The association between victims’ vulnerable and grandiose narcissism and grudge holding

References

• Atlas, G. D., & Them, M. A. (2008). Narcissism and sensitivity to criticism: A preliminary investigation. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 27(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-008-9023-0
   Google Scholar
• Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1013–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunell, A. B., & Davis, M. S. (2016). Grandiose narcissism and fairness in social exchanges. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 35(2), 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9415-5
   Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly, M. E. (2016). The Dimensionality and Structure of Trait Narcissism ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame.
   Google Scholar
• Derry, K. L., Ohan, J. L., & Bayliss, D. M. (2020). Feeling failure: Grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and emotional reactivity in children. Children Development, 91(3), e581–e596. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(3), 188–207. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.3.188.22146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, J., Struthers, C. W., & Santelli, A. G. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(2), 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too proud to let go: Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894–912. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatfouta, R., Gerlach, T. M., Schröder-Abé, M., & Merkl, A. (2015). Narcissism and lack of interpersonal forgiveness: The mediating role of state anger, state rumination, and state empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatfouta, R., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2017). I can see clearly now: Clarity of transgression-related motivations enhance narcissists’ lack of forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincham, F. D. (2020). Forgiveness in marriage. In E. L. Worthington Jr. & N. G. Wade (Eds.), Handbook of forgiveness (2nd ed., pp. 142–163). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Freis, S. D., Brown, A. A., Carroll, P. J., & Arkin, R. M. (2015). Shame, rage, and unsuccessful motivated reasoning in vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(10), 877–895. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.10.877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, W., Adams, J. M., & Tortoriello, G. (2017). Narcissistic responses to provocation: An examination of the rage and threatened-egotism accounts. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyatt, C. S., Sleep, C. E., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2017). Ratings of affective and interpersonal tendencies differ for grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A replication and extension of Gore and widiger (2016). Journal of Personality, 86(3), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauk, E., Ulbrich, L., Jorschick, P., Höfler, M., Kaufman, S. B., & Kanske, P. (2021). The nonlinear association between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: An individual data meta-analysis. Journal of Personality, 00, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12692
   Google Scholar
• Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., & Holland, R. W. (2005). Forgiveness and its associations with prosocial thinking, feeling, and doing beyond the relationship with the offender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205274892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjærvik, S. L., & Bushman, B. J. (2021). The link between narcissism and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 147(5), 477–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2015). Narcissistic rage revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 784–801. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemay, E. P., Jr., Overall, N. C., & Clark, M. S. (2012). Experiences and interpersonal consequences of hurt feelings and anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(6), 982–1006. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchner, A. F., Houston, J. M., Walker, C., & Houston, M. A. (2011). Exploring the relationship between two forms of narcissism and competitiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6), 779–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manley, H., Roberts, R., Beattie, S., & Woodman, T. (2018). I’ll get there because I’m great, or am I? Narcissistic vulnerability moderates the narcissistic grandiosity – goal persistence relationship. Personality and Individual Differences, 120(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.024
   Google Scholar
• Marjanovic, Z., Struthers, C. W., Cribbie, R., & Greenglass, E. R. (2014). The Conscientious Responders scale. SAGE Open, 4(3), 215824401454596. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014545964
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. (2008). Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Mooney, C. N. (2003). Narcissists as “victims”: The role of narcissism in the perception of transgressions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(7), 885–893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029007007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Kurzban, R., & Tabak, B. (2013). Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(1), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Gaughan, E. T., Gentile, B., Maples, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2011). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A nomological network analysis. Journal of Personality, 79(5), 1013–1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00711.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, C. A., & Hall, N. (2021). Grandiose narcissists and decision making: Impulsive, overconfident, and skeptical of experts–but seldom in doubt. Personality & Individual Differences, 168, 110280–110280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ra, Y. S., Cha, S. Y., Hyun, M., & Bae, S. M. (2013). The mediating effects of attribution styles on the relationship between overt-overt narcissism and forgiveness. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 41(6), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.6.881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche, M. J., Pincus, A. L., Conroy, D. E., Hyde, A. L., & Ram, N. (2013). Pathological narcissism and interpersonal behavior in daily life. Personality Disorders Theory, Research, & Treatment, 4(4), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenleber, M., Roche, M. J., Wetzel, E., Pincus, A. L., & Roberts, B. W. (2015). Development of a brief version of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1520–1526. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoikhedbrod, A., Struthers, C. W., Guilfoyle, J. R., van Monsjou, E., Halilova, J., & Saleemi, S. (2019). Ow, when, and why transgressors’ narcissism affects motivation to apologize (or not). Journal of Research in Personality, 78, 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struthers, C. W., Khoury, C. H., Phills, C. E., van Monsjou, E., Guilfoyle, J. R., Nash, K., Golenitski, V., & Summers, C. (2019). The effects of social power and apology on victims’ posttransgression responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25(1), 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt, T. (2013). Students aggress against professors in reaction to receiving poor grades: An effect moderated by student narcissism and self-esteem. Aggressive Behavior, 39(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Monsjou, E., Muise, A., Fergus, K., & Struthers, C. W. (2022). The development and psychometric property of the grudge aspect measure. Personal Relationships, 29(3), 622–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Monsjou, E., Struthers, C. W., Fergus, K., & Muise, A. (2021). Examining the lived experience of holding grudges. Qualitative Psychology, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000205
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, H. M., Scheiner, B. R. M., & Grotzinger, A. (2016). Grandiose narcissism predicts willingness to behave badly, without proportional tolerance for others’ bad behavior. Current Psychology, 35(2), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9410-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, R., & Wang, Z. (2017). Differential relations of grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism to emotion dysregulation: Self-esteem matters. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 20(3–4), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar