Productivity and environmental implications of fodder beet and maize silage as supplements to pasture for late lactation dairy cows

References

• AFRC (Agricultural and Food Research Council). 1992. ARFC technical committee on response to nutrients. Report No. 9. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews (Series B). 62:787–835.
   Google Scholar
• Blakemore LC, Daly BK, Searle PL. 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of soils. Lower Hutt: New Zealand Soil Bureau, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 80.
   Google Scholar
• Castillo AR, Kebreab E, Beever DE, France J. 2000. A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 9:1–32. doi: 10.22358/jafs/68025/2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle ME, Drysdale AD, Waite R. 1961. The effect of root feeding on the intake and production of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research. 28:67–74. doi: 10.1017/S0022029900010621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke DA, Caradus JR, Monaghan RM, Sharp P, Thorrold BS. 2007. Issues and options for future dairy farming in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 50:203–221. doi: 10.1080/00288230709510291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DairyNZ. 2017. Facts and Figures: a quick reference guide for New Zealand dairy farmers. DNZ30-001. pp. 163.
   Google Scholar
• Dalley DE, Gardner G. 2012. Pasture growth and quality on West Coast dairy farms. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association. 74:231–236.
   Google Scholar
• Dalley DE, Geddes T. 2012. Pasture growth and quality on Southland and Otago dairy farms. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association. 74:237–242.
   Google Scholar
• Dalley DE, Malcolm BJ, Chakwizira E, de Ruiter JM. 2017. Range of quality characteristics of New Zealand forages and implications for reducing the nitrogen leaching risk from grazing dairy cows. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 60(3):319–332. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2017.1345762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ruiter JM, Malcolm BJ, Chakwizira E, Johnstone PR, Maley S, Arnold NP, Dalley DE. 2018. Crop management effects of supplementary feed quality and crop options for dairy feeding to reduce nitrate leaching. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 62:369–398. doi:10.1080/00288233.2018.1508042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di H, Cameron K. 2002. Nitrate leaching in temperate agroecosystems: sources, factors and mitigating strategies. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 64(3):37–256. doi: 10.1023/A:1021471531188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di HJ, Cameron KC, Moore S, Smith NP. 1999. Contributions to nitrogen leaching and pasture uptake by autumn-applied dairy effluent and ammonium fertilizer labelled with 15N isotope. Plant and Soil. 210:189–198. doi: 10.1023/A:1004677902049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris CP, Patterson DC, Gordon FJ, Kilpatrick DJ. 2003. The effect of concentrate feed level on the response of lactating dairy cows to a constant proportion of fodder beet inclusion in a grass silage-based diet. Grass and Forage Science. 58:17–27. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00347.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firkins JL, Reynolds C. 2005. Whole-animal nitrogen balance in cattle. In: E Pfeffer, AN Hristov, editor. Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of cattle. Wallingford (UK): CAB International; p. 167–186.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher GEJ, Sabri MS, Roberts DJ. 1994. Effects of feeding fodder beet and concentrates with different protein contents on dairy cows offered silage ad libitum. Grass and Forage Science. 49:34–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb01974.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming AE, Edwards GR, Bryant RH, Dalley DE, Gregorini P. 2018. Milk production and milk fatty acid compositin of grazing dairy cows supplemented with fodder beet. New Zealand Journal of Animal Science and Production. 78:6–10.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs SJ. 2014. Fodder beet in the New Zealand dairy industry. Proceedings of the South Island Dairy Event, Stadium Southland, Invercargill. p. 237–246.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs SJ, Saldias B, Trotter C. 2015. Fodderbeat in lactation and to replacement heifers. Proceedings of the South Island Dairy Event, Lincoln University. p. 241–252.
   Google Scholar
• Goff P. 2018. Invited review: mineral absorption mechanisms, mineral interactions that affect acid-base and anti-oxidant status, and diet considerations to improve mineral status. Journal of Dairy Science. 101:2763–2813. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grala TM, Handley RR, Phyn CVC, Roche JR, Dalley DE. 2019. A quantitative case study assessment of changes to hepatic metabolism from nonlactating grazing dairy cows consuming a large proportion of their diet as fodder beet. Journal of Dairy Science. 102(9):8559–8570. doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-16009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorini P, Beukes PC, Dalley DE, Romera AJ. 2016. Screening for diets that reduce urinary nitrogen excretion and methane emissions while maintaining or increasing production by dairy cows. Science of The Total Environment. 551–552:32–41. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorini P, Villalba JJ, Provenza FB, Beukes PC, Forbes JM. 2015. Modelling preference and diet selection patterns by grazing ruminants: a development in a mechanistic model of a grazing dairy cow, MINDY. Animal Production Science. 55:360–375. doi: 10.1071/AN14472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt AE. 2010. New Zealand soil classification. 3rd ed. Landcare Research, Lincoln (NZ): Manaaki Whenua Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz W, Latimer GW. 2005. Official methods of analysis of AOAC international. 18th edn. Maryland: Association of Official Analytical Chemistry International.
   Google Scholar
• Huhtanen P. 1987. The effect of dietary inclusion of barley, unmolassed sugar beet pulp and molasses on milk production, digestibility and digesta passage in dairy cows given silage based diet. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland. 59:101–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhtanen P, Hristov AN. 2009. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 92:3222–3232. doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebreab E, France J, Beever DE, Castillo AR. 2001. Nitrogen pollution by dairy cows and its mitigation by dietary manipulation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 60:275–285. doi: 10.1023/A:1012668109662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebreab E, Strathe AB, Dijkstra J, Mills JAN, Reynolds CK, Crompton LA, Yan T, France J. 2010. Energy and protein interactions and their effect on nitrogen excretion in dairy cows. In: GM Crovetto, editor. 3rd EAAP international symposium on energy and protein metabolism and nutrition. Wageningen (The Netherlands): Wageningen Academic Publishers; p. 417–425.
   Google Scholar
• Kolver ES, Roche JR, Miller DB, Densely RJ. 2001. Maize silage for dairy cows. Proceedings New Zealand Grasslands Association. 63:195–201.
   Google Scholar
• Krause KM, Oetzel GR. 2006. Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 126:215–236. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledgard SF, Menneer JC. 2005. Nitrate leaching in grazing systems and management strategies to reduce loses. In: Currie LD, Hanley JA, editor. Proceedings of the Workshop Development in Fertiliser Application Technologies and Nutrient Management; Palmerston North (NZ): Massey University. Occasional Report No. 18. Palmerston North (NZ): Massey University. p. 79–82.
   Google Scholar
• Ledgard SF, Penno JW, Sprosen MS. 1999. Nitrogen inputs and losses from clover/grass pastures grazed by dairy cows, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer application. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 132(2):215–225. doi: 10.1017/S002185969800625X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JM, Hedley P, Roche JR. 2011. Grazing management guidelines for optimal pasture growth and quality. DairyNZ Technical Series Issue. 5:6–10.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe DJ. 2010. Introduction to the landscapes and soils of the Hamilton basin. In: DJ Lowe, VE Neall, M Hedly, B Clothier, A Mackay, editor. Guidebook for pre-conference Norther Island New Zealand “Volcanoes to ocean” 26th-30th July, 2010, 19th world congress of soil science: soil solutions for a changing world: Brisbane Australia 1–6 August 2010. Palmerston North (NZ): New Zealand Society of Soil Science; p. 1,14–1.61.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew C, Nelson NJ, Ferguson D, Xie Y. 2011. Fodder beet revisited. Agronomy New Zealand. 41:39–48.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie FR, Jacobs JL, Kearney G. 2003. Long-term effects of multiple applications of nitrogen fertiliser on grazed dryland perennial ryegrass/white clover dairy pastures in south-west Victoria. 3. Botanical composition, nutritive characteristics, mineral content, and nutrient selection. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54:477–485. doi: 10.1071/AR02189
   Google Scholar
• NIWA. 2019. Mean monthly rainfall (mm). https://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/meanrain.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean LA. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. pp. 19. Washington (DC): USDA, Circular Nr 939, US Gov. Print Office. 19 p.
   Google Scholar
• Pacheco D, Muetzel S, Lewis S, Dalley D, Bryant M, Waghorn GC. 2019. Rumen digesta and products of fermentation in cows fed varying proportions of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris) with fresh pasture or silage or straw. Animal Product Sci. DOI:10.1071/AN18002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco D, Waghorn GC. 2008. Dietary nitrogen – definitions, digestion, excretion and consequences of excess for grazing ruminants. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 70:107–116.
   Google Scholar
• Rayment GE, Higginson FR. 1992. Australian laboratory handbook of soil and water chemical methods. Melbourne (Australia): Inkata Press Pty Ltd. xvii+330 p.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts DJ. 1987. The effects of feeding fodder beet to dairy cows offered silage ad libitum. Grass and Forage Science. 42:391–395. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1987.tb02129.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche JR, Friggens NC, Kay JK, Fisher MW, Stafford KJ, Berry DP. 2009. Invited review: body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health, and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science. 92:5769–5801. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche JR, Ledgard SF, Sprosen MS, Lindsey SB, Penno JW, Horan B, Macdonald KA. 2016. Increased stocking rate and associated strategic dry-off decision rules reduced the amount of nitrate-N leached under grazing. Journal of Dairy Science. 99(7):5916–5925. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow VO, Shepherd MA, Cichota R, Vogeler I. 2011. Urine timing: are the 2009 Waikato results relevant to other years, soils and regions. In: Currie LD, Christensen CL, editors. Adding to the knowledge base for the nutrient manager. Palmerston North (NZ): Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University. Occasional Report No. 24. 13 pages. http://flrc.massey.ac.nz/publications.html.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to soil taxonomy. 12th ed. Washington (DC): United States Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Sparling G, Searle P. 1993. Dimethyl sulphoxide reduction as a sensitive indicator of microbial activity in soil: the relationship with microbial biomass and mineralization of nitrogen and sulphur. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 25(2):251–256. doi: 10.1016/0038-0717(93)90035-A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stergiadis S, Chen XJ, Allen M, Wills D, Yan T. 2015. Evaluating nitrogen utilization efficiency of nonpregnant dry cows offered solely fresh cut grass at maintenance levels. Journal of Animal Science. 93(2):709–720. doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-8197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart CD. 1977. Factors affecting the cellulolytic activity of rumen contents. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 33:497–502. doi: 10.1128/AEM.33.3.497-502.1977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockdale CR, Dellow DW, Grainger C, Dalley D, Moate PJ. 1997. Supplements for dairy production in Victoria. Glen Iris, Victoria: Dairy Research and Development Corporation, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton JD, Dhanoa MS, Morant SV, France J, Napper DJ, Schuller E. 2003. Rates of production of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen of lactating dairy cows given normal and low-roughage diets. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:3620–3633. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73968-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogeler I, Beukes P, Burggraaf V. 2013. Evaluation of mitigation strategies for nitrate leaching on pasture-based dairy systems. Agricultural Systems. 115:21–28. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2012.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waghorn GC, Burke JL, Kolver ES. 2007. Principles of feeding value. In: Rattray PV, Brookes IM, Nicol AM, editors. Pastures and supplements for grazing animals. Hamilton (NZ): New Zealand Society of Animal Production. Occasional Publication Number 14. p. 35–60.
   Google Scholar
• Waghorn GC, Collier K, Bryant M, Dalley D. 2018. Feeding fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with either barley straw or pasture silage to non-lactating dairy cows. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 66(4):178–185. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1465484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waghorn GC, Law N, Bryant M, Pacheco D, Dalley D. 2019. Digestion and nitrogen excretion by Holstein–Friesian cows in late lactation offered ryegrass-based pasture supplemented with fodder beet. Animal Production Science. 59(7):1261–1270. doi: 10.1071/AN18018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkinson JH, Kear MJ. 1994. High performance ion chromatography measurement of sulfate in 20 mM phosphate extracts of soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 25(7/8):1015–1033. doi: 10.1080/00103629409369095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarrin M, Grossen-Rosti L, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. 2017. Elevation of blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration affects glucose metabolism in dairy cows before and after parturition. Journal of Dairy Science. 100(3):2323–2333. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar