DDT residues in the environment—A review with a New Zealand perspective

References

• Agarwal , H. C. , Singh , D. K. and Sharma , V. B. 1994a . Persistence, metabolism and binding of p,p‘‐DDT in soil in Dehli, India . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 73 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal , H. C. , Singh , D. K. and Sharma , V. B. 1994b . Persistence and binding of p,p‘‐DDE in soil . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 87 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrea , M. M. , Luchini , L. C. , Mello , M. H. S. H. , Tomita , R. Y. , Mesquita , T. B. and Musumeci , M. R. 1994a . Dissipation and degradation of DDT, DDE and parathion in Brazilian soils . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 121 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrea , M. M. , Tomita , R. Y. , Luchini , L. C. and Musumeci , M. R. 1994b . Laboratory studies on volatilization and mineralization of 14C‐p,p‘‐DDT in soil, release of bound residues and dissipation from solid surfaces . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 133 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas , E. and Giam , C. S. 1989 . Sea‐air exchange of high molecular weight synthetic organic compounds: Results from the SEAREX program . Chemical oceanography , 10 : 339 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Bacci , E. , Calamari , D. , Gaggi , C. and Vighi , M. 1990 . Bioconcentration of organic chemical vapours in plant leaves: Experimental measurements and correlation . Environmental science and technology , 24 : 885 – 889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacci , E. and Gaggi , C. 1985 . Polychlorinated biphenyls in plant foliage: Translocation or volatilization from contaminated soils? . Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology , 35 : 673 – 681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , T. M. 1971 . Role of humic carrier substances in DDT movement through forest soil . Soil Science of America proceedings , 35 : 145 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr , D. P. and Aust , S. D. 1994 . Mechanisms white rot fungi use to degrade pollutants . Environmental science and technology , 28 : A78 – A87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter , R. M. 1990 . Reductive dechlorination of certain chlorinated organic compounds by reduced hematin compared with their behaviour in the environment . Chemosphere , 21 : 451 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beall , M. L. jnr. and Nash , R. G. 1969 . Crop seedling uptake of DDT, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor from soils . Agronomy journal , 61 : 571 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beall , M. L. jnr. and Nash , R. G. 1971 . Organochlorine insecticide residues in soybean plant tops: Root vs. vapor sorbtion . Agronomy journal , 63 : 460 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer , W. N. and Krynitsky , A. J. 1989 . Long‐term persistence of dieldrin, DDT, and Heptachlor epoxide in earthworms . Ambio , 18 : 271 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidleman , T. F. , Walla , M. D. , Roura , R. , Carr , E. and Schmidt , S. 1993 . Organochlorine pesticides in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, January‐March, 1990 . Marine pollution bulletin , 26 : 258 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobovnikova , T. I. , Borisova , G. N. , Virchenko , E. P. , Dibtseva , A. V. and Sukhov , L. N. 1983 . Entry of chlororganic pesticides into bodies of water with surface runoff and irrigation water . Soviet meteorology and hydrology , 8 : 84 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Borello , R. , Minero , C. , Pramauro , E. , Pelizzetti , E. , Serpone , N. and Hidaka , H. 1989 . Photocatalytic degradation of DDT mediated in aqueous semiconductor slurries by simulated sunlight . Environmental toxicology and chemistry , 8 : 997 – 1002 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boul , H. L. , Garnham , M. L. , Hucker , D. , Baird , D. and Aislabie , J. 1994 . The influence of agricultural practices on the levels of DDT and its residues in soil . Environmental science and technology , 28 : 1397 – 1402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , B. T. and Sans , W. W. 1980 . Stability of parathion and DDT in dilute iron solutions . Journal of environmental science and Health , B15 : 233 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , M. C , Schechter , M. S. and Carter , R. L. 1965 . Behaviour of chlorinated insecticides in a broad spectrum of soil types . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 13 : 360 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bumpus , J. A. and Aust , S. D. 1987 . “ Biodegradation of chlorinated organic compounds by Phaner‐ochaete chrysosporium, a wood‐rotting fungus ” . In Solving hazardous waste problems. Learning from dioxins , Edited by: Exner , J. H. 340 – 349 . Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Burge , W. D. 1971 . Anaerobic decomposition of DDT in soil. Acceleration by volatile components of alfalfa . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 19 : 375 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , C. M. , Childs , C. W. , Orchard , V. A. , Parfitt , R. L. , Theng , B. K. G. and Whitton , J. 1994 . Experiments related to DDT residues in soils , Lower Hutt, , New Zealand : Landcare Research New Zealand Limited . No. 2
   Google Scholar
• Busvine , J. R. 1989 . DDT: fifty years for good or ill . Pesticide outlook , 1 : 4 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Calderbank , A. 1989 . The occurrence and significance of bound pesticide residues in soil . Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology , 108 : 71 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , C. W. and Suffet , I. H. 1982 . Binding of DDT to dissolved humic materials . Environmental science and technology , 16 : 735 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , C. E. 1964 . The rapid oxidation of Iron (II) porphyrins by alkyl halides. A possible mode of intoxication of organisms by alkyl halides . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 86 : 2310 – 2311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , T. F. and Yoshida , T. 1971 . Degradation of organochlorine insecticides in flooded soils in the Philippines . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 19 : 1168 – 1170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , T. F. and Yoshida , T. 1974 . Effect of organic matter on the biodegradation of some organochlorine insecticides in submerged soils . Soil science and plant nutrition , 20 : 363 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Champion , D. F. and Olsen , S. R. 1971 . Adsorption of DDT on solid particles . Soil Science Society of America proceedings , 35 : 887 – 891 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiou , C. T. , Malcolm , R. L. , Brinton , T. I. and Kile , D. E. 1986 . Water solubility enhancement of some organic pollutants and pesticides by dissolved humic and fulvic acids . Environmental science and technology , 20 : 502 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , A. G. 1982 . Glutathione transferases and resistance to pesticides . Chemistry in New Zealand , 46 : 100 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Cliath , M. M. and Spencer , W. F. 1972 . Dissipation of pesticides from soil by volatilization of degradation products. I. Lindane and DDT . Environmental science and technology , 6 : 910 – 914 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppelstone , J. F. , Hunnego , J. N. and Harrison , D. L. 1973 . Organochlorine insecticide levels in adult New Zealanders—a five‐year study . New Zealand journal of science , 16 : 27 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulston , F. 1985 . The dilemma of DDT . Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology , 5 : 329 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer , J. 1973 . Model of the circulation of DDT on earth . Atmospheric environment , 7 : 241 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis , C. F. 1994 . Should DDT continue to be recommended for malaria vector control? . Medical and veterinary entomology , 8 : 107 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dec , J. , Shuttleworth , K. L. and Bollag , J‐M. 1990 . Microbial release of 2,4‐dichlorophenol bound to humic acid or incorporated during humifi‐cation . Journal of environmental quality , 19 : 546 – 551 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingle , J. H. P. , Palmer , W. A. and Black , R. R. 1989 . Residues of DDT and dieldrin in the subcutaneous fat and butterfat of cattle . Australian journal of experimental agriculture , 29 : 497 – 501 .
   Google Scholar
• Duce , R. A. , Liss , P. S. , Merrill , J. T. , Atlas , E. L. , Buat‐Menard , P. , Hicks , B. B. , Miller , J. M. , Prospero , J. M. , Arimoto , R. , Church , T. M. , Ellis , W. , Galloway , J. N. , Hansen , L. , Jickells , T. D. , Knap , A. H. , Reinhardt , K. H. , Schneider , B. , Soudine , A. , Tokos , J. J. , Tsunogai , S. , Wollast , R. and Zhou , M. 1991 . The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean . Global biogeochemical cycles , 5 : 193 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont , R. R. , McLean , J. E. , Hoff , R. H. and Moore , W. M. 1990 . Evaluation of the use of solar irradiation for the decontamination of soils containing wood treating wastes . Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association , 40 : 1257 – 1265 .
   Google Scholar
• Eden , W. G. and Arthur , B. W. 1965 . Translocation of DDT and heptachlor in soybeans . Journal of economic entomology , 58 : 161 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , C. A. 1973 . Persistent pesticides in the environment. , 2nd edition , Cleveland, Ohio : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , C. A. and Lofty , J. R. 1972 . Biology of earthworms , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Ekstedt , J. 1976 . The distribution and transformation of DDT in forest soil profiles . Grundforbattring , 27 : 179 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , G. , Jensen , S. , Kylin , H. and Strachan , W. 1989 . The pine needle as a monitor of atmospheric pollution . Nature , 341 : A2 – AA .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO/IAEA . 1994 . Appraisal of overall programme accomplishments . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 205 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , W. J. , Spencer , W. F. , Shepherd , R. A. and Cliath , M. M. 1974 . Effect of flooding and organic matter applications on DDT residues in soil . Journal of environmental quality , 3 : 343 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett , S. C. , Bunyan , P. J. , Huson , L. W. , King , L. J. and Stanley , P. I. 1981 . Excretion of radioactivity following the intraperitoneal administration of 14C‐DDT, 14C‐DDD, 14C‐DDE and 14C‐DDMU to the rat and Japanese quail . Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology , 27 : 386 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett , S. C , King , L. J. , Bunyan , P. J. and Stanley , P. I. 1987 . The metabolism of 14C‐DDT, 14C‐DDD, 14C‐DDE, and 14C‐DDMU in rats and Japanese quail . Xenobiotica , 17 : 525 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , P. M. , Haynes , R. J. and Williams , P. H. 1994 . Effects of pasture improvement and intensive cultivation on size of microbial biomass, enzyme activities and composition and size of earthworm populations . Biology and fertility of soils , 17 : 185 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhremann , T. W. and Lichtenstein , E. P. 1980 . A comparative study of the persistence, movement, and metabolism of six carbon‐14 insecticides in soils and plants . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 28 : 446 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaggi , C. , Bacci , E. , Calamari , D. and Fanelli , R. 1985 . Chlorinated hydrocarbons in plant foliage: An indication of the tropospheric contamination level . Chemosphere , 14 : 1673 – 1686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallaher , P. J. and Evans , L. 1961 . Preliminary investigations on the penetration and persistence of DDT under pasture . New Zealand journal of agricultural research , 4 : 466 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Gambrell , R. P. and Patrick , W. H. jnr. 1988 . “ The influence of redox potential on the environmental chemistry of contaminants in soils and sediments ” . In The ecology and management of wetlands , Edited by: Hook , D. D. , Gambrell , R. P. and Patrick , W. H. jnr. 319 – 333 . London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Glass , B. L. 1972 . Relation between the degradation of DDT and the iron redox system in soils . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 20 : 324 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace , J. K. , Yates , J. R. , Tamashiro , M. and Yamamoto , R. T. 1993 . Persistence or organochlorine insecticides for formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) control in Hawaii . Journal of economic entomology , 86 : 761 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenzi , W. D. and Beard , W. E. 1967 . Movement and persistence of DDT and Lindane in soil columns . Soil Science Society of America proceedings , 31 : 644 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenzi , W. D. and Beard , W. E. 1968 . Anaerobic conversion of DDT to DDD and aerobic stability of DDT in soil . Soil Science Society of America proceedings , 32 : 522 – 524 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenzi , W. D. and Beard , W. E. 1976 . DDT degradation in flooded soil as related to temperature . Journal of environmental quality , 5 : 391 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenzi , W. D. , Beard , W. E. and Viets , F. G. jnr. 1971 . Influence of soil treatment on persistence of six chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in the field . Soil Science Society of America proceedings , 35 : 910 – 913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider , K. M. and Martin , J. P. 1988 . Mineralization of 14C‐labelled humic acids and of humic‐acid bound 14C‐xenobiotics by Phanerochaete chrysosporium . Soil biology and biochemistry , 20 : 425 – 429 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , C. R. 1966 . Influence of soil type on the activity of insecticides in soil . Journal of economic entomology , 59 : 1221 – 1225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , C. R. and Sans , W. W. 1967 . Absorption of organochlorine insecticide residues from agricultural soils by root crops . Agricultural and food chemistry , 15 : 861 – 863 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , D. L. , Mol , J. C. M. and Rudman , J. E. 1969 . DDT and lindane: new aspects of stock residues derived from a farm environment . New Zealand journal of agricultural research , 12 : 553 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy , W. B. 1968 . Ingestion of soil by dairy cows . New Zealand journal of agricultural research , 11 : 487 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hileman , B. 1993 . Concerns broaden over chlorine and chlorinated hydrocarbons . Chemical and engineering news , 71 : 11 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch , R. K. and Day , H. R. 1992 . Unusual persistence of DDT in some Western USA soils . Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology , 48 : 259 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume , T. M. , Fox , M. E. and Wilcock , R. J. 1989 . Use of organochlorine contaminants to measure sedimentation rates in estuaries: a case study from the Manukau harbour . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 19 : 305 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain , A. , Maqbool , U. and Asi , M. 1994a . Studies on dissipation and degradation of 14C‐DDT and 14C‐DDE in Pakistani soils under field conditions . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain , A. , Tirmazi , S. H. , Maqbool , U. , Asi , M. and Chaughtai , F. A. 1994b . Studies of the effects of temperatures and solar radiation on volatilization, mineralization and binding of 14C‐DDT in soil under laboratory conditions . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 141 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata , H. , Tanabe , S. , Sakai , S. and Tatsukawa , R. 1993 . Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate . Environmental science and technology , 27 : 1080 – 1098 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Spencer , W. F. and Farmer , W. J. 1983 . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in the soil: I. Model description . Journal of environmental quality , 12 : 558 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Spencer , W. F. and Farmer , W. J. 1984a . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in the soil: III. Application of screening model . Journal of environmental quality , 13 : 573 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Farmer , W. J. and Spencer , W. F. 1984b . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in soil: II. Chemical classification and parameter sensitivity . Journal of environmental quality , 13 : 567 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury , W. A. , Spencer , W. F. and Farmer , W. J. 1984c . Behaviour assessment model for trace organics in soil: IV. Review of experimental evidence . Journal of environmental quality , 13 : 580 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannan , K. , Falandysz , J. , Yamashita , N. , Tanabe , S. and Tatsukawa , R. 1992 . Temporal trends of organochlorine concentrations in cod‐liver oil from the southern Baltic proper, 1971–1989 . Marine pollution bulletin , 24 : 358 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor , I. P. , Metcalf , R. L. , Hirwe , A. S. , Coats , J. R. and Khalsa , M. S. 1973 . Structure activity correlations of biodegradability of DDT analogs . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 21 : 310 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor , I. P. , Metcalf , R. L. , Hirwe , A. S. , Lu , P. ‐Y. , Coats , J. R. and Nystrom , R. F. 1972 . Comparative metabolism of DDT, Methylchlor, and ethoxy‐chlor in mouse, insects, and in a model ecosystem . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 20 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor , I. P. , Metcalf , R. L. , Nystrom , R. F. and Sangha , G. K. 1970 . Comparative metabolism of methoxychlor, methiochlor, and DDT in mouse, insects, and in a model ecosystem . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 18 : 1145 – 1152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik , C. P. 1991 . Persistence and metabolism of HCH and DDT in soil under subtropical conditions . Soil biology and biochemistry , 23 : 131 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto , K. and Urano , K. 1990 . Parameters for predicting the fate of organochlorine pesticides in the environment (III): biodegradation rate constants . Chemosphere , 21 : 1141 – 1152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesterton , M. S. and Hayes , M. H. B. Some studies on soil bound residues . Proceedings of the 1978 British Crop Protection Conference—Weeds . Croydon, Surrey. pp. 573 – 580 . British Crop Protection Council .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , S. U. 1978 . “ The interaction of organic matter with pesticides ” . In Soil organic matter , Edited by: Schnitzer , M. and Khan , S. U. 137 – 171 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , S. U. 1982 . Bound pesticide residues in soil and plants . Residue reviews , 84 : 1 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kieatiwong , S. , Nguyen , L. V. , Herbert , V. R. , Hackett , M. , Miller , G. C. , Miille , M. J. and Mitzel , R. 1990 . Photolysis of chlorinated dioxins in organic solvents and on soils . Environmental science and technology , 24 : 1575 – 1580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko , W. H. and Lockwood , J. L. 1968 . Conversion of DDT to DDD in soil and the effect of these compounds on soil microorganisms . Canadian journal of microbiology , 14 : 1069 – 1073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurihara , N. , Ikemoto , Y. and Clark , A. G. 1988 . Dehydrochlorination mechanism of DDT analogs catalyzed by housefly enzyme . Agricultural and biological chemistry , 52 : 1831 – 1833 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D‐Y. and Farmer , W. J. 1989 . Dissolved organic matter interaction with Napropamide and four other nonionic pesticides . Journal of environmental quality , 18 : 468 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , K. E. 1985 . Earthworms: Their ecology and relationships with soils and land use , Sydney : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein , E. P. , de Pew , L. J. , Eshbaugh , E. L. and Sleesman , J. P. 1960 . Persistence of DDT, aldrin, and lindane in some midwestern soils . Journal of economic entomology , 53 : 136 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein , E. P. , Katan , J. and Anderegg , B. N. 1977 . Binding of ‘persistent’ and ‘nonpersistent’ 14C‐labelled insecticides in an agricultural soil . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 25 : 43 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein , E. P. and Schulz , K. R. 1959 . Persistence of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides as influenced by soil types, rate of application and temperature . Journal of economic entomology , 52 : 124 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein , E. P. and Schulz , K. R. 1960 . Translocation of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides into the aerial parts of pea plants . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 8 : 452 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein , E. P. and Schulz , K. R. 1961 . Effect of soil cultivation, soil surface and water on the persistence of insecticidal residues in soils . Journal of economic entomology , 54 : 517 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loganathan , B. G. , Tanabe , S. , Hidaka , Y. , Kawano , M. , Hidaka , H. and Tatsukawa , R. 1993 . Temporal trends of persistent organochlorine residues in human adipose tissue from Japan, 1928–1985 . Environmental pollution , 81 : 31 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez‐Gonzalez , J. and Valenzuela‐Calahorro , C. 1970 . Associated decomposition of DDT to DDE in the diffusion of DDT on homoionic clays . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 18 : 520 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , K. A. 1948 . Decomposition of DDT [1:1:1‐trichloro‐2:2‐di(4‐chlorophenyl)‐ethane] by basic substances . Journal of the Chemical Society (London) , Oct‐Dec : 1657 – 1661 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansuy , D. , Lange , M. and Chottard , J. C. 1978 . Reaction of 2,2‐Bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐l ,1,1 ‐trichloroethane (DDT) with iron (II) porphyrins. Isolation of the vinyldiene carbene complex, Tetraphenyl‐porphriniron(II) (C=C(p‐Cl‐C6H4)2) . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 100 : 3213 – 3214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maugh , T. H. II . 1973 . DDT: An unrecognized source of polychlorinated biphenyls . Science , 180 : 578 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , G. C. and Zepp , R. G. 1979 . Photoreactivity of aquatic pollutants sorbed on suspended sediments . Environmental science and technology , 13 : 860 – 863 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , L. L. and Narang , R. S. 1970 . Induced photolysis of DDT . Science , 169 : 368 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , R. M. , Singer , G. M. , Rosen , J. D. and Bartha , R. 1988 . Photolysis primes biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene . Applied and environmental microbiology , 54 : 1724 – 1730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miskus , R. P. , Blair , D. P. and Casida , J. E. 1965 . Conversion of DDT to DDD by bovine rumen fluid, lake water, and reduced porphyrins . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 13 : 481 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra , J. and Raghu , K. 1988 . Influence of green manuring on the persistence of DDT in soil . Environmental technology letters , 9 : 847 – 852 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosier , A. R. , Guenzi , W. D. and Miller , L. L. 1969 . Photochemical decomposition of DDT by a free‐radical reaction . Science , 164 : 1083 – 1085 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair , A. , Samuel , T. and Pillai , M. K. K. 1992 . Behaviour of DDT in three soils exposed to solar radiations under different conditions . Pesticide science , 34 : 333 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Nash , R. G. 1968 . Plant absorption of dieldrin, DDT and endrin from soils . Agronomy journal , 60 : 217 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , R. G. 1983 . Comparative volatilization and dissipation rates of several pesticides from soil . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 31 : 210 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , R. G. , Beall , M. L. jnr. and Woolston , E. A. 1970 . Plant uptake of chlorinated insecticides from soil . Agronomy journal , 62 : 369 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , R. G. , Harris , W. G. and Lewis , C. C. 1973 . Soil pH and metallic amendment effects on DDT conversion to DDE . Journal of environmental quality , 2 : 390 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• Newsom , L. D. 1967 . Consequences of insecticide use on nontarget organisms . Annual review of entomology , 12 : 257 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oloffs , P. C , Szeto , S. Y. and Webster , J. M. 1971 . Translocation of organochlorine pesticide residues from soils into carrots . Canadian journal of plant science , 51 : 547 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard , V. A. , Theng , B. K. G. , Searle , P. L. , Burke , C. M. , Parfitt , R. L. , Donnell , D. and Harper , S. 1991 . Interim report on DDT residues in soil and experiments to enhance their degradation rates , DSIR Land Resources technical record no. 58
   Google Scholar
• Ostromogilskii , A. K. , Kokorin , A. O. and Afanasev , M. I. 1987 . Modelling the global DDT cycle . Soviet meteorology and hydrology , 2 : 37 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Parr , J. F. and Smith , S. 1974 . Degradation of DDT in an Everglades muck as affected by lime, ferrous iron, and anaerobiosis . Soil science , 118 : 45 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr , J. F. , Willis , G. H. and Smith , S. 1970 . Soil anaerobiosis: II. Effect of selected environments and energy sources on the degradation of DDT . Soil science , 7/0 : 306 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , J. R. , Adams , R. S. jnr. and Cutkomp , L. K. 1971 . Soil properties influencing DDT bio‐activity . Soil Science Society of America proceedings , 35 : 72 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickston , L. , Brewerton , H. V. , Drysdale , J. M. , Hughes , J. T. , Smith , J. M , Love , J. L. , Sutcliffe , E. R. and Davidson , F. 1985 . The New Zealand diet: a survey of elements, pesticides, colours and preservatives . New Zealand journal of technology , 1 : 81 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Pierce , R. H. jnr. , Olney , C. E. and Felbeck , G. T. jnr. 1974 . p,p'‐DDT adsorption to suspended particulate matter in sea water . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 38 : 1061 – 1073 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plimmer , J. R. , Klingebiel , U. I. and Hummer , B. E. 1970 . Photooxidation of DDT and DDE . Science , 167 : 67 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirrier , M. A. , Bordelon , B. R. and Laseter , J. L. 1972 . Adsorption and concentration of dissolved carbon‐14 DDT by coloring colloids in surface waters . Environmental science and technology , 6 : 1033 – 1035 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , L. K. and Beard , W. E. 1968 . Retention and volatilization of lindane and DDT in the presence of organic colloids isolated from soils and Leonardite . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 16 : 344 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel , T. , Agarwal , H. C. and Pillai , M. K. K. 1988 . Persistence and binding of DDT and gamma ‐HCH in a sandy loam soil under field conditions in Dehli, India . Pesticide science , 22 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Samuel , T. and Pillai , M. K. K. 1989 . The effect of temperature and solar radiations on volatilisation, mineralisation and degradation of 14C‐DDT in soil . Environmental pollution , 57 : 63 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel , T. and Pillai , M. K. K. 1991 . Impact of repeated application on the binding and persistence of [14C]‐DDT and [14C]‐HCH in a tropical soil . Environmental pollution , 74 : 205 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawhney , B. L. 1992 . “ Chemistry and properties of PCBs in relation to environmental effects ” . In PCBs in the environment , Edited by: Waid , J. S. vol. 1 , 47 – 64 . Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sax , N. I. 1984 . Dangerous properties of industrial chemicals. , 6th edition , 465 New York : Van Norstrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Schlosserova , J. 1992 . Contamination of soils in the Slovak republic by persistent pesticides and their transport in the soil‐plant system . The science of the total environment , 1231124 : 491 – 501 .
   Google Scholar
• Sethunathan , N. 1973 . Microbial degradation of insecticides in flooded soil and in anaerobic cultures . Residue reviews , 47 : 143 – 165 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shane , L. A. and Bush , B. 1989 . Accumulation of polychlorobiphenyl congeners and p,p‘—DDE at environmental concentrations by corn and beans . Ecotoxicology and environmental safety , 77 : 38 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , D. K. and Agarwal , H. C. 1992 . Chemical release and nature of soil‐bound DDT residues . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 40 : 1713 – 1716 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sink , J. D. , Varela‐Alvarez , H. and Hess , C. 1972 . Metabolism of 14C‐DDT by ovine rumen fluid in vitro . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 20 : 7 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjoeib , F. , Anwar , E. and Tungguldihardjo , M. S. 1994 . Laboratory studies of dissipation of 14C‐DDT from soil and plywood surfaces . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 153 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , W. F. and Cliath , M. M. 1972 . Volatility of DDT and related compounds . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 20 : 645 – 649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , W. F. and Cliath , M. M. 1983 . Measurement of pesticide vapour pressures . Residue reviews , 85 : 57 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , W. F. , Cliath , M. M. , Farmer , W. J. and Shepherd , R. A. 1974 . Volatility of DDT residues in soil as affected by flooding and organic matter applications . Journal of environmental quality , 3 : 126 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suns , K. R. , Hitchin , G. G. and Toner , D. 1993 . Spatial and temporal trends of organochlorine contaminants in Spottail Shiners from selected sites in the Great Lakes (1975–1990) . Journal of Great Lakes research , 19 : 703 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeto , S. Y. and Price , P. M. 1991 . Persistence of pesticide residues in mineral and organic soils in the Frazer valley of British Columbia . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry , 39 : 1679 – 1684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma , K. and Nicholson , B. C. 1989 . Pesticide losses in runoff from a horticultural catchment in South Australia and their relevance to stream and reservoir water quality . Environmental technology letters , 10 : 117 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varca , L. M. and Magallona , E. D. 1994 . Dissipation and degradation of DDT and DDE in Philippine soil under field conditions . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 25 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , A. and Pillai , M. K. K. 1990 . Bound residues of DDT and HCH in wheat and their bioavailability to rats . Chemosphere , 21 : 1315 – 1320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , A. and Pillai , M. K. K. 1991a . Bioavailability of soil‐bound residues of DDT and HCH to earthworms . Current science (India) , 61 : 840 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , A. and Pillai , M. K. K. 1991b . Bioavailability of soil‐bound residues of DDT and HCH to certain plants . Soil biology and biochemistry , 23 : 347 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve , J‐P. , Fogelquist , E. and Cattini , C. 1988 . Lichens as bioindicators for atmospheric pollution by chlorinated hydrocarbons . Chemosphere , 17 : 399 – 03 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedemeyer , G. 1967 . Dechlorination of 1,1,1 ‐trichloro‐2,2‐W.s(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane by Aerobacter aerogenes I. Metabolic products . Applied microbiology , 15 : 569 – 574 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheatley , G. A. 1965 . The assessment and persistence of residues of organochlorine insecticides in soils and their uptake by crops . Annals of applied biology , 55 : 325 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , J. L. 1976 . “ Clay‐pesticide interactions ” . In Bound and conjugated pesticide residues , Edited by: Kaufman , D. D. , Still , G. G. , Paulson , G. D. and Bandal , S. K. 208 – 218 . Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkerson , M. R. and Kim , K. D. 1986 . The Pesticide Contamination Prevention Act: Setting specific numerical values , Sacremento, California : California Department of Food and Agriculture, Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , N. L. , Mingelgrin , U. and Miller , G. C. 1990 . “ Abiotic transformations in water, sediments, and soil ” . In Pesticides in the soil environment: processes, impact and modelling , Edited by: Cheng , H. H. 119 – 168 . Madison, Wisconsin : Soil Science Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Woodell , G. M. , Craig , P. P. and Johnson , H. A. 1971 . DDT in the biosphere: Where does it go? . Science , 174 : 1101 – 1107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthing , C. R. 1979 . The pesticide manual—a world compendium. , 6th edition , London : The British Crop Protection Council .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , B. , Gang , J. , Zhang , Y. and Lin , H. 1994 . Behaviour of DDT in Chinese tropical soils . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 37 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zayed , S. M. A. D. , Mostafa , I. Y. and El‐Arab , A. E. 1994a . Degradation and fate of 14C‐DDT and 14C‐DDE in Egyptian soil . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 47 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zayed , S. M. A. D. , Mostafa , I. Y. and El‐Arab , A. E. 1994b . Chemical and biological release of Rebound residues from soil treated with I4C‐DDT . Journal of environmental science and health, part B , 29 : 169 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zepp , R. G. , Wolfe , N. L. , Azarraga , L. V. , Cox , R. H. and Pape , C. W. 1977 . Photochemical transformation of the DDT and methoxychlor degradation products, DDE and DMDE, by sunlight . Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology , 6 : 305 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoro , J. A. , Hunter , J. M. , Eglington , G. and Ware , G. C. 1974 . Degradation of p,p'— DDT in reducing environments . Nature , 247 : 235 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar