261
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

An intervention approach to reducing threat appraisal and avoidance associated with intergroup interactionsOpen DataOpen Materials

&
Received 29 Aug 2021, Accepted 24 Jan 2023, Published online: 23 Aug 2023

References

  • Alba, R. D., & Logan, J. R. (1993). Minority proximity to whites in suburbs: An individual-level analysis of segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 98(6), 1388–1427. https://doi.org/10.1086/230193
  • Albee, G. (1985). The argument for primary prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 5(4), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01324537
  • Alexander, L., & Tredoux, C. (2010). The spaces between Us: A spatial analysis of informal segregation at a South African University. Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 367–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01650.x
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
  • Al Ramiah, A., & Hewstone, M. (2012). Rallying around the flag”: Can an intergroup contact intervention promote national unity? British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(2), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02041.x
  • Amodio, D. M. (2009). Intergroup anxiety effects on the control of racial stereotypes: A psychoneuroendocrine analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.009
  • Apfelbaum, E. P., Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Seeing race and seeming racist? Evaluating strategic colorblindness in Social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 918–932. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0011990
  • Aydogan, A. F., & Gonsalkorale, K. (2015). Breaking down a barrier: Increasing perceived out-group knowledge reduces negative expectancies about intergroup interaction. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(4), 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2107
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  • Blair, I. V., Park, B., & Bachelor, J. (2003). Understanding intergroup anxiety: Are some people more anxious than others? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006002002
  • Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.253
  • Boot, W. R., Simons, D. J., Stothart, C., & Stutts, C. (2013). The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: Why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out Placebo effects. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(4), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613491271
  • Brown, R., Eller, A., Leeds, S., & Stace, K. (2007). Intergroup contact and intergroup attitudes: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(4), 692–703. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.384
  • Cikara, M., Bruneau, E. G., & Saxe, R. R. (2011). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411408713
  • Clack, B., Dixon, J., & Tredoux, C. (2005). Eating together apart: Patterns of segregation in a multi-ethnic cafeteria. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 15(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.787
  • Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2010). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice. The Guilford Press.
  • Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2011). Social dominance-based threat reactions to immigrants in need of assistance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.769
  • Darden, J. T., & Kamel, S. M. (2000). Black residential segregation in the city and suburbs of Detroit: Does socioeconomic status matter? Journal of Urban Affairs, 22(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2166.00036
  • Devine, P. G., Evett, S. R., & Vasquez-Suson, K. A. (1996). Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup contact. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 423–464). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Dixon, J., & Durrheim, K. (2003). Contact and the ecology of racial division: Some varieties of informal segregation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466603763276090
  • Doerr, C., Ashby Plant, E., Kunstman, J. W., & Buck, D. (2011). Interactions in black and White: Racial differences and similarities in response to interracial interactions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210375250
  • Dovidio, J. F., Eller, A., & Hewstone, M. (2011). Improving intergroup relations through direct, extended and other forms of indirect contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390555
  • Dunn, K., Atie, R., Mapedzahama, V., Ozalp, M., & Aydogan, A. F. (2015). The resilience and ordinariness of Australian Muslims: Attitudes and experiences of Muslims report
  • Feldman, P. J., Cohen, S., Hamrick, N., & Lepore, S. J. (2004). Psychological stress, appraisal, emotion and Cardiovascular response in a public speaking task. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000193497
  • Foster, G. D., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., McGuckin, B. G., Brill, C., Mohammed, B. S., Szapary, P. O., Rader, D. J., Edman, J. S., & Klein, S. (2003). A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(21), 2082–2090. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022207
  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61–89). Academic Press.
  • Goff, P. A., Steele, C. M., & Davies, P. G. (2008). The space between us: Stereotype threat and distance in interracial contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.91
  • Hammack, P. L., Pilecki, A., & Merrilees, C. (2014). Interrogating the process and meaning of intergroup contact: Contrasting theoretical approaches. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(4), 296–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2167
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
  • Klein, D. M., & Cottrell, L. S. (2000). Review of Predicting Success or Failure in Marriage, by E. W. Burgess. Journal of Marriage & Family, 62(3), 849–852. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1566803
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. McGraw-Hill.
  • Mallett, R. K., & Wilson, T. D. (2010). Increasing positive intergroup contact. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 382–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.006
  • Mallett, R. K., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). Expect the unexpected: Failure to anticipate similarities leads to an intergroup forecasting error. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.94.2.265
  • Mendes, W. B., Blascovich, J., Lickel, B., & Hunter, S. (2002). Challenge and threat during Social interactions with White and black men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(7), 939–952. https://doi.org/10.1177/01467202028007007
  • Mendoza-Denton, R., Downey, G., Purdie, V. J., Davis, A., & Pietrzak, J. (2002). Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African American students’ college experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 896–918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.896
  • Miller, C. T., & Myers, A. M. (1998). Compensating for prejudice: How heavyweight people (and others) control outcomes despite prejudice. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target’s perspective (pp. 191–218). Academic Press).
  • Nezlek, J. B. (2007). Naturally occurring Interethnic contact: Blacks and whites in the US. Paper. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Nezlek.
  • Nezlek, J. B., & Schaafsma, J. (2010). Understanding the complexity of everyday interethnic contact: Recommendations for researchers. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(10), 795–806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00302.x
  • O’Connor, K. M., Arnold, J. A., & Maurizio, A. M. (2010). The prospect of negotiating: Stress, cognitive appraisal, and performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(5), 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.007
  • Orr, R., Mckeown, S., Cairns, E., & Stringer, M. (2012). Examining non-racial segregation: A micro-ecological approach. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 717–723. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02080.x
  • Oskamp, S. (2000). Reducing prejudice and discrimination. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Page-Gould, E., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). With a little help from my cross-group friend: Reducing anxiety in intergroup contexts through cross-group friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1080–1094. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1080
  • Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? a review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.504
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2011). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. Psychology Press.
  • Plant, E. A. (2004). Responses to interracial interactions over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(11), 1458–1471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264244
  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2003). The Antecedents and Implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 790–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006011
  • Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2005). Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.91
  • Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2006). Interracial interactions: A relational approach. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 121–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38003-3
  • Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., & Salvatore, J. (2005). Expecting to be the target of prejudice: Implications for interethnic interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9), 1189–1202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205274894
  • Stathi, S., Pavetich, M., DiBernardo, G. A., Cadamuro, A., Cocco, V. M., & Vezzali, L. (2020). Intergroup fears and concerns among minority and majority groups: Implications for contact and attitudes. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3), 1010–1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22322
  • Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x
  • Stephan, C. W., Stephan, W. G., Demitrakis, K. M., Yamada, A. M., & Clason, D. L. (2000). Women’s attitudes toward men: An integrated threat theory approach. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01022.x
  • Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kelsey, R. M., & Leitten, C. L. (1993). Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.248
  • Toosi, N. R., Babbitt, L. G., Ambady, N., & Sommers, S. R. (2012). Dyadic interracial interactions: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025767
  • Trawalter, S., & Richeson, J. A. (2006). Regulatory focus and executive function after interracial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(3), 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.05.008
  • Trawalter, S., & Richeson, J. A. (2008). Let’s talk about race, baby! When whites’ and blacks’ interracial contact experiences diverge. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 1214–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.013
  • Trawalter, S., Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2009). Predicting behavior during interracial interactions: A stress and coping approach. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309345850
  • Vorauer, J. D. (2006). An information search model of evaluative concerns in intergroup interaction. Psychological Review, 113(4), 862–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.862
  • Vorauer, J. D., Main, K. J., & O’Connell, G. B. (1998). How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 917–937. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.917
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
  • White, F. A., & Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2012). A dual identity-electronic contact (DIEC) experiment promoting short- and long-term intergroup harmony. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 597–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.007
  • White, F. A., Abu-Rayya, H. M., & Weitzel, C. (2014). Achieving twelve-months of intergroup bias reduction: The dual identity-electronic contact (DIEC) experiment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38(1), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.08.002

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.