Relationship of tillering and morphological characteristics of two perennial ryegrass lines to “pulling” when grazed by dairy cows

References

• Bahmani , I. , Thom , E. R. , Matthew , C. and Lemaire , G. 2001 . Productivity of grazed perennial ryegrass dairy pastures from different ecotypes under nitrogen and irrigation treatments. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 44 : 123 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahmani , I. , Thom , E. R. , Matthew , C. and Lemaire , G. 2002 . Flowering propensity of two New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivars originating from different ecotypes. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 45 : 129 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , D. F. , Clark , D. A. , Land , C. A. and Dymock , N. 1983 . Leaf and tiller growth of Lolium perenne and Agrostis spp. and leaf appearance rates of Trifolium repens in set‐stocked and rotationally grazed hill pastures. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 26 : 159 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheplick , G. P. 1991 . A conceptual framework for the analysis of phenotypic plasticity and genetic constraints in plants. . Oikos , 62 : 283 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheplick , G. P. 1998 . Genotypic variation in the regrowth of Lolium perenne following clipping: effects of nutrients and endophytic fungi. . Functional Ecology , 12 : 176 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies , A. 1981 . “ Tissue turnover in the sward. ” . In Sward measurement handbook , Edited by: Hodgson , J. , Baker , R. D. , Davies , A. , Laidlaw , A. S. and Leaver , J. D. 179 – 208 . Hurley : British Grassland Society .
   Google Scholar
• Easton , H. S. 1989 . Variability in leaf shear strength in perennial ryegrass. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 32 : 1 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennos , A. R. 1990 . The anchorage of leek seedlings: the effect of root length and soil strength. . Annals of Botany , 65 : 409 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , P. S. 1967 . Leaf strength studies of pasture grasses. I. Apparatus, techniques and some factors affecting leaf strength. . Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge , 69 : 171 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulkerson , W. J. , Slack , K. , Moore , K. and Rolfe , C. 1993 . Management of Lolium perenne/Trifolium repens pastures in the subtropics. I. Effect of defoliation interval, seeding rate and application of N and lime. . Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , 44 : 1947 – 1958 .
   Google Scholar
• Genstat 5 Committee . 1993 . Genstat 5 release 3 reference manual , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , S. L. , Thom , E. R. and Clark , D. A. 1996 . Effect of high rates of nitrogen fertiliser on perennial ryegrass growth and morphology in grazed dairy pasture in northern New Zealand. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 39 : 159 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazard , L. , Barker , D. J. and Easton , H. S. 2001 . Morphogenetic adaptation to defoliation and soil fertility in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 44 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , D. A. , Simpson , R. J. and Macmillan , R. H. 1997 . Intrinsic shear strength of leaves of pasture grasses and legumes. . Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , 48 : 667 – 674 .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , D. A. , Simpson , R. J. and Macmillan , R. D. 2000 . Seasonal changes and the effect of temperature and leaf moisture content on intrinsic shear strength of leaves of pasture grasses. . Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , 51 : 823 – 831 .
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt , A. E. 1998 . New Zealand soil classification , 2nd ed. , Landcare Research Science Series 1
   Google Scholar
• Hirata , M. , Kikuchi , M. and Higashiyama , M. 1994 . Sod pulling by beef cattle grazing bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) pasture on sandy soil. . Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science , 39 : 446 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Houlbrooke , D. J. 1996 . Subsoiling and soil compaction effects on soil physical properties and pasture response , Hamilton, , New Zealand : University of Waikato . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Houlbrooke , D. J. , Thom , E. R. , Chapman , R. and McLay , C. D. A. 1997 . A study of the effects of soil bulk density on root and shoot growth of different ryegrass lines. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 40 : 429 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , R. and Jackson , D. K. 1974 . Impact of grazing management on sward survival. . Journal of the British Grassland Society , 29 : 76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoué , T. , Brookes , I. M. , John , A. , Hunt , W. F. and Barry , T. N. 1994 . Effect of shear breaking load on the feeding value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for sheep. I. Effects of leaf anatomy and morphology. . Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge , 123 : 129 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Korte , C. J. , Watkin , B. R. and Harris , W. 1984 . Effects of timing and intensity of spring grazing on reproductive development, tillering, and herbage production of perennial ryegrass dominant pasture. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 27 : 135 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L'Huillier , P. J. 1987 . Tiller appearance and death of Lolium perenne in mixed swards grazed by dairy cattle at two stocking rates. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 30 : 15 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald , K. 1999 . Determining how to make inputs increase your economic farm surplus. . Proceedings of the Ruakura Dairy Farmers’ Conference , 51 : 78 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthew , C. , Yang , J. Z. and Potter , J. F. 1998 . Determination of tiller and root appearance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards by observation of the tiller axis, and potential application in mechanistic modelling. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 41 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie , F. R. 1998 . Influence of applied nitrogen on vegetative, reproductive, and aerial tiller densities in Lolium perenne L. during the establishment year. . Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , 49 : 707 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K. J. 1953 . Influence of light and temperature on the growth of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) I. Pattern of vegetative development. . Physiologia Plantarum , 6 : 21 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. H. and Dickens , R. 1979 . Nitrogen fertilization and mowing height effects on tensile strength of bermudagrass sod. . Agronomy Journal , 71 : 1061 – 1062 .
   Google Scholar
• Prestidge , R. A. , van der Zijpp , S. and Gault , P. 1989 . Effect of Argentine stem weevil on vigour of ‘Grasslands Roa’ tall fescue under dairying in the Waikato. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 32 : 291 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute . 1989 . SAS/STAT user's guide. Version 6 , 4th ed. , Vol. 2 , 846 Cary, NC : SAS Institute Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , R. H. and Nelson , C. J. 1995 . Elongation of the grass leaf and its relationship to the phyllochron. . Crop Science , 35 : 4 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton , P. L. 1991 . “ Soils of Ruakura—a window on the Waikato. ” . In DSIR Land Resources Scientific Report 5.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Survey Staff . 1990 . Keys to soil taxonomy , 4th ed. , Soil Management Support Services Technical Monograph 19.
   Google Scholar
• Tallowin , J. R. B. , Kirkham , F. W. and Brookman , S. K. E. 1986 . Sward damage by sod‐pulling—the effect of nitrogen. , Edited by: Frame , J. 44 – 48 . Grazing : Reading, British Grassland Society .
   Google Scholar
• Thom , E. R. 1991 . Effect of early spring grazing frequency on the reproductive growth and development of a perennial ryegrass tiller population. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 34 : 383 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom , E. R. , Sheath , G. W. , Bryant , A. M. and Cox , N. R. 1986 . Renovation of pastures containing paspalum 3. Effect of defoliation management and irrigation on ryegrass growth and persistence. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 29 : 599 – 611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom , E. R. , van Vught , V. T. and McCabe , R. J. 1996 . Growth and persistence of perennial ryegrass lines with different tolerances to “pulling” during grazing. . Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association , 58 : 67 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Thom , E. R. , Waugh , C. D. and McCabe , R. J. 1998 . Growth and persistence of perennial and hybrid ryegrasses when grazed by dairy cows in the Waikato region of New Zealand. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 41 : 477 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller , R. A. and Sale , P. W. G. 2001 . Persistence and productivity of perennial ryegrass in sheep pastures in south‐western Victoria: a review. . Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture , 41 : 117 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Warren , G. P. and Whitehead , D. C. 1988 . Available soil nitrogen in relation to fractions of soil nitrogen and other soil properties. . Plant and Soil , 112 : 155 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar