References
- Leab , Daniel J. 1961 . “United We Eat: The Out‐of‐Work, the Unemployed Councils and the Communists, 1930–1933” . Columbia Univ. . (unpublished MA Essay,
- 1967 . “'United We Eat’: The Creation and Organization of Unemployed Councils in 1930,” . Labor History , 8 Fall : 300 – 315 .
- Rosenzweig , Roy . 1976 . “Organizing the Unemployed: The Early Years of the Great Depression, 1929–1933,” . Radical America , 10 July‐Aug. : 37 – 60 .
- Bell , Daniel . 1967 . Marxian Socialism in the United Slates 170 Princeton
- Fleischman , Harry . 1964 . Norman Thomas 125 NY
- Warren , Frank A. 1974 . An Alternative Vision: The Socialist Party in the 1930's 114 149 150 154 Bloomington
- Johnpoll , Bernard . 1970 . Pacifist's Progress Chicago
- Seidler , Murray . 1961 . Norman Thomas Syracuse
- Shannon , David . 1955 . The Socialist Party of America NY
- Duram , James C. 1974 . Norman Thomas Boston
- Gorham , Charles . 1970 . Leader at Large NY
- Steward , Dwight . 1974 . Mr. Socialism Seacaucus , NJ
- Swanberg's , W. A. 1976 . Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist NY massive study
- Karsh , Bernard and Garman , Phillips L. 1957 . “The Impact of the Political Left,” . In Labor and the New Deal Edited by: Derber , Milton and Young , Edwin . 86 – 97 . Madison , WI
- Leab . 1966 . “ ‘United We Eat'” . In The Lean Years Edited by: Bernstein , Irving . 416 – 436 . Baltimore
- Sternsher , Bernard . 1970 . “Introduction,” . In Hitting Home Edited by: Sternsher . Chicago
- Fox Piven , Frances and Cloward , Richard . 1971 . Regulating the Poor 45 – 79 . NY
- Piven and Cloward . 1977 . Poor Peoples’ Movements NY
- Garraty , I. A. 1972 . “Radicalism in the Great Depression” . In Essays on Radicalism in Contemporary America Edited by: Blair , L. H. 81 – 114 . Austin
- Baskin , Alex . 1972 . “The Ford Hunger March—1932,” . Labor History , 13 Summer : 331 – 360 .
- Montgomery , David and Schatz , Ronald . 1976 . “Facing Layoffs,” . Radical America , 10 Mar.‐April : 15 – 27 .
- Daniels , Roger . 1971 . The Bonus March: An Episode of the Great Depression Westport , CT
- Lisio , Donald I. 1974 . The President and Protest: Hoover, Conspiracy, and the Bonus Riot Columbia , MO
- 1976 . “The Organization of the Unemployed and the Role of Radicals, 1929–1935” . Union Graduate School . doctoral diss.
- Fine , Sidney . 1969 . Sitdown: The General Motors Strike of 1936–1937 Ann Arbor
- Venkataramani , M. S. 1960 . “Norman Thomas, Arkansas Sharecroppers and the Roosevelt Agricultural Policies, 1933–1937,” . Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 65 Sept. : 225 – 246 .
- Laslett , John H. M. 1974 . “Comment,” . In Failure of a Dream? Edited by: Laslett and Lipset , Seymour M. 112 – 127 . NY
- Stetler , Henry G. 1943 . The Socialist Movement in Reading, Pennsylvania Storrs
- Hendrickson , Kenneth Jr. 1972 . “The Socialist Administration in Reading,” . Pennsylvania History , 39 Oct. : 414 – 442 .
- 1973 . “Triumph and Disaster: The Reading Socialists in Power and Decline,” . Pennsylvania History , 40 Oct. : 381 – 411 .
- Olson , Frederick I. 1952 . “The Milwaukee Socialists” . Harvard Univ. . (unpublished PhD diss.,
- Thomas , Norman . 1959 and 1966 . “Reminiscences,” . Columbia Univ. Oral History Research Project .
- 1930 . Labor and Socialist Press Service , Nov. 22 (available at New York Public Library and hereinafter cited as LSPS)
- 1930 . LSPS , Mar. 15, Dec. 13 Jan. 3, Feb. 7, Mar. 7, 14, 1931
- 1931 . New Leader , Dec. 12
- Seymour , Helen . 1937 . “The Organized Unemployed” . 23 Univ. of Chicago . (unpublished MA Essay,
- 1931 . New Leader , Dec (emphasis added)
- LID . 1935 . Thirtieth Anniversary Report 5 – 6 . NY
- Asher , Robert E. 1934 . “The Influence of the Chicago Workers’ Committee Upon the Administration of Relief, 1931–1934” . 12 Univ. of Chicago . (unpublished MA Essay,
- Ann Trolander , Judith . 1975 . Settlement Houses and the Great Depression 91 – 106 . Detroit
- Borders , Karl . 1932 . “We've Started Something,” . LID Monthly , Feb. : 2
- 1932 . Chicago Tribune , Nov. 1
- 1932 . Chicago Defender , Nov. 15
- 1932 . LSPS , Nov. 4
- Asher , Robert . 1932 . “Chicago Unemployed Show Their Fists,” . Revolt , Dec. 15 : 15
- 1933 . New Frontier , Jan. 8 (the newspaper published by the Workers’ Committee),
- 1933 . “Shock Troops to the Rescue,” . The Survey , 16 Jan. : 9 – 11 .
- Kahn , Eleanor . 1934 . “Organizations of the Unemployed as a Factor in the American Labor Movement” . 25 41 45 Univ. of Wisconsin . (unpublished MA Essay,
- 1932 . New Frontier , Dec. 12 Jan. 8, Feb. 8, April 19, 1933
- 1933 . New Frontier , Jan. 8
- 1932 . New Leader , Feb. 6, 13, 20, July 9, Aug. 27
- Kerr , Clark . 1939 . “Productive Self‐Help Enterprises of the Unemployed,” . Univ. of California . (unpublished PhD diss.,
- Weishaar , W. and Parrish , W. 1933 . Men Without Money New York
- 1933 . “Cooperative Self‐Help Activities Among the Unemployed,” . Monthly Labor Review , 36 March, April, May, and June
- Leab , Daniel J. 1966 . “Barter and Self Help Groups, 1932–1933,” . Midcontinent American Studies Journal , 3 Spring : 15 – 24 .
- Rosenzweig , Roy . 1975 . “Radicals and the Jobless: The Musteites and the Unemployed Leagues, 1932–1936,” . Labor History , 16 Winter : 52 – 77 .
- 1933 . New Frontier , Mar. 4
- 1933 . New Leader , June 10 Sept. 9, 1933, Feb. 3, 1934
- 1933 . The New York Times , July 25 Oct. 7, 1933
- 1933 . LID News Bulletin , Jan. 9
- 1933 . “Peoples Unemployment League of Maryland,” . Monthly Labor Review , 36 May : 1025
- 1932 . New Frontier , Dec. 12
- 1935 . Baltimore Afro‐American , June 1
- Naison , Mark . 1975 . “The Communist Party in Harlem, 1928–1936” . Columbia Univ. . (unpublished PhD diss.,
- 1933 . New Leader , July 1
- 1934 . “Mass Action Works in Milwaukee,” . New Republic , 79 July 18 : 262
- 1933 . New Leader , July 15
- 1933 . New Leader , Oct. 18 : 3
- 1934 . Unemployed News Service , May 24, Aug. 8
- 1933 . “UCL of Philadelphia,” . Monthly Labor Review , 36 Mar. : 495
- 1933 . LSPS , June 2
- Godber , John . 1932 . “Philadelphia Unemployed Act,” . Labor Age , Sept. : 9
- 1933 . “Philadelphia UCL Carries On,” . Labor Age , Dec‐Jan. : 11
- 1933 . “More About the Philadelphia UCL,” . Labor Age , Feb.‐Mar. : 18
- Hallgren , Mauritz . 1933 . Seeds of Revolt 144 NY
- 1934 . Unemployed News Service , Oct. 11
- 1934 . Unemployed News Service , May 24, Aug. 21
- 1934 . Unemployed News Service , Oct. 26
- Oppenheimer , Irene . 1940 . “The Organizations of the Unemployed, 1930–1940” . 36 Columbia Univ. . (unpublished MA Essay,
- High , Stanley . 1938 . “Who Organized the Unemployed?” . Saturday Evening Post , Dec. 16 : 35
- 1933 . New Leader , Dec. 3
- 1933 . LSPS , May 19
- 1933 . Labor Action , June 1
- 1934 . The New York Times , Nov. 25
- 1934 . Labor Action , Dec. 1
- 1934 . Unemployed News Service , May 25; July 4; July 18; Aug. 8; Oct. 1
- Howard , Donald . 1943 . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy 34 NY
- Hopkins , Harry L. 1936 . Spending to Save NY
- Piven and Cloward . Regulating 80 – 119 .
- Williams , Edward A. 1939 . Federal Aid for Relief NY
- Liebman , Wilma . 1971 . “The Workers’ Alliance of America,” . 47 Barnard College . (unpublished BA thesis,
- Wight Bakke , E. 1940 . Citizens Without Work 53 New Haven
- 1933 . Federated Press , Oct. 27
- 1940 . “Gallup and Fortune Polls,” . Public Opinion Quarterly , 4 Mar. : 89
- McElvaine , Robert . 1974 . “Thunder Without Lightning: Working Class Discontent in the United States, 1929–1937” . Binghamton : SUNY . (unpublished PhD diss.,
- Lash , Joseph . 1971 . Eleanor and Franklin 771 NY
- Susman , Warren . “Comment on Americanism as Surrogate Socialism,” . Edited by: Laslet and Lipset . 448
- Buhle , Paul . 1977 . “And Finally,” . Cultural Correspondence , 3 Spring : 48 – 49 .
- Rosenzweig . “Radicals and the Jobless,” . 73
- Israel , Edward C. 1932 . “Hunger and Clubs,” . The World Tomorrow , Dec. 21 : 587 – 589 .
- Dahlberg , Edward . 1932 . “Hunger on the March,” . Nation , 135 Dec. 28 : 642 – 644 .
- Rogg , Nathan . 1936 . “The Unemployed Unite,” . Social Work Today , June : 13
- 1936 . The New York Times , April 8, 9
- 1936 . “Protest and Policy,” . Survey , Nov. : 336
- 1953 . The New York Times , Jan. 31
- Weisenberg , Mina . 1955 . The LID—Fifty Years of Democratic Education NY
- Eisenberg , Phillip and Lazarsfeld , Paul . 1938 . “The Psychological Effects of Unemployment,” . Psychological Bulletin , 35 : 358 – 390 .
- Sternsher , Bernard . 1975 . “The Other America in the Twenties and Thirties,” . Paper read at the American Historical Association Convention . 1975 , Atlanta .
- Garraty , J. A. 1976 . “Unemployment During the Great Depression,” . Labor History , 17 Spring : 133 – 159 .
- I would like to thank my friends, Elizabeth Blackmar, Carol Lasser, and Warren Leon, for their patient and helpful suggestions on this article.