523
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Influence of Confucianism and Taoism on self-construal and thinking style: an intervention study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 25 Jan 2022, Accepted 13 Oct 2022, Published online: 04 Nov 2022

References

  • Bao, H. W. S. (2020). Brucer: Broadly useful collections and extensions of R functions [R package v0.5.4]. https://github.com/psychbruce/bruceR
  • Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self-concept: A test of Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism distinction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25(2), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022194252007
  • Cashdan, E., & Steele, M. (2013). Pathogen prevalence, group bias, and collectivism in the standard cross-cultural sample. Human Nature, 24(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9159-3
  • Chiu, L. H. (1972). A cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in Chinese and American children. International Journal of Psychology, 7(4), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207597208246604
  • Cousins, S. D. (1989). Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.124
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2021). G*Power 3.1 manual. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. http://www.gpower.hhu.de/
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Feng, Y. L. (2011). History of Chinese philosophy. East China Normal University Press.
  • Friedman, R. S. (2013). Development across the life span (Y. J. Su, Trans; 6th ed.). World Publishing Corporation.
  • Hardin, E. E., Leong, F. T. L., & Bhagwat, A. A. (2004). Factor structure of the self-construal scale revisited: Implications for the multidimensionality of self-construal. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104264125
  • Heine, S. J. (2001). Self as cultural product: An examination of East Asian and North American selves. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 881–905. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696168
  • Hong, Y. Y. (2009). A dynamic constructivist approach to culture: Moving from describing culture to explaining culture. In R. S. Wyer, C. Y. Chiu, & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application (pp. 3–23). Psychology Press.
  • Hong, Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.7.709
  • Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., Ip, G., & Menon, T. (2001). Cultural identity and dynamic construction of the self: Collective duties and individual rights in Chinese and American cultures. Social Cognition, 19(3), 251–268 doi:. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.19.3.251.21473
  • Hou, Y. B., Peng, K. P., & Zhu, Y. (2016). Chinese thinking styles: Their concept and structure. Chinese Social Sciences Review, 11(2), 45–72.
  • Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 19–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288
  • Ji, L. J., Zhang, Z., & Nisbett, R. E. (2004). Is it culture or is it language? Examination of language effects in cross-cultural research on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.57
  • Kagitçibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
  • Kanagawa, C., Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (2001). “Who am I?” The cultural psychology of the conceptual self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(1), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201271008
  • Ke, X., Qi, H., Liang, J., Jin, X., Gao, J., Zhang, M. A., & Wang, Y. (2021). Situational assessment method of the Chinese people’s holistic thinking characteristics and their application. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(12), 1299–1309. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.01299
  • Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Yin and Yang of the Japanese self: The cultural psychology of personality coherence. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds.), The coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 242–302). Guilford Press.
  • Kuhn, M. H., & McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088175
  • Li, K. (2020). Study of Chinese polycultural self-construals [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Nanjing Normal University.
  • Lin, C. D. (2018). Developmental psychology (3rd ed.). People’s Education Press.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 223–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(1), 63–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022198291004
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610375557
  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. University of Chicago Press.
  • Needham, J. (1990). Science and civilization in China (Vol. 2). Science Press.
  • Nisbett, R. E., & Masuda, T. (2003). Culture and point of view. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(19), 11163–11170. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1934527100
  • Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.291
  • Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54(9), 741–754. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.741
  • Poulin, M. J., Ministero, L. M., Gabriel, S., Morrison, C. D., & Naidu, E. (2021). Minding your own business? Mindfulness decreases prosocial behavior for people with independent self-construals. Psychological Science, 32(11), 1699–1708. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211015184
  • Ren, X. P., Xiang, Y. Y., & Ma, X. R. (2018). Triple-line theory underlying collectivism variation within China. Community Psychology Research, 5(1), 22–36.
  • Talhelm, T. (2020, November 7-8). Modernization is by far the most-believed theory of culture among psychologists around the world [Oral Presentation]. 2020 Annual Meeting of the cultural psychology, division of the Chinese psychological society, Beijing, China.
  • Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oishi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, X., & Kitayama, S. (2014). Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344(6184), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246850
  • Triandis, H. C., Mccusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 1006–1020. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1006
  • Tu, Y. J., & Guo, Y. Y. (2011). The construction of Taoist personality structure. Journal of Southwest University (Social Sciences Edition), 37(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.13718/j.cnki.xdsk.2011.01.004
  • Van de Vliert, E., Yang, H., Wang, Y., & Ren, X. P. (2013). Climato-economic imprints on Chinese collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(4), 589–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112463605
  • Wang, M. (1984). Study on philosophical and religious Taoist thoughts. China Social Sciences Press.
  • Wang, F. Y. (2018). Questioning the rice theory: Also on the internal and external causes of Chinese preference for holistic thinking. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(5), 572–582. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00572
  • Wang, F. Y. (2019a). Independent self and interdependent self: Their emergence, transformation and the formation of Chinese self-construal viewed from the perspective of the evolution of culture and history. Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 4, 61–77. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.1001-4608.2019.04.007
  • Wang, F. Y. (2019b). Chinese cultural psychology: A new look (Vol. 1). Shanghai Education Publishing House.
  • Wang, F. Y., Lee, Y. T., Zhou, W. Q., & Wang, Z. D. (2019). Daoist contributions to sciences in Ancient China. In Y. T. Lee & L. Holt (Eds.), Dao and Daoist ideas for scientists, humanists and practitioners (pp. 87–108). Nova Science Publishers.
  • Wang, Z. D., & Wang, F. Y. (2020). The Taiji model of self II: Developing self models and self-cultivation theories based on the Chinese cultural traditions of Taoism and Buddhism. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(540074). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540074
  • Wang, Z. D., Wang, Y. M., Li, K., Shi, J., & Wang, F. Y. (2021). The comparison of the wisdom view in Chinese and Western cultures. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01226-w
  • Wang, Z. D., & Wang, F. Y. (2021). Ternary Taiji models of the traditional Chinese self: Centered on Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist cultures. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 002216782110169. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211016957
  • Wang, Z. D., Wang, Y. M., Guo, H., & Zhang, Q. (2022). Unity of heaven and humanity: Mediating role of the relational-interdependent self in the relationship between Confucian values and holistic thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 958088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958088
  • Wang, F. Y., Wang, Z. D., & Wang, R. J. (2019). The Taiji Model of Self. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1443). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01443
  • Wong, V. C., Wyer, R. S., Jr, Wyer, N. A., & Adaval, R. (2021). Dimensions of holistic thinking: Implications for nonsocial information processing across cultures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(12), 2636–2658. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001060
  • Xu, F. G. (1961). The evolution of the concept of Yin-Yang and five elements and the establish time and interpretation of relevant literature. Democratic Review, 12(19), 480–538.
  • Xu, J., Ren, X. P., & Su, H. (2016). The influencing factors of individualism/ collectivism: A perspective of ecology. Advances in Psychological Science, 24(8), 1309–1318. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2016.01309
  • Yang, C. F. (2006). The Chinese conception of the self. In U. Kim, K. S. Yang, & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology (pp. 327–356). Springer.
  • Yang, Y. Y. (2009). Guanxilization or categorization: Psychological mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Chinese concept of “us.” Social Sciences in China, (4), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/02529200902903800
  • Yang, C. F. (2010). Multiplicity of Zhong Yong studies. Indigenous Psychological in Chinese Societies, (34), 3–39. https://doi.org/10.6254/2010.34.3
  • Yang, K. S., & Lu, L. (2009). Chinese self: Analysis with psychology. Chongqing University Press.
  • Zhai, X. W. (2018). Confucian-style self and its practice: A study of indigenous psychology. Nankai Journal (Philosophy, Literature and Social Science Edition), (5), 129–139.
  • Zheng, Y., & Huang, X. T. (1997). The structure of self-concept: Content analysis of undergraduates’ reaction on “Who am I? Journal of Southwest Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 1, 77–82. https://doi.org/10.13718/j.cnki.xdsk.1997.01.014
  • Zhong, N., & Peng, K. P. (2005). The rise of cultural psychology and its research field. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences), 25(6), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.1672-433X.2005.06.002
  • Zhou, X., Requero, B., Gonçalves, D., & Santos, D. (2021). Every penny counts: The effect of holistic-analytic thinking style on donation decisions in the times of Covid-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, 110713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110713
  • Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, J., & Han, S. (2007). Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. NeuroImage, 34(3), 1310–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.047

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.