li, X., Tian, L., & Huebner, E. S. (2020). Longitudinal association between low self‐esteem and depression in early adolescents: The role of rejection sensitivity and loneliness. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 93(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar