1,155
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Effects of Educational Diversity in a National Sample of Law Students: Fitting Multilevel Latent Variable Models in Data With Categorical Indicators

, , , &
Pages 305-331 | Published online: 10 Jun 2009

REFERENCES

  • Akaike , H. 1974 . A new look at the statistical model identification . IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control , 19 : 716 – 723 .
  • Allport , G. W. 1954 . The nature of prejudice , New York : Addison-Wesley .
  • Antonio , A. L. 2001 . The role of interracial interaction in the development of leadership skills and cultural knowledge and understanding . Research in Higher Education , 42 : 593 – 617 .
  • Antonio , A. L. , Chang , M. L. , Hakuta , K. , Kenny , D. A. , Levin , S. and Milem , J. F. 2004 . Effects of racial diversity on complex thinking in college students . Psychological Science , 15 : 507 – 510 .
  • Arbuckle , J. L. 1996 . “ Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data ” . In Advanced structural equation modeling , Edited by: Marcoulides , G. A. and Schumacker , R. E. 243 – 277 . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Aronson , E. and Bridgeman , D. 1979 . Jigsaw groups and the desegregated classroom: In pursuit of common goals . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 5 : 438 – 446 .
  • Asparouhov , T. and Muthén , B. Computationally efficient estimation of multilevel high-dimensional latent variable models . Proceedings of the 2007 JSM meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah, Section on Statistics in Epidemiology .
  • Bauer , D. J. 2003 . Estimating multilevel linear models as structural equation models . Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics , 28 : 135 – 167 .
  • Bollen , K. A. 1989 . Structural equations with latent variables , New York : Wiley .
  • Bollen , K. A. , Bauer , D. J. , Christ , S. L. and Edwards , M. C. “ An overview of structural equations models and recent extensions ” . In Recent developments in social science statistics , Edited by: Kolenikov , S , Steinley , D. and Thombs , L. New York : Wiley . (in press)
  • Bollen , K. A. and Curran , P. J. 2006 . Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
  • Bowen , W. G. and Bok , D. 2000 . The shape of the river: Long-term consequences of considering race in college or university admissions , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Chang , M. J. , Denson , N. , Sáenz , V. and Misa , K. 2006 . The educational benefits of sustaining cross-racial interaction among undergraduates . The Journal of Higher Education , 77 : 430 – 55 .
  • Deutsch , M. and Collins , M. E. 1951 . Interracial housing: A psychological evaluation of a social experiment , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
  • du Toit , S. H. and du Toit , M. 2007 . “ Multilevel structural equation modeling ” . In Handbook of multilevel analysis , Edited by: de Leeuw , J. and Meijer , E. 435 – 478 . New York : Springer .
  • Enders , C. K. and Bandalos , D. L. 2001 . The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models . Structural Equation Modeling , 8 : 430 – 457 .
  • Enders , C. K. and Tofighi , D. 2007 . Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at old issues . Psychological Methods , 12 : 121 – 138 .
  • Federico , C. M. and Sidanius , J. 2002 . Racism, ideology, and affirmative action revisited: The antecedents and consequences of “principled objections” to affirmative action . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 : 488 – 502 .
  • Festinger , L. and Kelley , H. H. 1951 . Changing attitudes through social contact , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research .
  • Goldstein , H. and McDonald , R. P. 1988 . A general model for the analysis of multilevel data . Psychometrica , 53 : 435 – 467 .
  • 2003 . Gratz. v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244
  • 2003 . Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306
  • Gurin , P. , Dey , E. L. , Hurtado , S. and Gurin , G. 2002 . Diversity and higher education: Theory and impact on educational outcomes . Harvard Educational Review , 72 : 330 – 366 .
  • Holland , P. W. 1988 . Causal inference, path analysis, and recursive structural equations models . Sociological Methodology , 18 : 449 – 484 .
  • Holzer , H. J. and Neumark , D. 2006 . Affirmative action: What do we know? . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , 26 : 463 – 490 .
  • Holzer , H. J. , Neumark , D. and Besharov , D. J. 2006 . Affirmative action: What do we know? . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , 25 : 663 – 690 .
  • Hoyle , R. H. and Robinson , J. C. 2004 . “ Mediated and moderated effects in social psychological research: Measurement, design, and analysis issues ” . In Sage handbook of methods in social psychology , Edited by: Sansone , C. , Morf , C. C. and Panter , A. T. 213 – 233 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Kaplan , D. and Elliott , P. R. 1997 . A didactic example of multilevel structural equation modeling applicable to the study of organizations . Structural Equation Modeling , 4 : 1 – 24 .
  • Kreft , I. G. , de Leeuw , J. and Aiken , L. S. 1995 . The effect of different forms of centering in hierarchical linear models . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 30 : 1 – 21 .
  • Kuha , J. 2004 . AIC and BIC: Comparisons of assumptions and performance . Sociological Methods & Research , 33 : 188 – 229 .
  • Lee , S. Y. and Poon , W. Y. 1998 . Analysis of two-level structural equation models via EM type algorithms . Statistica Sinica , 8 : 749 – 766 .
  • Liang , J. and Bentler , P. M. 2004 . An EM algorithm for fitting two-level structural equation models . Psychometrika , 69 : 101 – 122 .
  • Lieberson , S. 1969 . Measuring population diversity . American Sociological Review , 34 : 850 – 862 .
  • Little , R. J. A. 1995 . Modeling the drop-out mechanism in longitudinal studies . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 90 : 1112 – 1121 .
  • Little , R. J. A. and Rubin , D. B. 2002 . Statistical analysis with missing data , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley .
  • MacKinnon , D. P. 2008 . “ Longitudinal mediation models ” . In Introduction to statistical mediation analysis , Edited by: MacKinnon , D. P. 193 – 236 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • McDonald , R. P. and Goldstein , H. 1989 . Balanced versus unbalanced designs for linear structural relations in two-level data . British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , 42 : 215 – 232 .
  • Mehta , P. D. and Neale , M. C. 2005 . People are variables too: Multilevel structural equations modeling . Psychological Methods , 10 : 259 – 284 .
  • Meredith v. Jefferson Co. Board of Education. (2007). 551 U.S. 05-915 (2007)
  • Millsap , R. E. and Meredith , W. 2007 . “ Factorial invariance: Historical perspectives and new problems ” . In Factor analysis at 100: Historical developments and future directions , Edited by: Cudeck , R. and MacCallum , R. C. 131 – 152 . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Millsap , R. E. and Tein , J. Y. 2004 . Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 39 : 479 – 515 .
  • Mislevy , R. J. 1986 . Bayes modal estimation in item response models . Psychometrika , 51 : 177 – 195 .
  • Muthén , B. O. 1989 . Latent variable modeling in heterogeneous populations . Psychometrika , 54 : 557 – 558 .
  • Muthén , B. O. 1994 . Multilevel covariance structure analysis . Sociological Methods & Research , 22 : 376 – 398 .
  • Muthén , B. O. , duToit , S. H. C. and Spisic , D. 1997 . Robust inference using weighted least squares and quadratic estimating equations in latent variable modeling with categorical and continuous outcomes . Psychometrika , Retrieved from http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/muthen/full_paper_list.htm
  • Muthén , B. O. , Khoo , S. T. and Gustafsson , J. E. 1997 . Multilevel latent variable modeling in multiple populations . Sociological Methods & Research , Retrieved from http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/muthen/full_paper_list.htm
  • Muthén , B. O. and Satorra , A. 1995 . Complex sample data in structural equation modeling . Sociological Methodology , 25 : 267 – 316 .
  • Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 1998–2007 . Mplus user's guide, , 5th ed. , Los Angeles : Author .
  • Niemann , Y. F. and Maruyama , G. 2005 . Inequities in higher education: Issues and promising practices in a world ambivalent about affirmative action . Journal of Social Issues , 61 : 407 – 26 .
  • Panter , A. T. , Daye , C. E. , Allen , W. R. and Wightman , L. F. 2006 . An empirical study of the relationship between race and educational diversity in law schools: The Educational Diversity Project (Sampling, Methodology, and Procedures) , Chapel Hill , NC : The Educational Diversity Project . Technical report
  • 2007 . Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 05-908
  • Pettigrew , T. F. and Tropp , L. R. 2006 . A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 90 : 751 – 783 .
  • Preacher , K. J. and Leonardelli , G. J. March 2001 . Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests [Computer software] March , Available from http://www.quantpsy.org
  • Rabe-Hesketh , S. , Skrondal , A. and Pickles , A. 2004 . Generalized multilevel structural equation modeling . Psychometrika , 69 : 167 – 190 .
  • Rabe-Hesketh , S. , Skrondal , A. and Pickles , A. 2005 . Maximum likelihood estimation of limited and discrete dependent variable models with nested random effects . Journal of Econometrics , 128 : 301 – 323 .
  • Raudenbush , S. W. 1995 . Maximum likelihood estimation for unbalanced multilevel covariance structure models via the EM algorithm . British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , 48 : 359 – 370 .
  • Raudenbush , S. W. and Bryk , A. S. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Raudenbush , S. W. , Rowan , B. K. and Kang , S. J. 1991 . A multilevel, multivariate model for studying school climate with estimation via the EM algorithm and application to U.S. high-school data . Journal of Educational Statistics , 16 : 295 – 330 .
  • Reyna , C. , Henry , P. J. , Korfmacher , W. and Tucker , A. 2005 . Examining the principles in principled conservatism: The role of responsibility stereotypes as cues for deservingness in racial policy decisions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 90 : 109 – 128 .
  • Rubin , D. B. 1976 . Inference and missing data . Biometrika , 63 : 581 – 592 .
  • Satorra , A. and Bentler , P. 1999 . A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis . Psychometrika , 66 : 507 – 514 .
  • Schilling , S. and Bock , R. D. 2005 . High-dimensional maximum marginal likelihood item factor analysis by adaptive quadrature . Psychometrika , 70 : 533 – 555 .
  • Schwarz , G. 1978 . Estimating the dimension of a model . Annals of Statistics , 6 : 461 – 464 .
  • Shultz , M. M. and Zedeck , S. 2008 . Final report: Identification, development, and validation of predictors for successful lawyering Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www.law.berkeley.edu/
  • Skrondal , A. and Rabe-Hesketh , S. 2004 . Generalized latent variable modeling: Multilevel, longitudinal and structural equations models , Boca Raton , FL : Chapman & Hall .
  • Stoel , R. D. , Garre , F. G. , Dolan , C. and van den Wittenboer , G. 2006 . On the likelihood ratio test in structural equation modeling when parameters are subject to boundary constraints . Psychological Methods , 11 : 439 – 455 .
  • Swygert , K. , McLeod , L. D. and Thissen , D. 2001 . “ Factor analysis for items scored in more than two categories ” . In Test scoring , Edited by: Thissen , D. and Wainer , H. 217 – 250 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Thurstone , L. L. 1947 . Multiple factor analysis , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Wirth , R. J. and Edwards , M. C. 2007 . Item factor analysis: Current approaches and future directions . Psychological Methods , 12 : 58 – 79 .
  • Wothke , W. 2000 . “ Longitudinal and multi-group modeling with missing data ” . In Modeling longitudinal and multiple group data: Practical issues, applied approaches and specific examples , Edited by: Little , T. D. , Schnabel , K. U. and Baumert , J. 219 – 240 . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Yuan , K. H. and Bentler , P. M. 2000 . Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data . Sociological Methodology , 28 : 363 – 396 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.