References
- Dutch Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th centuries , For example, in English, J.R. Bruijn, F.S. Gaastra and I. Schöffer (eds),3 volumes (Den Haag, 1979 and 1987) and E.M. Jacobs, In pursuit of pepper and tea. The Story of the Dutch East India Company (Zutphen, 1991)
- 1976 . Imago Mundi , : 1982 Exceptions are Günther Schilder, Organization and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century, 28 61–78, ‘Finds from the Hollandia’, three articles by Rex Cowan, S.B. Engelsman and W.F.J. Mörzer Bruyns in The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration II.4, 287–96. C.A. Davids, ‘The use of globes on ships of the Dutch East-India company’, Der Globusfreund 35–7 (1987), 69–80. C.A. Davids, ‘Finding longitude at sea by magnetic declination on Dutch East-Indiamen 1596–1795’, The American Neptune 50 (1990), 281–90. In Dutch the cartography and navigation of the company are dealt with in De VOC in de kaart gekeken. Cartografie en navigatie van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie 1602–1799 (Den Haag, 1988)
- Bruijn , J. R. “ ‘De VOC in Nederland’ ” . In De VOC in de kaart gekeken 11 – 16 . also both publications mentioned in Ref. 1
- Schilder , G. “ ‘Het cartografisch bedrijf van de VOC’ ” . In De VOC in de kaart gekeken 18 – 19 .
- Ibid. 27 – 32 .
- After 1751 a master could not be appointed without having passed on exam.
- 1986 . Zeewezen en wetenschap. De wetenschap en de ontwikkeling van de navigatietechniek in Nederland tussen 1585 en 1815 2 Now the University of Amsterdam. For the examiners of the East and West India Companies and the Admiralties see C.A. Davids, (Amsterdam/Dieren, A
- Instructie The 1748 corrected version of the was available in manuscript in 1742. See Davids, Zeewezen en wetenschap, 195–6 and Davids, ‘Finding longitude at sea’, 287
- Mörzer Bruyns , W. F.J. “ ‘De navigatie bij de VOC’ ” . In De VOC in de kaart gekeken 47 – 63 .
- 28 March 1731 . 28 March , ‘List of the books, charts and mates equipment, which in future will be handed to the ships, proceeding to the Indies…according to Resolution taken by the Seventeen…’
- Davids . Zeewezen en wetenschap 198 – 9 . The Berigt was written in the 1740s but probably not printed until after 1766. It was published by the firm of Van Keulen, the same which made the two surviving azimuth compasses, now in the Scheepvaartmuseum. Martens was, from 1743–62, examiner of the mates of the Amsterdam Chamber and reader in astronomy at the Athenaeum Illustre in Amsterdam. Cornells Douwes was a private teacher of navigation in Amsterdam and, in 1748, he was appointed teacher at the newly founded Amsterdam Nautical College. In 1749 Douwes was also appointed examiner of the lieutenants of the Amsterdam Admiralty. He became well known through the ‘Douwes method’ of calculating latitude with two exmeridian altitudes, developed around 1745. See Ernst Crone, Cornells Douwes 1712–1773. Zijn leven en werk (Haarlem, 1941)
- 1660 . Zeewezen en wetenschap See Davids, 173–5, where he notes that, besides the crossstaff, the ‘spiegel boog’ (mirror-staff) was used in this period, mainly on ships from Zeeland. It was a modified cross-staff, developed around by Joost van Breen, employee of the Zeeland Admiralty and the Middleburg Chamber of the VOC
- Ibid. 31 – 3 . 172–5. The disuse of the mariner's astrolabe occurred more or less simultaneously in all seafaring countries. See A.N. Stimson, The Mariner's Astrolabe. A survey of known, surviving sea astrolabes (Utrecht, 1988). In the first half of the eighteenth century cross-staffs are known to have been graduated to an accuracy of 2' of arc, while the accuracy of the mariner's astrolabe never exceeded 30'. See W.F.J. Mörzer Bruyns, ‘Een Portugees zeeastro labium uit 1602’ in Jaarverslag Vereeniging Nederlandsch Historisch Scheepvaart Museum 1986
- Davids . Zeewezen en wetenschap 172 – 3 .
- Ibid. 229 – 30 .
- 226 – 7 . In De Uitgeleeze natuurkundige verhandelingen 2009 A description for seamen did not appear until 1745, in a Dutch translation of a French sailing direction for the Mediterranean. See Davids, Zeewezen en wetenschap
- 7153 . 's Gravenhage, Algemeen Rijksarchief (ARA), VOC
- Davids . Zeewezen en wetenschap 230
- Mörzer Bruyns , W. F.J. 47 – 8 . ‘De navigatieinstrumenten geborgen uit de Hollandia’, Jaarverslag Vereeniging Nederlandsch Historisch Scheepvaart Museum 2009
- 7154 . ARA, VOC
- Schilder , G. “ ‘Het cartografisch bedrijf van de VOC’ ” . In De VOC in de kaart gekeken 34 – 40 .
- Ibid. 38
- Ibid. 39
- Ibid. 38 – 9 . On the firm of Van Keulen see E.O. van Keulen, W.F.J. Mörzer Bruyns, E.K. Spits, eds, ‘In de Gekroonde Lootsman’. Het kaarten-, boekuitgevers en instrumentmakershuis Van Keulen te Amsterdam 1680–1885 (Utrecht, 1989)
- Schilder , G. and Mörzer Bruyns , W. F.J. 1977 . ‘Navigatie’ . Maritieme geschiedenis der Nederlanden , 2 (Bussum, 197
- Thrower , N. J.W. 1982 . The three voyages of Edmond Halley in the ‘Paramore’ (1698–1701) , second series 156 & 192) ed (2 volumes, The Hakluyt Society (London
- Mörzer Bruyns , W. F.J. 1983 . Review of Thrower, N.J.W. . The three voyages of the ‘Paramore’, Tijdschrift voor zeegeschiedenis , 2 : 52 – 3 . Thrower makes no mention of a Dutch edition prior to 1760
- 1977 . Maritieme geschiedenis der Nederlanden , : 196 – 7 . In the case of Brouwer the voyage lasted only five months rather than the then sometimes nineteen. See G. Schilder and W.F.J. Mörzer Bruyns, ‘Navigatie’,2(Bussum
- Meaning that each degree of latitude is equal to the other as opposed to charts on Mercator's projection in which degrees of latitude become larger towards the poles.
- Mörzer Bruyns , W. F.J. 1738 . Jaarverslag Vereeniging Nederlandsch Historisch Scheepvaart Museum 1986 28 – 30 . ‘Een paskaart van Isaac de Graaf uit ‘
- 1943 . Cartes hollandaises; la cartographie de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, 1593–1743 Saigon Destombes makes mention of courses and positions on a number of VOC charts, but does not identify them. See M. Destombes
- Dutch Asiatic Shipping See, Ref. 1
- See Ref. 8.
- Connecting the points H and I in the chart.
- van Wijk Rzn , J. 1821 . Algemeen Aardrijkskundig Woordenboek 3 volumes (Dordrecht, -6)
- 1764 . “ was observed to lie 7° 12' further west than had been assumed and was found to lie to the west rather than to the east of Greenwich. See J.B. Hewson ” . In A History of the Practice of Navigation Such as the longitude of St Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, visited by hundreds of East Indiamen and which, around (Glasgow, 1963), 228
- Mörzer Bruyns , W. F.J. 1991 . “ ‘Kaart van de Indische Oceaan, Een zeekaart van de VOC door Isaac de Graaf, 1740’ ” . In Roeien met de Riemen…75 jaar Vereeniging Nederlandsch Historisch Scheepvaart Museum 174 – 6 . Amsterdam