A review of plant options for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from pasture-based systems

References

• Abalos D, De Deyn GB, Kuyper TW, van Groenigen JW. 2014. Plant species identity surpasses species richness as a key driver of N2O emissions from grassland. Global Change Biology. 20:265–275. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agneta R, Möllers C, Rivelli AR. 2013. Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), a neglected medical and condiment species with a relevant glucosinolate profile: a review. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 60:1923–1943. doi: 10.1007/s10722-013-0010-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ansari AMS, Abdulkareem MA. 2014. Some plant extracts retarde nitrification in soil. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 103:5–13. doi: 10.14720/aas.2014.103.1.01
   Google Scholar
• Baggs E, Philippot L. 2010. Microbial terrestrial pathways to nitrous oxide. In: Smith KA, editor. Nitrous oxide and climate change. London: Earthscan; p. 4–35.
   Google Scholar
• Balvert SF, Luo J, Schipper LA. 2017. Do glucosinolate hydrolysis products reduce nitrous oxide emissions from urine affected soil? Science of the Total Environment. 603–604:370–380. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bending GD, Lincoln SD. 2000. Inhibition of soil nitrifying bacteria communities and their activities by glucosinolate hydrolysis products. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 32:1261–1269. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00043-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett RN, Wallsgrove RM. 1994. Secondary metabolites in plant defence mechanisms. New Phytologist. 127:617–633. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02968.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bol R, Petersen S, Christofides C, Dittert K, Hansen MN. 2004. Short-term N2O, CO2, NH3 fluxes, and N/C transfers in a Danish grass-clover pasture after simulated urine deposition in autumn. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 167:568–576. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200321334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowatte S, Hoogendoorn CJ, Newton PCD, Liu Y, Brock SC, Theobald PW. 2018. Grassland plant species and cultivar effects on nitrous oxide emissions after urine application. Geoderma. 323:74–82. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box LA, Edwards GR, Bryant RH. 2016. Milk production and urinary nitrogen excretion of dairy cows grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover and pure plantain pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 76:18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant RH, Welten BG, Costall D, Shorten PR, Edwards GR. 2018. Milk yield and urinary-nitrogen excretion of dairy cows grazing forb pasture mixtures designed to reduce nitrate leaching. Livestock Science. 209:46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke F, O’Donovan MA, Murphy JJ, O’Mara FP, Mulligan FJ. 2008. Effect of pasture allowance and supplementation with maize silage and concentrates differing in crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen excretion by dairy cows. Livestock Science. 114:325–335. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrnes RC, Nùñez J, Arenas L, Rao I, Trujillo C, Alvarez C, Arango J, Rasche F, Chirinda N. 2017. Biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria grasses mitigates soil nitrous oxide emissions from bovine urine patches. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 107:156–163. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.12.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron KC, Di HJ, Moir JL. 2014. Dicyandiamide (DCD) effect on nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate leaching and pasture yield in Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 57:251–270. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2013.797914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton AJ, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Clough TJ, Edwards GR. 2018. Nitrate leaching losses are lower from diverse forages containing plantain than from standard forages under different irrigation. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. doi:10.1080/00288233.2018.1461659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carran RA, Ball P, Theobald PW, Collins MEG. 1982. Soil nitrogen balances in urine-affected areas under two moisture regimes in southland. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 10:377–381. doi: 10.1080/03015521.1982.10427902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carulla JE, Kreuzer M, Machmüller A, Hess HD. 2005. Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 56:961–970. doi: 10.1071/AR05022
   Google Scholar
• Castillo AR, Kebreab E, Beever DE, France J. 2000. A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship to environmental pollution. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 9:1–32. doi: 10.22358/jafs/68025/2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick DR, Cardenas LM, Dhanoa MS, Donovan N, Misselbrook T, Williams JR, Thorman RE, McGeough KL, Watson CJ, Bell M, et al. 2018. The contribution of cattle urine and dung to nitrous oxide emissions: quantification of country specific emission factors and implications for national inventories. Science of the Total Environment. 635:607–617. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapuis-lardy L, Wrage N, Metay A, Chotte JL, Bernoux M. 2007. Soils, a sink for N2O? A review. Global Change Biology. 13:1–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01280.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Judson HG, Bryant RH, Mowat H, Guinot L, Hague H, Taylor S, Edwards GR. 2017. The effect of feeding cut plantain and perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture on dairy heifer feed and water intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen excretion in urine. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 229:43–46. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, McCormick J, Hussein AN, Logan C, Pacheco D, Hodge MC, Edwards GR. 2017. Live weight gain, urinary nitrogen excretion and urination behaviour of dairy heifers grazing pasture, chicory and plantain. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 155:669–678. doi: 10.1017/S0021859616001076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coskun D, Britto DT, Shi W, Kronzucker HJ. 2017. Nitrogen transformations in modern agriculture and the role of biological nitrification inhibition. Nature Plants. 3:17074. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2017.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalley DE, Malcolm BJ, Chakwizira E, de Ruiter JM. 2017. Range of quality characteristics of New Zealand forages and implications for reducing the nitrogen leaching risk from grazing dairy cows. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 60:319–332. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2017.1345762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson EA, Hart SC, Shanks CA, Firestone MK. 1991. Measuring gross nitrogen mineralization, and nitrification by 15N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores. Journal of Soil Science. 42:335–349. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00413.x
   Google Scholar
• Dawar K, Zaman M, Rowarth JS, Turnbull MH. 2012. Applying urea with urease inhibitor (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) in fine particle application improves nitrogen uptake in ryegrass (lolium perenne l.). Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 58:309–318. doi: 10.1080/00380768.2012.680050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Klein CAM, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Rys G, Monaghan RM, Sherlock RR. 2011. Repeated annual use of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) does not alter its effectiveness in reducing N2O emissions from cow urine. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 166–167:480–491. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Klein CAM, Eckard RJ. 2008. Targeted technologies for nitrous oxide abatement from animal agriculture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 48:14–20. doi: 10.1071/EA07217
   Google Scholar
• de Klein CAM, Ledgard SF. 2005. Nitrous oxide emissions from New Zealand agriculture – key sources and mitigation strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 72:77–85. doi: 10.1007/s10705-004-7357-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Klein CAM, Luo J, Woodward KB, Styles T, Wise B, Lindsey S, Cox N. 2014. The effect of nitrogen concentration in synthetic cattle urine on nitrous oxide emissions. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 188:85–92. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ruiter J, Wilson D, Maley S, Fletcher A, Fraser T, Scott W, Berryman S, Dumbleton A, Nichol W. 2009. Management practices for forage brassicas. Forage brassica development group. p. 70.
   Google Scholar
• Di HJ, Cameron KC. 2018. Ammonia oxidisers and their inhibition to reduce nitrogen losses in grazed grassland: a review. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 48:127–142. doi: 10.1080/03036758.2017.1354894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di HJ, Cameron KC, Podolyan A, Edwards GE, de Klein CAM, Dynes R, Woods R. 2016. The potential of using alternative pastures, forage crops and gibberellic acid to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 16:2252–2262. doi: 10.1007/s11368-016-1442-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di HJ, Cameron KC, Sherlock RR, Shen JP, He JZ, Winefield CS. 2010. Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland as affected by a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, and relationships with ammonia oxidising bacteria and archaea. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10:943–954. doi: 10.1007/s11368-009-0174-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz M, Machill S, Hoffmann HC, Schmidtke K. 2013. Inhibitory effects of Plantago lanceolata L. on soil N mineralization. Plant and Soil. 368:445–458. doi: 10.1007/s11104-012-1524-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra FA, Morgan JA, LeCain DR, Follett RF. 2010. Microbially mediated CH4 consumption and N2O emission is affected by elevated CO2, soil water content, and composition of semi-arid grassland species. Plant and Soil. 329:269–281. doi: 10.1007/s11104-009-0152-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra J, Oenema O, van Groenigen JW, Spek JW, van Vuuren AM, Bannink A. 2013. Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions. Animal. 7:292–302. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113000578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards GC, De Ruiter JM, Dalley DE, Pinxterhuis JB, Cameron KC, Bryant RH, Di HJ, Malcolm BJ, Chapman DF. 2014. Urinary nitrogen concentration of cows grazing fodder beet, kale and kale-oat forage systems in winter. Proceedings of the 5th Australian Dairy Science Symposium. p. 144–147.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson AJ, Ramsewak RS, Smucke AJ, Nair MG. 2000. Nitrification inhibitors from the roots of leucaena leucocephala. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48:6174–6177. doi: 10.1021/jf991382z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisk LM, Barton L, Jones DL, Glanville HC, Murphy DV. 2015. Root exudate carbon mitigates nitrogen loss in a semi-arid soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 88:380–389. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner CA, Clough TJ, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Edwards GR, de Klein CAM. 2016. Potential for forage diet manipulation in New Zealand pasture ecosystems to mitigate ruminant urine derived N2­O emissions: a review. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 59:301–317. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2016.1190386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner CA, Clough TJ, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Edwards GR, de Klein CAM. 2017. Potential inhibition of urine patch nitrous oxide emissions by Plantago lanceolata and its metabolite aucubin. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2017.1411953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalakrishnan S, Watanabe T, Pearse SJ, Ito O, Hossain ZA, Subbarao GV. 2009. Biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria humidicola roots varies with soil type and inhibits nitrifying bacteria, but not other major soil microorganisms. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 55:725–733. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0765.2009.00398.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory PJ. 2006. Roots, rhizosphere and soil: the route to a better understanding of soil science? European Journal of Soil Science. 57:2–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00778.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogendoorn CJ, Luo J, Lloyd-West CM, Devantier BP, Lindsey SB, Sun S, Pacheco D, Theobald PW, Judge AA. 2016. Nitrous oxide emission factor for urine from sheep and cattle fed forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (Lolium perenne L. /Trifolium repens). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 227:11–13. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhtanen P, Nousiainen JI, Rinne M, Kytölä K, Khalili H. 2008. Utilization and partition of dietary nitrogen in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science. 91:3589–3599. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis SC, Scholefield D, Pain B. 1995. Nitrogen cycling in grazing systems. In: Beacon PE, editor. Nitrogen fertilization in the environment. New York: Marcel Dekker; p. 381–419.
   Google Scholar
• Kebreab E, France J, Beever DE, Castillo AR. 2001. Nitrogen pollution by dairy cows and its mitigation by dietary manipulation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 60:275–285. doi: 10.1023/A:1012668109662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D-G, Hernandez-Ramirez G, Giltrap D. 2013. Linear and nonlinear dependence of direct nitrous oxide emissions on fertilizer nitrogen input: a meta-analysis. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. 168:53–65. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2012.02.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krol DJ, Carolan R, Minet E, McGeough KL, Watson CJ, Forrestal PJ, Lanigan GJ, Richards KG. 2016. Improving and disaggregating N2O emission factors for ruminant excreta on temperate pasture soils. Science of the Total Environment. 568:327–338. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushad MM, Brown AF, Kurilich AC, Juvick JA, Klein BP, Wallig MA, Jeffery EH. 1999. Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of Brassica oleracea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1541–1548. doi: 10.1021/jf980985s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert MG, Clark DA, Grant DA, Costall DA. 1986. Influence of fertiliser and grazing on North Island moist hill country 4. Pasture botanical composition. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 29:1–10. doi: 10.1080/00288233.1986.10417968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Shi Y, Luo J, Zaman M, Houlbrooke D, Ding W, Ledgard S, Ghani A. 2014. Use of nitrogen process inhibitors for reducing gaseous nitrogen losses from land-applied farm effluents. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 50:133–145. doi: 10.1007/s00374-013-0842-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SX, Wang ZH, Stewart BA. 2011. Differences of some leguminous and non-leguminous crops in utilization of soil phosphorus and responses to phosphate fertilizers. Advances in Agronomy. 110:125–249. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385531-2.00003-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Zhou D. 2014. Mitigation of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from pasture treated with urine of sheep fed diets supplemented with sodium chloride. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 192:39–47. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, Balvert SF, Wise B, Welten B, Ledgard SF, de Klein CAM, Lindsey S, Judge A. 2018. Using alternative forage species to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide from cattle urine deposited onto soil. Science of the Total Environment. 610–611:1271–1280. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, Ledgard SF, de Klein CAM, Lindsey SB, Kear M. 2008. Effects of dairy farming intensification on nitrous oxide emissions. Plant and Soil. 309:227–237. doi: 10.1007/s11104-007-9444-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, Sun XZ, Pacheco D, Ledgard S, Lindsey S, Hoogendoorn CJ, Wise B, Watkins N. 2015. Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine and dung from sheep fed either fresh forage rape (Brassica napus L.) or fresh perennial rygrass (Lolium perenne L.). Animal. 9:534–543. doi: 10.1017/S1751731114002742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, van der Weerden TJ, Hoogendoorn C, de Klein CAM. 2009. Determination of the N2O emission factor for animal dung applied in spring in three regions of New Zealand. Report for MAF Policy, Wellington. p. 46.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm BJ, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Edwards GR, Moir JL. 2014. The effect of four different pasture species compositions on nitrate leaching losses under high N loading. Soil Use and Management. 30:58–68. doi: 10.1111/sum.12101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm BJ, Moir JL, Cameron KC, Di HJ, Edwards GR. 2015. Influence of plant growth and root architecture of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) on N recovery during winter. Grass and Forage Science. 70:600–610. doi: 10.1111/gfs.12157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maljanen M, Komulainen VM, Hytönen J, Martikainen PJ, Laine J. 2004. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane dynamics in boreal organic agricultural soils with different soil characteristics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 36:1801–1808. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltais-Landry G. 2015. Legumes have a greater effect on rhizosphere properties (pH, organic acids and enzyme activity) but a smaller impact on soil P compared to other cover crops. Plant and Soil. 394:139–154. doi: 10.1007/s11104-015-2518-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden KA, Jones DL, Chadwick DR. 2016. Disentangling the effect of sheep urine patch size and nitrogen loading rate on cumulative N2O emissions. Animal Production Science. 56:265–275. doi: 10.1071/AN15613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden KA, Jones DL, Chadwick DR. 2017. DMPP is ineffective at mitigating N2O emissions from sheep urine patches in a UK grassland under summer conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 246:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment. 2018. New Zealand’s greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2016. Fulfilling reporting requirements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. New Zealand Government. http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Climate%20Change/National%20GHG%20Inventory%20Report%201990-2016-final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Misselbrook TH, Powell JM, Broderick GA, Grabber JH. 2005. Dietary manipulation in dairy cattle: laboratory experiments to assess the influence on ammonia emissions. Journal of Dairy Science. 88:1765–1777. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72851-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir JL, Edwards GR, Berry LN. 2013. Nitrogen uptake and leaching loss of thirteen temperate grass species under high N loading. Grass and Forage Science. 68:313–325. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00905.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan FJ, Dillon P, Callan JJ, Rath M, O’Mara FP. 2004. Supplementary concentrate type affects nitrogen excretion of grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 87:3451–3460. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73480-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munday R, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Munday CM, Paonessa JD, Tang L, Munday JS, Lister C, Wilson P, Fahey JW, Davis W, Zhang Y. 2008. Inhibition of urinary bladder carcinogenesis bybroccoli sprouts. Cancer Research. 68:1593–1600. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarrete S, Kemp PD, Pain SJ, Back PJ. 2016. Bioactive compounds, aucubin and acteoside, in plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) and their effect on in vitro rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 222:158–167. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen NM, Kristensen T, Nørgaard P, Hansen H. 2003. The effect of low protein supplementation to dairy cows grazing clover grass during half of the day. Livestock Production Science. 81:293–306. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00229-4
   Google Scholar
• Niklaus PA, Le Roux X, Poly F, Buchmann N, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Weigelt A, Barnard RL. 2016. Plant species diversity affects soil–atmosphere fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide. Oecologia. 181:919–930. doi: 10.1007/s00442-016-3611-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell CA, Judson HG, Barrell GK. 2016. Sustained diuretic effect of platain when ingested by sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 76:14–17.
   Google Scholar
• Peng Q, Qi Y, Dong Y, Xiao S, He Y. 2011. Soil nitrous oxide emissions from a typical semiarid temperate steppe in inner Mongolia: effects of mineral nitrogen fertilizer levels and forms. Plant and Soil. 342:345–357. doi: 10.1007/s11104-010-0699-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powlson DS, Poulton PR, Møller NE, Hewitt MV, Penny A, Jenkinson DS. 1989. Uptake of foliar-applied urea by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum): the influence of application time and the use of a new 15N technique. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 48:429–440. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740480405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian JH, Doran JW, Walters DT. 1997. Maize plant contributions to root zone available carbon and microbial transformations of nitrogen. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 29:1451–1462. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00043-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Restrepo CA, Barry TN. 2005. Alternative temperate forages containing secondary compounds for improving sustainable productivity in grazing ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 120:179–201. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon CL, Strauss SL, Mazzola M. 2013. Changes in available nitrogen and nematode abundance in response to Brassica seed meal amendment of orchard soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 57:22–29. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochette P, Tremblay N, Fallon E, Angers DA, Chantigny MH, MacDonald JD, Bertrand N, Parent LÉ. 2010. N2o emissions from an irrigated and non-irrigated organic soil in eastern Canada as influenced by N fertilizer addition. European Journal of Soil Science. 61:186–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01222.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selbie DR, Buckthought LE, Shepherd MA. 2015. The challenge of the urine patch for managing nitrogen in grazed pasture systems. Advances in Agronomy. 129:229–292. doi: 10.1016/bs.agron.2014.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolander A, Kanerva S, Adamczyk B, Kitunen V. 2012. Nitrogen transformationsin boreal forest soils – does composition of plant secondary compounds giveany explanations. Plant and Soil. 350:1–26. doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0895-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinshamn H, Höglind M, Garmo TH, Thuen E, Brenøe UT. 2006. Feed nitrogen conversion in lactating dairy cows on pasture as affected by concentrate supplementation. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 131:25–41. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao GV, Ito O, Sahrawat KL, Berry WL, Nakahara K, Ishikawa T, Watanabe T, Suenaga K, Rondon M, Rao IM. 2007. Scope and stragegies for regulation of nitrification in agricultural systems – challenges and opportunities. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 25:303–335. doi: 10.1080/07352680600794232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao GV, Rao IM, Nakahara K, Sahrawat L, Ando Y, Kawashima T. 2013. Potential for biological nitrification inhibition to reduce nitrification and N2O emissions in pasture crop-livestock systems. Animal. 7:322–332. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113000761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao GV, Rondon M, Ito O, Ishikawa T, Rao IM, Nakahara K, Lascano C, Berry WL. 2007. Biological nitrification inhibition - is it a widespread phenomenon? Plant and Soil. 294:5–18. doi: 10.1007/s11104-006-9159-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao GV, Sahrawat KL, Nakahara K, Ishikawa T, Kishii M, Rao IM, Hash CT, George TS, Srinivasa Rao P, Nardi P, et al. 2012. Biological nitrificatin inhibition – a novel strategy to regulate nitrification in agricultural systems. Advances in Agronomy. 114:249–302. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394275-3.00001-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbarao GV, Yoshihashi T, Worthington M, Nakahara K, Ando Y, Sahrawat KL, Rao IM, Lata JC, Kishii M, Braun HJ. 2015. Suppression of soil nitrification by plants. Plant Science. 233:155–164. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totty VK, Greenwood SL, Bryant RH, Edwards GR. 2013. Nitrogen partitioning and milk production of dairy cows grazing simple and diverse pastures. Journal of Dairy Science. 96:141–149. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Weerden TJ, Styles TM. 2012. Reducing nitrous oxide emissions from grazed winter forage crops. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 74:57–62.
   Google Scholar
• van Groenigen JW, Palermo V, Kool DM, Kuikman PJ. 2006. Inhibition of denitrification and N2O emission by urine-derived benzoic and hippuric acid. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38:2499–2502. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.02.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Tang C, Severi J, Butterly CR, Baldock JA. 2016. Rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition under plant species differing in soil acidification and root exudation. New Phytologist. 211:864–873. doi: 10.1111/nph.13966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waghorn G, Griffin A, Bryant M, Dalley D. 2018. Digestion and nitrogen excretion by Holstein-Friesian cows fed grasses with lucerne or lucerne and plantain. Animal Production Science. 59:1070–1080. doi: 10.1071/AN18105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead DC. 1995. Grassland nitrogen. Wallingford: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead DC, Bristow AW. 1990. Transformations of nitrogen following the application of 15N-labelled cattle urine to an established grass sward. The Journal of Applied Ecology. 27:667–678. doi: 10.2307/2404310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams PH, Haynes RJ. 1994. Comparison of initial wetting pattern, nutrient concentrations in soil solution and the fate of 15N-labelled urine in sheep and cattle patch areas of pasture soil. Plant and Soil. 162:49–59. doi: 10.1007/BF01416089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods RR, Cameron KC, Edwards GR, Di HJ, Clough TJ, Nicholson F. 2016. Effects of forage type and gibberellic acid on nitrate leaching losses. Soil Use and Management. 32:565–572. doi: 10.1111/sum.12297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye L, Dinkova-Kostova A, Wade KL, Talalay P. 2002. Quantitative determination of dithiocarbamates in human plasma, serum, erythrocytes and urine: pharmacokinetics of broccoli sprout isothiocyanates in humans. Clinica Chimica Acta. 316:43–53. doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00727-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakir HAKM, Subbarao GV, Pearse SJ, Gopalakrishnan S, Ito O, Ishikawa T, Kawano N, Nakahara K, Yoshihashi T, Ono H, Yoshida M. 2008. Detection, isolation and characterization of a root-exuded compound, methyl 3-(4-hydroxphenyl) propionate, responsible for biological nitrification inhibition by sorghum (Sorghum bicolar). New Phytologist. 180:442–451. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02576.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar