Does heating stimulate germination in Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka; Myrtaceae)?

References

• Ashton DH. 1986. Viability of seeds of Eucalyptus obliqua and Leptospermum juniperinum from capsules subjected to a crown fire. Australian Forestry. 49:28–35. doi: 10.1080/00049158.1986.10674460
   Google Scholar
• Bannister P. 2003. Are frost hardiness ratings useful predictors of frost damage in the field? A test using damage records from the severe frost in South Otago and Southland, New Zealand, July 1996. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 41:555–569. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.2003.9512869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software. 67(1):1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battersby PF. 2014. Reproductive ecology of mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) under various fire regimes [Unpublished MSc Thesis]. School of Environment, University of Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Battersby PF, Wilmshurst JM, Curran TJ, McGlone MS, Perry GLW. 2017. Exploring fire adaptation in a land with little fire: serotiny in Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae). Journal of Biogeography. 44:1306–1318. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylis GTS. 1958. An example of winter injury to silver beech at moderate altitude. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. 6:21–22.
   Google Scholar
• Bond WJ, Dickinson KJM, Mark AF. 2004. What limits the spread of fire-dependent vegetation? Evidence from geographic variation of serotiny in a New Zealand shrub. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 13:115–127. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-882X.2004.00070.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman D, French B, Prior LD. 2014. Have plants evolved to self-immolate? Frontiers in Plant Science. 5:590. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell J. 1965. Ecology of Leptospermum in Otago. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 3:3–16. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1965.10428708
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson BR. 1997. Vegetation recovery following fire in two Waikato peatlands at Whangamarino and Moanatuatua, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 35:167–179. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1997.10414153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson BR, Smale MC, Williams PA, Wiser SK, Buxton RP. 2011. Drainage, soil fertility and fire frequency determine composition and structure of gumland heaths in northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 35:96–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner EJH. 1976. The seeds of dicotyledons. Cambridge (NY): Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado JA, Serrano JM, López F, Acosta FJ. 2001. Heat shock, mass-dependent germination, and seed yield as related components of fitness in Cistus ladanifer. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 46:11–20. doi: 10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00076-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer JM, Laughlin DC. 2017. Constraints on trait combinations explain climatic drivers of biodiversity: the importance of trait covariance in community assembly. Ecology Letters. 20:872–882. doi: 10.1111/ele.12781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enright NJ, Marsula R, Lamont BB, Wissel C. 1998. The ecological significance of canopy seed storage in fire-prone environments: a model for resprouting shrubs. Journal of Ecology. 86:960–973. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00311.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goubitz S, Nathan R, Roitemberg R, Shmida A, Ne’eman G. 2004. Canopy seed bank structure in relation to: fire, tree size and density. Plant Ecology. 173:191–201. doi: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000029324.40801.74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer DH, Muir LA, Harris W. 1991. Seasonal frost hardiness in Leptospermum scoparium seedlings from diverse sites throughout New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 29:207–212. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1991.10416722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines L, Ennis IL, Blanchon DJ, Triggs CM. 2007. Propagating the pale-flowered kumarahou (Pomaderris hamiltonii) and kumarahou (Pomaderris kumeraho) from seeds. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 45:91–100. doi: 10.1080/00288250709509706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris W. 2002. Variation of inherent seed capsule splitting in populations of Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 40:405–417. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He T, Lamont BB, Downes KS. 2011. Banksia born to burn. New Phytologist. 191:184–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He T, Pausas JG, Belcher CM, Schwilk DW, Lamont BB. 2012. Fire-adapted traits of Pinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous. New Phytologist. 194:751–759. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04079.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaureguiberry P, Bertone G, Diaz S. 2011. Device for the standard measurement of shoot flammability in the field. Austral Ecology. 36:821–829. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02222.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson LV, Pennacchio M, Havens-Young K, Sollenberger D. 2014. Ecology of plant-derived smoke: its use in seed germination. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson PN. 2001. Vegetation recovery after fire on a southern New Zealand peatland. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 39:251–267. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.2001.9512736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd TS. 1993. Seed survival in small myrtaceous capsules subjected to experimental heating. Oecologia. 93:576–581. doi: 10.1007/BF00328968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd TS. 1994. Do small myrtaceous seed-capsules display specialized insulating characteristics which protect seed during fire? Annals of Botany. 73:33–38. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1994.1004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley JE, Fotheringham CJ. 2000. Role of fire in regeneration from seed. In: Fenner M., editor. Seeds: The ecology of regeneration in plant communities. 2nd ed. Wallingford (UK): CAB-Publishing; p. 311–330
   Google Scholar
• Keeley JE, Pausas JG, Rundel PW, Bond WJ, Bradstock RA. 2011. Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits. Trends in Plant Science. 16:406–411. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont BB, le Maitre DC, Cowling RM, Enright NJ. 1991. Canopy seed storage in woody plants. Botanical Review. 57:277–317. doi: 10.1007/BF02858770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WG, Mark AF, Wilson JB. 1983. Ecotypic differentiation in the ultramafic flora of the South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 21:141–156. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone MS. 2009. Postglacial history of New Zealand wetlands and implications for their conservation. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 33:1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone MS, Wilmshurst JM. 1999. Dating initial Maori environmental impact in New Zealand. Quaternary International. 59:5–16. doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(98)00067-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWethy DB, Wilmshurst JM, Whitlock C, Wood JR, McGlone MS. 2014. A high-resolution chronology of rapid forest transitions following Polynesian arrival in New Zealand. PLoS ONE. 9:e111328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan E, Mitchell N, Lovell P. 1984a. Environmental factors controlling germination of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 22:95–101. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1984.10425236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan E, Mitchell N, Lovell P. 1984b. Seasonal variation in seedfall and germination of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka). New Zealand Journal of Botany. 22:103–108. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1984.10425237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira B, Tormo J, Pausas JG. 2012. To resprout or not to resprout: factors driving intraspecific variability in resprouting. Oikos. 121:1577–1584. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20258.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NZPCN. 2016. Leptospermum scoparium var. incanum. Fact Sheet prepared for NZPCN by P.J. de Lange 1 February 2004. Description by P.J. de Lange. http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2186
   Google Scholar
• Ogden J, Basher LR, McGlone MS. 1998. Fire, forest regeneration and links with early human habitation: evidence from New Zealand. Annals of Botany. 81:687–696. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pausas JG, Moreira B. 2012. Flammability as a biological concept. New Phytologist. 194:610–613. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04132.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry GLW, Wilmshurst JM, McGlone MS. 2014. Ecology and long-term history of fire in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 38:157–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price JN, Morgan JW. 2006. Variability in plant fitness influences range expansion of Leptospermum scoparium. Ecography. 29:623–631. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04645.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranal MA, de Santana DG. 2006. How and why to measure the germination process? Brazilian Journal of Botany. 29:1–11. doi: 10.1590/S0100-84042006000100002
   Google Scholar
• R-Development-Core-Team. 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson SJ, Laughlin DC, Lawes MJ, Holdaway RJ, Wilmshurst JM, Wright M, Curran TJ, Bellingham PJ, McGlone MS. 2015. Functional and environmental determinants of bark thickness in fire-free temperate rain forest communities. American Journal of Botany. 102:1590–1598. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1500157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronghua Y, Mark AF, Wilson JB. 1984. Aspects of the ecology of the indigenous shrub Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 22:483–507. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1984.10425282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowarth JS, Hampton JG, Hill MJ. 2007. New Zealand native seed germination requirements: a review. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 45:485–501. doi: 10.1080/00288250709509732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwilk DW, Ackerly DD. 2001. Flammability and serotiny as strategies: correlated evolution in pines. Oikos. 94:326–336. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940213.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessions LA, Kelly D. 2000. The effects of browntop (Agrostis capillaris) dominance after fire on native shrub germination and survival. New Zealand Natural Sciences. 25:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens JMC, Molan PC, Clarkson BD. 2005. A review of Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 43:431–449. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.2005.9512966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson J. 1989. A revision of the genus Leptospermum (Myrtaceae). Telopea. 3:301–449. doi: 10.7751/telopea19894902
   Google Scholar
• Timmins SM. 1992. Wetland vegetation recovery after fire: Eweburn Bog, Te Anau, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 30:383–399. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle P. 1991. Vegetation of New Zealand. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warrington IJ, Stanley CJ. 1987. Seasonal frost tolerance of some ornamental, indigenous New Zealand plant species in the genera Astelia, Dicksonia, Leptospermum, Metrosideros, Phormium, Pittosporum, and Sophora. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 15:357–365. doi: 10.1080/03015521.1987.10425582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westoby M, Falster DS, Moles AT, Vesk PA, Wright IJ. 2002. Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 33:125–159. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452
   Google Scholar
• Williams PA, Courtney S, Glenny D, Hall G, Mew G. 1990. Pakihi and surrounding vegetation in North Westland, South Island. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 20:179–203. doi: 10.1080/03036758.1990.10426724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmshurst JM, Anderson AJ, Higham TGF, Worthy TH. 2008. Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105:7676–7680. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801507105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyse SV, Perry GLW, O’Connell DM, Holland PS, Wright MJ, Hosted CL, Whitelock SL, Geary IJ, Maurin KL, Curran TJ. 2016. A quantitative assessment of shoot flammability for 60 tree and shrub species supports rankings based on expert opinion. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 25:466–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar