5,993
Views
56
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A comparison of soil and environmental quality under organic and conventional farming systems in New Zealand

, , , , , & show all
Pages 443-466 | Received 06 Mar 2000, Accepted 27 Jul 2000, Published online: 17 Mar 2010

References

  • Andrews , E. D. , Stephenson , B. J. , Anderson , J. P. and Faithful , W. C. 1958 . The effect of length of pasture on cobalt deficiency in lambs . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 1 : 125 – 139 .
  • Arden‐Clark , C and Hodges , R. D. 1988 . The environmental effects of conventional and organic/biological farming systems. 11. Soil ecology, soil fertility and nutrient cycles . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 5 : 223 – 287 .
  • Baechle , H.‐T and Wolstein , F. 1984 . Cadmium compounds in mineral fertilisers . Proceedings Fertiliser Society of London , 226 : 1 – 19 .
  • Berry , N. A. , Wratten , S. D. , McErlich , A. and Frampton , C. 1996 . Abundance and diversity of beneficial arthropods in conventional and organic carrot crops in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science , 24 : 307 – 313 .
  • Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association . 1989 . Biodynamics: New directions for fanning and gardening in New Zealand , Auckland : Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association (in New Zealand) Inc., Random House .
  • Bio‐Gro New Zealand . 1998 . Bio‐Gro New Zealand organic production standards , Wellington : Bio‐Gro New Zealand .
  • Bolan , N. S. 1999 . Most frequently asked questions about cadmium accumulation in pasture soils . New Zealand Soil News , 47 (4) : 93 – 95 .
  • Cameron , K. C. , Di , H. J. and Condron , L. M. 2000 . “ Nutrient and pesticide transfers from agricultural soils to water in New Zealand ” . In Agriculture, hydrology and water quality , Edited by: Haygarth , P. and Jarvis , S. Wallingford : CAB International .
  • Close , M. E. 1996 . Survey of pesticides in New Zealand groundwaters . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 3 : 455 – 461 .
  • Conacher , J. and Conacher , A. 1998 . Organic farming and the environment, with particular reference to Australia: A review . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 1 : 145 – 171 .
  • Comforth , I. S. 1984 . Mineral nutrients in pasture species . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 44 : 135 – 137 .
  • Cornforth , I. S. and Sinclair , A. G. 1982 . Model for calculating maintenance phosphate requirements for grazed pastures . New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 10 : 53 – 61 .
  • Dalgaard , T , Halberg , N. and Kristensen , I. S. 1998 . Can organic farming help to reduce N‐losses? Experiences from Denmark . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 52 : 277 – 287 .
  • Di , H. J. and Cameron , K. C. 2000 . Calculating nitrogen leaching losses and critical nitrogen application rates in dairy pasture systems using a semi‐empirical model . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 43 : 139 – 147 .
  • Di , H. J. , Cameron , K. C. , Moore , S. and Smith , N. P. 1998a . Nitrate leaching from dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertiliser applied to a free‐draining soil under spray or flood irrigation . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 41 : 263 – 270 .
  • Di , H. J. , Cameron , K. C. , Moore , S. and Smith , N. P. 1998b . Nitrate leaching and pasture yields following the application of dairy shed effluent or ammonium fertilizer under spray or flood irrigation: Results of a lysimeter study . Soil Use and Management , 14 : 209 – 214 .
  • Di , H. J. , Cameron , K. C. , Moore , S. and Smith , N. P. 1999 . Contributions to nitrogen leaching and pasture uptake by autumn‐applied dairy effluent and ammonium fertilizer labeled with 15N isotope . Plant and Soil , 210 : 189 – 198 .
  • Doran , J. W. The international situation and criteria for indicators . Soil quality indicators for sustainable agriculture in New Zealand: Proceedings of a Workshop . Edited by: Cameron , K. C. , Cornforth , I. S. , McLaren , R. G. , Beare , M. H. , Basher , L. R. , Metherall , A. K. and Kerr , L. E. pp. 20 – 39 . Lincoln, , New Zealand : Lincoln Soil Quality Research Centre, Lincoln University .
  • Doran , J. W. and Werner , M. R. 1990 . “ Management and soil biology ” . In Sustainable agriculture in temperate zones , Edited by: Francis , C. A. , Flora , C. B. and King , L. D. 205 – 230 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • During , C. 1984 . Fertilisers and soils in New Zealand fanning. , 3rd ed. , Wellington : Government Printer .
  • Edmeades , D. C. , O'Connor , M. B. , Ledgard , S. F. , Roberts , A. H. C. and Thorrold , B. Fertilisers ‐ Facts and Fallacies . Proceedings of the 42nd Ruakura Farmers’ Conference . pp. 46 – 54 .
  • FAO . 1999 . Organic farming , Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) . http//www.fao.org/ag/magazine/9901sp3.htm
  • Fraser , A. J. 1984 . The relationship between New Zealand's geology and soils and trace element deficiencies in grazing animals . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 44 : 125 – 133 .
  • Gerhardt , R. A. 1997 . A comparative analysis of the effects of organic and conventional farming systems on soil structure . Soil Structure and Agricultural Systems , 14 : 139 – 157 .
  • Goh , K. M. and Nguyen , M. L. Fertiliser needs for sustainable agriculture in New Zealand . Sustainable Land Management: The Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Land Management . pp. 119 – 128 . Hawke's Bay, , New Zealand : Napier .
  • Grace , N. 1994 . Managing trace element deficiencies: The diagnosis and prevention of selenium, cobalt, copper and iodine deficiencies in New Zealand grazing livestock , Palmerston North : AgResearch .
  • Gray , C. W. and McLaren , R. G. 1999 . Cadmium concentrations in New Zealand wheat grain , New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Research Association . An unpublished report for
  • Gray , C. W. , McLaren , R. G. , Roberts , A. H. C. and Condron , L. M. 1999a . Effect of soil pH on cadmium phytoavailability in some New Zealand soils . New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science , 27 : 169 – 179 .
  • Gray , C. W. , McLaren , R. G. , Roberts , A. H. C. and Condron , L. M. 1999b . The effect of long‐term phosphatic fertiliser applications on the amounts and forms of cadmium in soils under pasture in New Zealand . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 54 : 267 – 277 .
  • Gray , C. W. , McLaren , R. G. , Roberts , A. H. C. and Condron , L. M. 1999c . Solubility, sorption and desorption of native and added cadmium in relation to properties of soils in New Zealand . European Journal of Soil Science , 50 : 127 – 137 .
  • Gray , C. W. , McLaren , R. G. , Roberts , A. H. C. and Condron , L. M. 1999d . Cadmium phytoavailability in some New Zealand soils . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 37 : 461 – 477 .
  • Gregorich , E. Soil quality: A Canadian perspective . Soil quality indicators for sustainable agriculture in New Zealand: Proceedings of a workshop . Edited by: Cameron , K. C. , Cornforth , I. S. , McLaren , R. G. , Beare , M. H. , Basher , L. R. , Metherall , A. K. and Kerr , L. E. pp. 40 – 52 . Lincoln, , New Zealand : Lincoln Soil Quality Research Centre, Lincoln University .
  • Harper , F. 1983 . The principles of arable crop production , London : Granada .
  • Haynes , R. J. 1988 . Nutrition of apple orchards: Nutrient budgets and their relation to fertiliser requirements . Proceedings of the Agronomy Society of New Zealand , 18 : 149 – 153 .
  • Haystead , A. 1987 . Organic farming survey . Soil and Health , Spring : 8 – 12 .
  • Holland , P. and Rahman , A. 1999 . Review of trends in agricultural pesticide use in New Zealand , MAF Policy Technical Paper 99/11
  • Holland , P. T. , Maber , J. F. , May , W. A. and Malcolm , C. P. Drift from orchard spraying . Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference . pp. 112 – 118 .
  • Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research . 1998 . Organic dairy fanning ‐ Now the sums really do add up! . IGER News , http:// www.iger.bbsrc. ac.uk/iger/pressreleases/news‐02sep98.htm
  • Kell , F. Comparison of whey and composted solid waste in maintaining soil fertility in vegetable crops . Proceedings of the workshop The use of wastes and byproducts as fertilizers and soil amendments for pastures and crops . Edited by: Gregg , P. E. H. and Currie , L. D. Vol. 6 , 19–20 February . pp. 134 – 141 . Palmerston North : Massey University . 1992. Massey University Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre Occasional Report
  • Kemp , P. D. , Condron , L. M. and Matthew , C. 2000 . “ Pastures and soil fertility ” . In New Zealand pasture and crop science , Edited by: White , J. and Hodgson , J. 67 – 82 . Auckland : Oxford University Press .
  • Khan , M. A. R. , Bolan , N. S. and Mackay , A. D. Effect of lime and nitrogen fertiliser on the plant availability of copper in pasture soils . Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute of Agricultural Science and the New Zealand Society for Horticultural Science, Annual Convention . pp. 57
  • Lambert , M. G. , Clark , D. A. and Mackay , A. D. 1990 . Long term effects of withholding phosphate application on North Island hill country: Ballantrae . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 51 : 25 – 28 .
  • Lampkin , N. 1990 . Organic farming , Ipswich : Farming Press .
  • Ledgard , S. F. , Clark , D. A. , Sprosen , M. S. , Brier , G. J. and Nemaia , E. K. K. 1996 . Nitrogen losses from grazed dairy pasture, as affected by nitrogen fertiliser application . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 57 : 21 – 25 .
  • Ledgard , S. F. , Williams , P. H. , Broom , F. D. , Thorrold , B. S. , Wheeler , D. M. and Willis , V. J. Overseer™ ‐ A nutrient budgeting model for pastoral farming, wheat, potatoes, apples and kiwifruit . Proceedings of the workshop Best soil management practices for production . Edited by: Currie , L. D. , Hedley , M. J. , Home , D.J. and Loganathan , P. Vol. 12 , pp. 153 – 164 . Massey University Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre Occasional Report
  • Leslie , D. 20 January 2000 . Udderly green , 20 January , 27 Christchurch, , New Zealand : The Press .
  • Lewandowski , I. , Hardtlein , M. and Kaltschmitt , M. 1999 . Sustainable crop production: Definition and methodological approach for assessing and implementing sustainability . Crop Science , 39 : 184 – 193 .
  • Liebig , M. A. and Doran , J. W. 1999 . Impact of organic production practices on soil quality indicators . Journal of Environmental Quality , 28 : 1601 – 1609 .
  • Lipson , M. 1997 . Searching for the “O‐Word”: Analyzing the USDA current research information system for pertinence to organic farming , Santa Cruz, CA : Organic Farming Research Foundation .
  • Loganathan , P. and Hedley , M. J. 1997 . Downward movement of cadmium and phosphorus from phosphatic fertilisers in a pasture soil in New Zealand . Environmental Pollution , 95 : 319 – 324 .
  • Loganathan , P. , Mackay , A. D. , Lee , J. and Hedley , M. J. 1995 . Cadmium distribution in grazed hill pastures as influenced by 20 years of phosphate fertiliser application and sheep grazing . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 33 : 859 – 871 .
  • Loganathan , P. , Hedley , M. J. , Gregg , P. E. H. and Currie , L. D. 1997 . Effects of phosphate fertiliser type on the accumulation and plant availability of cadmium in grassland soils . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 47 : 169 – 178 .
  • Loganathan , P. , Louie , K. , Lee , J. , Hedley , M. J. , Roberts , A. H. C. and Longhurst , R. D. 1999 . A model to predict kidney and liver cadmium concentrations in grazing animals . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 42 : 423 – 432 .
  • MacKerron , D. K. L. , Duncan , J. M. , Hillman , J. R. , Mackay , G. R. , Robinson , D. J. , Trudgill , D. L. and Wheatley , R. J. 2000 . “ Organic fanning: Science and belief ” . In Annual Report 1998/99 , Scottish Crop Research Institute . http://www.scri.sari.ac.uk/
  • Mader , P. , Pfiffner , L. , Jaggi , W. , Wiemken , A. , Niggli , U. and Besson , J.‐M. 1993 . DOK‐Versuch: vergleichende Langzeit‐Untersuchungen in den drei Anbausystemen biologisch‐Dynamisch, Organisch‐biologisch und Konventionell. 3. Boden: Microbiologische Untersuchungen . Schweizerische Landwirtschaftliche Forschung , 32 : 509 – 545 .
  • Mader , P. , Alfoldi , T. , FlieBbach , A. , Pfiffner , L. and Niggli , U. 1999 . “ Agricultural and ecological performance of cropping systems compared in a long‐term field trial ” . In Nutrient disequilibria in agroecosystems , Edited by: Smaling , E. M. A. , Oenema , O. and Fresco , L. O. 247 – 264 . Wallingford : CAB International .
  • Madhun , Y. A. and Freed , V. H. 1990 . “ Impact of pesticides on the environment ” . In Pesticides in the soil environment: Processes, impacts, and modeling , Edited by: Cheng , H. H. 429 – 466 . Madison, Wisconsin : Soil Science Society of America .
  • MAF . 1994 . Towards sustainable agriculture: organic farming , MAF Policy Position Paper 2
  • MAF . 1997 . The potential for expansion of organic fanning , MAF Policy Report Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries .
  • MAF . 1999 . Farm monitoring report: South central region , Wellington : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry .
  • Manhire , J. 2000 . An analysis of some of the environmental impacts of organic agriculture , Wellington, , New Zealand : MAF Agricultural Policy . Unpublished report prepared for
  • McNaught , K. J. 1938 . Cobalt content of North Island pastures . New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology , 20 : 14A – 29A .
  • Ministry for the Environment . 1998 . Reporting on persistent organochlorines in New Zealand , Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry for the Environment .
  • Mitchell , R. L. 1945 . Cobalt and nickel in soils and plants . Soil Science , 60 : 63 – 70 .
  • Moreby , S. J. , Aebischer , N. J. , Southway , S. E. and Sotherton , N. W. 1994 . A comparison of the flora and arthropod fauna of organically and conventionally grown winter wheat in southern England . Annals of Applied Biology , 12 : 13 – 27 .
  • Mortvedt , J. J. 1996 . Heavy metal contaminations in inorganic and organic fertilisers . Fertilizer Research , 43 : 55 – 61 .
  • Murata , T. and Goh , K. M. 1997 . Effects of cropping systems on soil organic matter in a pair of conventional and biodynamic mixed cropping farms in Canterbury, New Zealand . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 25 : 372 – 381 .
  • Newton , J. 1995 . Profitable organic farming , Oxford : Black well .
  • Nguyen , M. L. , Haynes , R. J. and Goh , K. M. 1995 . Nutrient budgets and status in three pairs of conventional and alternative mixed cropping farms in Canterbury, New Zealand . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 52 : 149 – 162 .
  • Oberson , A. , Fardeau , J. C. , Besson , J. M. and Sticher , H. 1993 . Soil phosphorus dynamics in cropping systems managed according to conventional and biological agricultural methods . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 16 : 111 – 117 .
  • O'Connor , M. B. , Smart , C. E. and Ledgard , S. F. 1990 . Long term effects of withholding phosphate on North Island hill country: Te Kuiti . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 51 : 21 – 24 .
  • Olesen , I. , Lindhardt , E. and Ebbesvik , M. 1999 . Effects of calving season and sire's breeding value in a dairy herd during conversion to ecological milk production . Livestock Production Science , 61 : 201 – 211 .
  • Pfiffner , L. , Mader , P. , Besson , J.‐M. and Niggli , U. 1993 . DOK‐Versuch: vergleichende Langzeit‐Untersuchungen in den drei Anbausystemen biologisch‐Dynamisch, Organisch‐biologisch und Konventionell. 3. Boden: Untersuchungen iiber die Regenwurmpopulationen . Schweizerische Landwirtschaftliche Forschung , 32 : 547 – 564 .
  • Phillippo , M. , Humphries , W. R. and Garthwaite , P. H. 1987 . The effect of dietary molybdenum and iron on copper status and growth in cattle . Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge , 109 : 315 – 320 .
  • Rattray , P. V. and Clark , D. A. 1984 . Factors affecting the intake of pasture . New Zealand Agricultural Science , 18 : 141 – 146 .
  • Reganold , J. P. , Palmer , A. S. , Lockhart , J. C. and Macgregor , A. N. 1993 . Soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New Zealand . Science , 260 : 344 – 349 .
  • Richman , N. 1999 . “ The natural food markets: A national survey of strategies for growth ” . In Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture Policy Studies Report 12 Greenbelt, Maryland, , U.S.A.
  • Roberts , A. H. C. , Longhurst , R. D. and Brown , M. W. 1994 . Cadmium status of soils, plants, and grazing animals in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 37 : 119 – 129 .
  • Roberts , A. H. C. , Longhurst , R. D. and Brown , M. W. 1995 . Cadmium survey of South Auckland market gardens and Mid Canterbury wheat farms , New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers Research Association . Unpublished report to the
  • Sherrell , C. G. 1983a . Boron deficiency and response in white and red clovers and lucerne . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 26 : 197 – 203 .
  • Sherrell , C. G. 1983b . Boron nutrition of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, and timothy . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 26 : 205 – 208 .
  • Sherrell , C. G. 1983c . Plant and soil boron in relation to boron deficiency in lucerne . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 26 : 209 – 214 .
  • Sherrell , C. G. 1984 . Effect of molybdenum concentration in the seed on the response of pasture legumes to molybdenum . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 27 : 417 – 423 .
  • Sherrell , C. G. , Percival , N. S. and Gee , T. M. 1990 . Effect of cobalt application on the cobalt status of pastures. 1. Pastures with history of regular cobalt application . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 33 : 295 – 304 .
  • Silva , R. G. , Cameron , K. C. , Di , H. I. and Hendry , T. 1999 . A lysimeter study of the impact of cow urine, dairy shed effluent and nitrogen fertilizer on drainage water quality . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 37 : 357 – 369 .
  • Sinclair , A. G. and Dyson , C. B. 1988 . An interim report on the MAF ‘National Series’ forms of phosphate fertiliser trials Wellington, , New Zealand Unpublished MAF Technology report,
  • Smith , B. 1973 . Copper and molybdenum ‐ a delicate balance . New Zealand Journal of Agriculture , 126 : 33 – 37 .
  • Smith , L. C. , Morton , J. D. and Catto , W. D. 1999 . The effect of fertiliser iodine application on herbage iodine concentration and animal blood levels . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 42 : 433 – 440 .
  • Stopes , C. E. and Philipps , L. The nitrogen economy of organic farming systems‐ Losses of water . Proceedings of the International Organic Agriculture IFOAM Conference . Edited by: Crabb , D. H. and Smith , S. pp. 6 – 15 . Lincoln University . Theme 4: Agriculture Systems/Techniques‐Plant Session 1: Cropping.
  • Stünzi , H. 1998 . Spurenelemente in wiesenpflanzen . Agrarforschung , 5 : 69 – 72 .
  • Tichy , R. , Fajtl , J. , Kuzel , S. and Kolar , L. 1997 . Use of elemental sulphur to enhance a cadmium solubilization and its vegetative removal from contaminated soil . Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems , 46 : 249 – 255 .
  • Tiller , K. G. Cadmium accumulation in the soil‐plant system: an overview in relation to possible transfers to agricultural products . Proceedings of the national symposium on cadmium accumulations in Australian agriculture . Canberra. Edited by: Simpson , J. and Surnow , B. pp. 20 – 47 . Australian Government Publishing Service .
  • van der Weerden , T. J. , Sherlock , R. R. and Williams , P. H. 1999 . Nitrous oxide emissions and methane oxidation by soil following cultivation of two different leguminous pastures . Biology and Fertility of Soils , 30 : 52 – 60 .
  • van Elsen , T. 2000 . Species diversity as a task for organic agriculture in Europe . Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment , 77 : 101 – 109 .
  • Vannoort , R. W. , Hannah , M. L. , Fry , J. M. and Pickston , L. 1995 . New Zealand total diet survey, Part 1: Pesticide residues , Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Health/Public Health Commission . Unpublished report to the
  • Verkleij , F. N. 1992 . Seaweed extracts in agriculture and horticulture: A review . Biological Agriculture and Horticulture , 8 : 309 – 324 .
  • Watkinson , J. H. Application of selenium to pasture . Trace elements in ruminants: Proceedings of the 22nd Seminar, New Zealand Veterinary Association . Edited by: Wakelin , R. , West , D. , McNeil , P. , McGirr , N. , Hughes , P. and Bishop , R. Vol. 145 , pp. 125 – 131 . Veterinary Continuing Education, Massey University, Publication .
  • Watson , C. A. and Younie , D. 1995 . “ Nitrogen balances in organically and conventionally managed beef production systems ” . In Grassland into the 21st century: Challenges and opportunities , Edited by: Pollott , G. E. 197 – 199 . Reading : British Grassland Society .
  • Waugh , C. D. , Clark , D. A. , Harris , S. L. , Thorn , E. R. , Copeman , P. J. A. and Napper , A. R. 1998 . Chicory for milk production . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association , 60 : 33 – 37 .
  • Wells , G. Intensive/semi‐intensive apples‐the trial at Lincoln University . Proceedings of the intensive pipfruit seminars . January/February 1992 . pp. 23 – 27 . Lincoln, , New Zealand : Department of Horticulture, Lincoln University .
  • Younie , D. and Umrani , A. 1997 . Forage herbs and dietary minerals . New Farmer & Grower , 56 : 14 – 15 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.