Effects of pasture defoliation in summer on grass grub (Costelytra zelandica) populations

References

• Baars , J. A. and Coulter , J. D. Soil moisture and its influence on pasture production in the Waikato . Proceedings, N.Z. Grassland Association . Vol. 35 , pp. 197 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Bircham , J. S. Grazing management for the improvement of browntop pastures in hill country: a programme . Proceedings N.Z. Grassland Association . Vol. 38 , pp. 87 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Brougham , R. W. Frequency and intensity of grazing and their effects on pasture production . Proceedings N.Z. Grassland Association . Vol. 32 , pp. 137 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Caradus , J. R. and Evans , P. S. 1977 . Seasonal root formation of white clover, ryegrass and cocksfoot in New Zealand . N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research , 20 : 337 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter , J. D. 1973 . A water balance assessment of the New Zealand rainfall . N.Z. Journal of Hydrology , 12 ( 2 ) : 83 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , R. L. , Wiseman , J. R. and Wolfe , V. J. A systems approach to pasture scarab problems in Australia . Proceedings, XI International Grassland Congress . pp. 681 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , R. L. , Wiseman , J. R. and Wolfe , V. J. 1972 . Environmental stress in the pasture scarab Sericesthis nigrolineata Boisd. II. Effects of soil moisture and temperature on survival of first instar larvae . Journal of Applied Ecology , 9 : 799 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , G. M. and Campbell , A. G. 1978 . Relationships between grazing animals and populations of the pasture insects Costelytra zealandica (White) and Inopus rubriceps (Macquart) . N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research , 21 : 301 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. H. 1972 . Red-headed cockchafers can be controlled by pasture management . The Journal of Agriculture (Victoria) , 70 : 61 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• East , R. Effects of grazing management on Costelytra zealandica populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) . Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology . Edited by: Crosby , T. K. and Pottinger , R. P. pp. 180 – 184 . Wellington : Government Printer . in
   Google Scholar
• East , R. Population studies of Australasian pasture Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) . Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology . Edited by: Crosby , T. K. and Pottinger , R. P. pp. 56 – 62 . Wellington : Government Printer . in
   Google Scholar
• East , R. , Kain , W. M. and Douglas , J. A. The effect of grass grub on the herbage production of different pasture species in the pumice country . Proceedings, N.Z. Grassland Association . Vol. 41 , pp. 105 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• East , R. and Pottinger , R. P. 1975 . Starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) predation on grass grub (Costelytra zealandica (White), Melolonthinae) populations in Canterbury . N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research , 18 : 417 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , J. A. K. 1972 . Observations on soil-inhabiting insect populations of improved pasture in Nelson province, with particular reference to Costelytra zealandica (White) (Col., Scarabaeidae) . N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research , 15 : 878 – 892 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillingham , A. G. , Wilkinson , R. W. and Bell , L. D. 1974 . “ Seasonal variation in topsoil moisture content of two yellow-brown pumice soils ” . In Soil Groups of New Zealand. Part 1. Yellow-brown Pumice Soils , Edited by: Read , N. E. 109 – 111 . Wellington : Government Printer . in
   Google Scholar
• Gradwell , M. W. 1968 . The moisture-holding properties of Waikato soils and methods of their determination . N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research , 11 : 631 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley , M. J. , Atkinson , G. C. , Bimler , K. H. , James , T. K. and Popay , A. I. Control of barley grass by grazing management . Proceedings, 31st N.Z. Weed and Pest Control Conference . pp. 198 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacques , W. A. 1937 . The effect of different rates of defoliation on the root development of certain grasses . N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology , 19A : 441 – 450 .
   Google Scholar
• Jagusch , K. T. and Coop , I. E. The nutritional requirements of grazing sheep . Proceedings, N.Z. Society of Animal Production . Vol. 31 , pp. 224 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Kain , W. M. 1975 . Population dynamics and pest assessment studies of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica (White), Melolonthinae) in the North Island of New Zealand , Lincoln College, University of Canterbury . Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Kain , W. M. and Atkinson , D. S. A rational approach to grass grub control . Proceedings, 23rd N.Z. Weed and Pest Control Conference . pp. 180 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Kain , W. M. and Atkinson , D. S. 1976 . Population studies of Costelytra zealandica (White) II. A rapid mechanical extraction method suitable for intensive sampling of C. zealandica and other scarabaeids . N.Z. Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 4 : 391 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kain , W. M. and Atkinson , D. S. 1977 . Development of resistant pasture and methods of pasture management for grass grub (Costelytra zealandica (White)) control . N.Z. Journal of Agricultural Research , 20 : 507 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kain , W. M. , Holland , T. V. and Atkinson , D. S. Rapid methods for sampling soil-inhabiting insect pests of pasture . Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology . Edited by: Crosby , T. K. and Pottinger , R. P. pp. 108 – 112 . Wellington : Government Printer . in
   Google Scholar
• Kain , W. M. and Young , J. 1975 . Population studies of Costelytra zealandica (White) I. A soil sampler suitable for sampling pastureland . N.Z. Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 3 : 177 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• King , P. D. and East , R. Effects of pasture composition on the dynamics of Heteronychus arator and Graphognathus leucoloma populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae and Curculionidae) . Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology . Edited by: Crosby , T. K. and Pottinger , R. P. pp. 79 – 82 . Wellington : Government Printer . in
   Google Scholar
• Ladd , T. L. and Buriff , C. R. 1979 . Japanese beetle: influence of larval feeding on bluegrass yields at two levels of soil moisture . Journal of Economic Entomology , 72 : 311 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maelzer , D. M. 1961 . The effect of temperature and moisture on the immature stages of Aphodius tasmaniae Hope (Scarabaeidae) in the lower south east of Australia . Australian Journal of Zoology , 9 : 173 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Maynard Smith , J. 1957 . Temperature tolerance and acclimatisation in Drosophila subobscura . Journal of Experimental Biology , 34 : 85 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K. J. 1954 . Influence of light and temperature on growth of ryegrass (Lolium spp.). III. Pattern and rate of tissue formation . Physiologia Plantarum , 7 : 51 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard , R. Q. 1957 . Some physical properties of Taupo pumic soils of New Zealand . Soil Science , 83 : 273 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Rattray , P. V. Pasture constraints to sheep production . Proceedings, Agronomy Society of N.Z. Vol. 8 , pp. 103 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Rennie , N. 1978 . Grassfence has key role in hill-country development . N.Z. Farmer , 99 ( 15 ) : 30 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , J. M. W. , Robertson , L. N. and Pottinger , R. P. The economics of Australian soldier fly control . Proceedings, 32nd N.Z. Weed and Pest Control Conference . pp. 250 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. J. The theory and use of alternating stocking rates to control pasture pests . Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology . Edited by: Crosby , T. K. and Pottinger , R. P. pp. 179 – 180 . Wellington : Government Printer . in
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , L. N. , Pottinger , R. P. , Gerard , P. J. and Dixon , G. M. Inopus rubriceps control in pasture by grazing management (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) . Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology . Edited by: Crosby , T. K. and Pottinger , R. P. pp. 185 – 188 . Wellington : Government Printer . in
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. E. and Dawson , A. D. 1976 . Hill country grazing management . Proceedings, N.Z. Grassland Association , 38 : 47 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Wightman , J. A. 1973 . Grass grubs and soil moisture . DSIR Information Series , 96 : 120 – 124 .
   Google Scholar