1,297
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Rank(Sr) scale: Its basis and its applicability as a maturity index for all coals

Pages 521-553 | Received 16 Dec 1999, Accepted 02 Jun 2000, Published online: 23 Mar 2010

References

  • Adams , H. F. 1969 . “ Appendix 3: The coal seams of the Apley Barn borehole. ” . In The stratigraphy of the Geological Survey Apley Barn borehole , Geological Survey of Great Britain Bulletin 29 Edited by: Poole , E. G. 86 – 92 . Witney, Oxfordshire
  • Aihara , A. 1980 . Formation and organic metamorphism of the Paleogene coal deposits in the Japanese islands . Industrie minérale‐Les Techniques , : 307 – 314 .
  • Alpern , B. 1964 . Un exemple interessant de houillification dans le bassin Lorrain et ses prolongements , Advances in organic geochemistry 2 129 – 146 . London : Pergamon .
  • Armstrong , P. A. , Chapman , D. S. , Funnell , R. H. , Allis , R. G. and Kamp , P. J. J. 1996 . Thermal modelling and hydrocarbon generation in an active margin basin: the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 80 : 1216 – 1241 .
  • ASTM . 1993 . Standard classification of coals by rank , Standard D388–92a
  • Behar , F. and Vandenbrouke , M. 1986 . Representation chimique de la structure des kerogenes et des asphaltenes en fonction de leur origine et de leur degre d'evolution. . Revue de I'Institut Francois du Petrole , 41 : 173 – 188 .
  • Black , P. M. 1980 . A reconnaissance survey of the petrology of New Zealand coals , New Zealand Research & Development Committee Report 51
  • Boudou , J. P. , Pelet , R. and Letolle , R. 1984 . Amodel of the diagenetic evolution of coaly sedimentary organic matter. . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 48 : 1357 – 1362 .
  • Cook , R. A. 1987 . The geology and geochemistry of the crude oils and source rocks of western New Zealand. , Wellington, , New Zealand : Victoria University of Wellington . Unpublished PhD thesis
  • DSIR (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) Great Britain . 1942 . The Barnsley Seam. , Physical and Chemical Survey of National Coal Resources 53
  • Dulhunty , J. A. 1947 . Recent advances in coal research, part II: the metamorphic evolution of coal. . Australian Journal of Science , 10 : 594 – 601 .
  • Edwards , A. B. 1945 . The composition of Victorian brown coals. . Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Proceedings , 140 : 205 – 280 .
  • Elphick , J. O. and Suggate , R. P. 1964 . Depth/rank relations of high volatile bituminous coals. . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 7 : 594 – 601 .
  • Funnell , R. , Chapman , D. , Allis , R. and Armstrong , P. 1996 . Thermal state of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand . Journal of Geophysical Research , 101 ( B11 ) : 25197 – 25215 .
  • George , A. M. 1975 . Brown coal lithotypes . State Electricity Commission of Victoria Petrological Report , 17
  • Gloe , C. S. 1960 . The geology of the Latrobe Valley coalfield. . Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Proceedings , 194 : 57 – 126 .
  • Harrington , H. J. , Brakel , A. T. , Hunt , J. W. , Middleton , M. R. , O'Brien , P. E. , Hamilton , D. S. , Beckett , J. , Weber , C. R. , Radke , S. , Totterdell , J. M. , Swaine , D. J. and Schmidt , P. W. 1989 . Permian coals of eastern Australia . Bureau of Mineral Resources Bulletin , 231
  • Huck , G. and Karweil , J. 1955 . Physikalisch‐chemische Probleme der Inkohlung. . Brennstoffe‐Chemie , 36 : 1 – 14 .
  • Hunt , J. W. 1989 . Coal‐type trends in the Permian basins. In: Harrington et al. Permian coals of eastern Australia. . Bureau of Mineral Resources Bulletin , 231 : 211 – 234 .
  • ICCP (International Committee on Coal Petrography) . 1976 . Lexique internationale de pétrographie des charbons, 2èmesupplément à la 2ème édition , Paris : Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique .
  • Johnston , M. D. 1988 . Geology of Rotokohu Coal Measures, Inangahua valley, Buller, New Zealand , Coal Geology Report 8. Wellington : Ministry of Energy .
  • Johnston , J. H. , Collier , R. J. and Collen , J. D. What is the source of Taranaki Basin oils? Geochemical biomarkers suggest it is the very deep coals and shales . Proceedings of the 1989 New Zealand Oil Exploration Conference . Wellington. pp. 288 – 295 . Ministry of Commerce .
  • Killops , S. D. 1996 . “ Hydrocarbon geochemistry. ” . In Cretaceous‐Cenozoic geology and petroleum systems of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand , Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Monograph 13 Edited by: King , P. R. and Thrasher , G. P. 134 – 152 .
  • Killops , S. D. , Woolhouse , A. D. , Weston , R. J. and Cook , R. A. 1994 . A geochemical appraisal of oil generation in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 78 : 1560 – 1585 .
  • Killops , S. D. , Funnell , R. H. , Suggate , R. P. , Sykes , R. , Peters , K. E. , Walters , C. , Woolhouse , A. D. , Weston , R. J. and Boudou , J. P. 1998 . Predicting generation and expulsion of paraffinic oil from vitrinite‐rich coals. . Organic Geochemistry , 29 : 1 – 21 .
  • King , J. G. , Maries , M. B. and Crossley , H. E. 1936 . Formulae for the calculation of coal analyses to basis of coal substance free from mineral matter . Journal of the Chemical Industry , 40 : 227T – 281T .
  • King , P. R. and Thrasher , G. P. 1996 . Cretaceous‐Cenozoic geology and petroleum systems of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand . Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph , 13
  • Kiss , L. T. 1982 . Chemistry of Victorian brown coals. . Australian Coal Geology , 4 : 153 – 168 .
  • Meuzelaar , H. L. C. , Harper , A. M. , Pugmire , R. J. and Karas , J. 1984 . Characterization of coal maceral concentrates by Curie‐point pyrolysis mass spectrometry. . International Journal of Coal Geology , 4 : 143 – 171 .
  • Millott , J. O. , Cope , F. W. and Berry , H. 1946 . The seams encountered in a deep boring at Pie Rough, near Keele, north Staffordshire. . Transactions of the Institute of Mining Engineers, London , 105 : 528 – 586 .
  • Mitchell , G. H. 1954 . The Whittington Heath borehole. . Geological Survey of Great Britain Bulletin , 5 : 1 – 60 .
  • Mott , R. A. 1948 . Coal assessment. . Journal of the Institute of Fuel , 22 : 2 – 12 .
  • Mott , R. A. and Spooner , C. E. 1940 . The calorific value of carbon in coal; the Dulong relationship . Fuel, London , 19 : 226 – 231 . 242 – 250 .
  • National Coal Board . 1952 . Report on thirty‐three seam cores obtained from the Prestwich (A1/1) Borehole, No. 1 (Manchester) Area, Lancashire , Coal Survey, North Western Division, Report 371
  • Newman , J. 1989 . Coal geology of the West Kawhia coalfield, New Zealand , Coal Geology Report 17 Wellington : Ministry of Energy .
  • Newman , J. 1997 . New approaches to the detection and correction of suppressed vitrinite reflectance. . APPEA journal , 37 : 524 – 535 .
  • Newman , J. and Newman , N. A. 1982 . Reflectance anomalies in Pike River coals: evidence of variability in vitrinite type, with implications for maturation studies and “Suggate rank”. . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 25 : 233 – 243 .
  • Newman , J. , Johnston , J. H. and Lake , P. J. Relationships between coal type parameters and GCMS biomarkers for a suite of bituminous coals from the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand . Proceedings of the 1991 New Zealand Oil Exploration Conference . pp. 336 – 350 .
  • Newman , J. , Price , L. C. and Johnston , J. H. Variations in source potential and maturation of New Zealand coals, based on relationships between conventional coal chemistry, Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, and GCMS biomarkers . Proceedings of the 1994 New Zealand Petroleum Conference . Wellington. pp. 370 – 384 . Ministry of Commerce .
  • Newman , J. , Price , L. C. and Johnston , J. H. 1997 . Hydrocarbon source potential and maturation in Eocene New Zealand vitrinite‐rich coals. . Journal of Petroleum Geology , 20 : 137 – 163 .
  • Newman , N. A. Relationships between volatile matter and vitrinite reflectance in West Coast bituminous coals 2: the assessment of intrinsic volatile matter by correcting for mineral matter and sulphur . Proceedings of the New Zealand Coal Research Conference . Wellington. paper 2.3
  • Parks , B. C. and O'Donnell , H. J. 1946 . Petrography of American coals . U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin , 550
  • Parr , S. W. 1928 . The classification of coal . University of Illinois Bulletin , 180
  • Pattiesky , K. and Teichmuller , M. 1960 . Inkohlungs‐Verlauf, Inkohlungs‐MaBstabe und Klassifikation der Kohlen auf Grund von Vitrit‐Analysen . Brennstoff‐Chemie , 3 : 79 – 84 . 97 – 104 . 133 – 137 .
  • Quick , J. C. and Moore , T. A. Microscopic analysis of some bituminous New Zealand coals: methods and uses . Proceedings of the Fourth New Zealand Coal Research Conference . Wellington. pp. 286 – 300 .
  • Rouzaud , J. N. , Guechchati , N. , Kister , J. and Conard , J. 1991 . Structural characterization of coalification: example of Gironville borehole. . Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de la France , 162 : 201 – 209 .
  • Skok , V. I. 1965 . Tectonics and deep‐seated metamorphism of Kuznetsk basin coals . International Geology Review , 7 : 668 – 680 .
  • 1963 . Sovetskaya Geologiya , 5 : 19 – 37 . Translated from
  • Spooner , C. E. 1943 . The volatile matter of coal. . Fuel, London , 22 : 13 – 19 . 39 – 46 .
  • Strahan , A. and Pollard , W. 1915 . The coals of South Wales , 2nd ed. , Geological Survey of England & Wales Memoir .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1956 . Depth‐volatile relations in coalfields. . Geological Magazine , 93 : 201 – 217 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1959 . New Zealand coals: their geological setting and its influence on their properties . New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin , 134
  • Suggate , R. P. 1967 . Metamorphic rank in Taiwan coals. . Geological Survey of Taiwan Bulletin , 19 : 15 – 24 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1974 . Coal ranks in relation to depth and burial in Australian and New Zealand oil and gas wells. . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 17 : 149 – 167 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1982 . Low‐rank sequences and scales of organic metamorphism. . Journal of Petroleum Geology , 4 : 377 – 392 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1989 . Evidence of late Paleogene extension in north Westland. . Geological Society of New Zealand Tectonic Studies Group Newsletter , 2 : 8 – 9 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1995 . Coal rank and type variation in Tatu Mine, New Zealand. . International Journal of Coal Geology , 27 : 33 – 57 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1998a . Analytical variation in Australian coals related to coal rank and type. . International Journal of Coal Geology , 37 : 179 – 206 .
  • Suggate , R. P. 1998b . Relations between depth of burial, vitrinite reflectance and geothermal gradient. . Journal of Petroleum Geology , 21 : 5 – 32 .
  • Suggate , R. P. and Boudou , J. P. 1993 . Coal rank and type variation in Rock‐Eval assessment of New Zealand coals. . Journal of Petroleum Geology , 16 : 73 – 88 .
  • Suggate , R. P. and Boudou , J. P. 1996 . Revision of the Mahakam coal series: Rock‐Eval and Rank(S) relations. . Journal of Petroleum Geology , 19 : 407 – 423 .
  • Suggate , R. P. and Lowery , J. H. 1982 . The influence of moisture content on vitrinite reflectance and the assessment of maturation of coal. . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics , 25 : 227 – 231 .
  • Sykes , R. 1988 . A high‐volatile coal type within Kupakupa Seam, Maramarua Coalfield, Waikato. . New Zealand Geological Survey Record , 35 : 98 – 103 .
  • Sykes , R. , Suggate , R. P. and King , P. R. Timing and depth of maturation in southern Taranaki Basin from reflectance and Rank(S) . Proceedings of the 1991 Oil Exploration Conference . Wellington. pp. 373 – 389 . Ministry of Commerce .
  • Tan , Li‐Ping . 1965 . The metamorphism of Taiwan Miocene coals . Geological Survey of Taiwan Bulletin , 16 : 1 – 44 .
  • Teichmiiller , M. 1963 . Die Kohlenfloze der Bohrung Munsterland‐1. . Fortschritt geologisch Rheinland und Westfalen , 11 : 129 – 178 .
  • Thomas , D. C. and Baragwanath , W. 1949 . Geology of the brown coals of Victoria. . Mining and Geological Journal , 3 : 28 – 55 .
  • Tideswell , E. E. and Wheeler , R. B. 1945 . A chemical investigation of banded bituminous coal. . Fuel, London , 24 : 90 – 96 .
  • Tissot , B. P. and Welte , D. H. 1984 . Petroleum formation and occurrence , 2nd ed. , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • van Krevelen , D. W. 1950 . Graphical‐statistical method for the study of structure and reaction processes of coal. . Fuel, London , 29 : 269 – 284 .
  • Wellman , H. W. 1952 . “ Interpretation and discussion of analyses. ” . In The Greymouth Coalfield , New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 45 Edited by: Gage , M. 78 – 104 .
  • Wilkins , R. W. T. , Wilmshurst , J. R. , Russell , J. N. , Hladky , G. , Ellacott , M. V. and Buckingham , C. 1992 . Fluorescence alteration and the suppression of vitrinite reflectance. . Organic Geochemistry , 18 : 629 – 640 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.