KEPPEL AT ALGIERS: DIPLOMACY AND THE LIMITATIONS OF NAVAL POWER

References

• Erskine , David . 1953 . Augustus Hervey's Journal 155 – 62 . London
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• Prince Frederick There are several accounts of the capture of the and the diplomatic aftermath of the event, of which the most recent is Sir Godfrey Fisher, ‘The Arrest of Prince Frederick Packet’, MM, vol.39 no. 2 (May 1953), 107–11. However Fisher's article appears without footnotes and the study is marred by being presented in a narrow legalistic context which ignores many elements, and in particular the role of the Janissaries in the Algerian state. The latter influenced both Algerian and British responses to the taking of the Prince Frederick as well as the dynamics in the relationship between the two groups
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• 2001 . MM , August A document issued to British merchant ships by the Admiralty, in conformity to the Anglo-Algerian Treaty of 1700, which ensured a passage that was free from attack and capture by Algerian corsairs. T. Benady, ‘The Settee Cut: Mediterranean Passes issued at Gibraltar’,87 no. 3 282
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• The National Archive, Public Record Office [hereafter cited as TNA, PRO], SP 71/8, 376–7, 519.
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• Ibid SP 71/8, 436
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• The Janissaries were an elite force of soldiers in the service of the Ottoman Empire. Initially they had been young Christian boys, raised from the imperial domains, converted to Islam and trained to serve the Sultan's government. They were not under the control of the Bey of Algiers and his government. By the eighteenth century, in Algeria as in the other Barbary states that were technically provinces of the Ottoman Empire, the Janissaries had become a law unto themselves; they were virtually an autonomous military force who, in pursuit of their own objectives, usually money, used violence to terrorize not only the population of Algeria but also the Bey and his government.
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• 1979 . The Barbary Coast: Algiers under the Turks, 1500 to 1830 New York Of the 30 Beys who ruled Algeria between 1683 and 1818 only 16 died natural deaths while the other 14 were murdered. John B. Wolfe, (292
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• 367 – 70 . TNA, PRO, SP 71/8
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• Ibid 487
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• A List of such of His Majesty's Ships as had sailed from Mahon… TNA, PRO, Adm. 1/382, 1st Sept. 1748
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• Ibid SP 71/8, 349
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• Wolfe . Barbary Coast 309 – 21 .
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• TNA, PRO, SP 71/8, 523, 524, 531.
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• Ibid 439
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• Ellis , Kenneth . 1958 . The Post Office in the Eighteenth Century: A Study in Administrative History 35 – 6 . London
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• TNA, PRO, SP 71/8, 487.
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• Boxer , C. R. 1969 . The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825 166 – 7 . New York
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• 23 May 1749 . 23 May , TNA, PRO, SP 89/47, Castres to Adworth
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• Centurion 50 guns; Assurance, 44 guns; Rose, 20 guns; Triton, 24 guns; Fly, 8 guns; and Trial, 10 guns
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• 488 – 98 . TNA, PRO, Adm. 2/72
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• 1969 . A History from the Earliest Times to the Present New York There are a number of quaint but less than truthful tales which appear in various naval histories concerning Keppel's first encounter with the Bey of Algiers. For example, when Keppel was first presented to the Bey, the astonished ruler of Algeria allegedly asked how ‘the King of England should have sent a beardless boy to treat with him’. To which Keppel is supposed to have answered, ‘Had my master supposed that wisdom was measured by the length of beard, he would have sent your Deyship a heoat’. William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy: (reprint), vol. III, 288
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• 1848 . The Life of Augustus, Viscount Keppel 161 – 5 . London TNA, PRO, SP 71/8, 399–404; Thomas Keppel, (vol. I
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• Ibid Adm. 1383, fos 30, 32
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• Keppel . Life of Keppel , I 168 – 9 . 173
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• Technically it was contrary to Portuguese law to export bullion from the country. Nevertheless the Portuguese government turned a blind eye and encouraged and even assisted in the bullion being carried away from Portugal in British ships—warships and Post Office packets—with King's commissions. Once Portuguese bullion had reached London, and elsewhere in Europe, it was probably used to settle payments for Portuguese imports from Britain and other western European markets.
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• 427 – 9 . TNA, PRO, SP 71/8
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• Ibid SP 44/226, 287
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• Ibid 288 – 9 .
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• Ibid 503 – 5 . SP 71/8
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• Ibid 290 – 1 . SP 44/226
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• Ibid , 294 303
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• Assurance, Seahorse, Unicorn.
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• TNA, PRO, Adm. 1/383, fos 51, 53.
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• Ibid 471 – 2 . fos 51–3; SP 71/8
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• Keppel . Life of Keppel , I 487 – 90 .
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• 487 – 90 . TNA, PRO, SP 71/8
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• Keppel . Life of Keppel , I 182
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• Young , George . 1905 . Corps du droit Ottoman Oxford (vol. III, 63
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• 511 – 3 . TNA, PRO, SP 71/8, 488–90, 503
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• Ibid 66 – 7 . Adm. 1/383, fos 65,; SP 71/9, 51–3, 63
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