Ergosterol Content of Salt-Marsh Fungi: Effect of Growth Conditions and Mycelial Age

LITERATURE CITED

• Bakken, L. R., and R. A. Olsen. 1983. Buoyant densities and dry-matter contents of microorganisms: conversion of a measured biovolume into biomass. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 1188–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner, R., S. Y. Newell, A. E. Maccubbin, and R. E. Hodson. 1984. Relative contributions of bacteria and fungi to rates of degradation of lignocellulosic detritus in salt-marsh sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48: 36–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, R. H., C. L. Duncan, G. M. Evancho, and H. Young. 1982. Estimation of fungal contamination in tomato products by a chemical assay for chitin. J. Food Sci. 47: 437–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørnsen, P. K. 1986. Automatic determination of bacterioplankton biomass by image analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51: 1199–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratbak, G., and I. Dundas. 1984. Bacterial dry matter content and biomass estimations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48: 755–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousin, M. A., C. S. Zeidler, and P. E. Nelson. 1984. Chemical detection of mold in processed foods. J. Food Sci. 49: 439–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, N.D., R.J. Cole, J. W. Dorner, J. D. Weete, P. A. Backman, E. M. Clark, C. C. King, S. P. Schmidt, and U. L. Diener. 1986. Steroid metabolites of Acremonium coenophialum, an endophyte of tall fescue. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34: 105–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dexter, Y., and R. C. Cooke. 1984. Fatty acids, sterols and carotenoids of the psychrophile Mucor strictus and some mesophilic Mucor species. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 83: 455–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, C. G., B. A. Knights, and J. A. Freeland. 1974. Sterols of Neurospora crassa and the pattern of their binding during the growth cycle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 360: 339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallon, R. D. 1986. Microbial community dynamics on standing-dead smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. Abstr. Ann. Meeting Amer. Soc. Microbiol. 86: 171.
   Google Scholar
• Fallon, R. D., S. Y. Newell, and L. C. Groene. 1985. Phylloplane algae of standing dead Spartina alterniflora. Mar. Biol. 90: 121–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessner, R. V. 1977. Seasonal occurrence and distribution of fungi associated with Spartina alterniflora from a Rhode Island estuary. Mycologia 69: 477–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, D. M. 1985. A comparison of the roles of bacteria and fungi. Pp. 221–255. In: Bacteria in nature. Vol. I. Bacterial activities in perspective. Eds., E. R. Leadbetter and J. S. Poindexter. Plenum, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, H. M., D. Gareth Jones, and A. Akers. 1985. A bioassay for predicting the resistance of wheat leaves to Septoria nodorum. Ann. Appl. Biol. 107: 293–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, R. E., and S. Y. Newell. 1984a. A comparison of glucosamine and biovolume conversion factors for estimating fungal biomass. Oikos 42: 355–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, R. E., and S. Y. Newell. 1984b. The growth of bacteria and the fungus Phaeosphaeria typharum (Desm.) Holm (Eumycota: Ascomycotina) in salt-marsh microcosms in the presence and absence of mercury. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 78: 143–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, B.-H, K.-H. Yung, and S.-T. Chang. 1985. The sterol composition of Volvariella volvacea and other edible mushrooms. Mycologia 77: 959–963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlmeyer, J., and E. Kohlmeyer. 1979. Marine mycology. The higher fungi. Academic Press, New York. 690 p.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C., R. W. Howarth, and B. L. Howes. 1980. Sterols in decomposing Spartina alterniflora and the use of ergosterol in estimating the contribution of fungi to detrital nitrogen. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 290–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinucci, A. C., J. E. Hobbie, and J. V. K. Helfrich. 1983. Effect of litter nitrogen on decomposition and microbial biomass in Spartina alterniflora. Microb. Ecol. 9: 27–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matcham, S. E., B. R. Jordan, and D. A. Wood. 1985. Estimation of fungal biomass in a solid substrate by three independent methods. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21: 108–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. D., Y. E. Moharir, J. A. Findlay, and N.J. Whitney. 1984. Marine fungi of the Bay of Fundy VI: growth and metabolites of Leptosphaeria oraemaris, Sphaerulina oraemaris, Monodictys pelagica, and Dendryphiella salina. Proc. N.S. Acad. Sci. 34: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. D., Y. E. Moharir, J. A. Findlay, and N.J. Whitney, J. C. Young, and J. L. Trenholm. 1983. Fusarium toxins in field corn. I. Time course of fungal growth and production of deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 3080–3087.
   Google Scholar
• Nes, W. D., and R. C. Heupel. 1986. Physiological requirement for biosynthesis of multiple 24β- methyl sterols in Giberella fujikuroi. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 244: 211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, S. Y. 1984. Bacterial and fungal productivity in the marine environment: a contrastive overview. In: Bacteriologie marine. Colloque Internationale, Marseille. Collogues Internationaux CNRS 331: 133–139.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, S. Y., and R. D. Fallon. 1983. Study of fungal biomass dynamics within dead leaves of cordgrass: progress and potential. Pp. 150–160. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aquatic Macrophytes. Catholic Univ., Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, S. Y., and R. D. Fallon, R. M. Cal Rodriguez, and L. C. Groene. 1985. Influence of rain, tidal wetting and relative humidity on release of carbon dioxide by standing-dead salt-marsh plants. Oecologia 68: 73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, S. Y., and R. D. Fallon, R. M. Cal Rodriguez, and L. C. Groene, and J. D. Miller. 1986. Measuring fungal-biomass dynamics in standing-dead leaves of a salt-marsh vascular plant. Pp. 19–25. In: The biology of marine fungi. Ed., S. T. Moss. Cambridge Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, S. Y., and R. D. Fallon, R. M. Cal Rodriguez, and L. C. Groene, and J. D. Miller, and R. E. Hicks. 1982. Direct-count estimates of fungal and bacterial biovolume in dead leaves of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.). Estuaries 5: 246–260.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, S. Y., and R. D. Fallon, R. M. Cal Rodriguez, and L. C. Groene, and J. D. Miller, and R. E. Hicks, and A. Statzell-Tallman. 1982. Factors for conversion of fungal biovolume values to biomass, carbon, and nitrogen: variation with mycelial ages, growth conditions, and strains of fungi from a salt marsh. Oikos 39: 261–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osswald, W. F., W. Höll, and E. F. Elstner. 1986. Ergosterol as a biochemical indicator of fungal infection in spruce and fir needles from different sources. Z. Naturforsch. Sect. C Biosci. 41: 542–546.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, G. W. 1971. The distribution of sterols in algae. Lipids 6: 120–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, G. W., M. J. Thompson, and S. R. Dutky. 1974. Two new sterols from Chlorella ellipsoidea. Phytochemistry 13: 191–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeroy, L. R., and R. G. Wiegert. (Eds.). 1981. The ecology of a salt marsh. Springer-Verlag, New York. 271 p.
   Google Scholar
• Safe, S. 1973. The effect of environment on the free and hydrosolublc sterols of Mucor rouxii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 326: 471–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz, L. M., D. V. Sauer, R. Burroughs, H. E. Mohr, and J. D. Hubbard. 1979. Ergosterol as a measure of fungal growth. Phytopathology 69: 1201–1203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, B. F., and E. B. Sherr. 1983. Enumeration of heterotrophic microprotozoa by epifluorescence microscopy. Est. Coastal Shelf Sci. 16: 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenore, K. R., R. B. Hanson, J. McClain, A. E. Maccubbin, and R. E. Hodson. 1984. Change in composition and nutritional value to a benthic deposit feeder of decomposing detritus pools. Bull. Mar. Sci. 35: 299–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torzilli, A. P., and G. Andrykovitch. 1986. Degradation of Spartina lignocellulose by individual and mixed cultures of salt-marsh fungi. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 2211–2215.
   Google Scholar
• Tupa, D. D. 1974. An investigation of certain Chaetophoralean algae. Nova Hedwigia 46(Beih. 3): 1–155.
   Google Scholar
• Vidal, G. 1985. Évolution de la teneur en lipids de Leptosphaeria typhae (Avers.) Karster en fonction de sa croissance et de sa reproduction sexuée: influence sur le métabolisme lipidique d'agents stimulant ou inhibant la reproduction sexuée. Cryptogamie, Mycol. 7: 15–30.
   Google Scholar
• Weete, J. D. 1981. Lipids in fungal growth and reproduction. Pp. 463–485. In: The fungal spore: morphogenetic controls. Eds., G. Turian and H. R. Hohl. Academic, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Weete, J. D., R. Furter, E. Hänseier, and D. M. Rast. 1985. Cellular and chitosomal lipids of Agaricus bisporus and Mucor rouxii. Canad. J. Microbiol. 31: 1120–1126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weete, J. D., R. Furter, E. Hänseier, and D. M. Rast, and D. J. Weber. 1980. Lipid biochemistry of fungi and other organisms. Plenum Press, New York. 400 p.
   Google Scholar
• Wethered, J. M., E. C. Metcalf, and D. J. Jennings. 1985. Carbohydrate metabolism in the fungus Dendryphiella salina. VIII. The contribution of polyols and ions to the mycelial solute potential in relation to the external osmoticum. New Phytol. 101: 631–649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar