478
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research articles

The enigma of intricately fitted beach boulders near Raglan, New Zealand

&
Pages 367-381 | Received 16 Jun 2015, Accepted 23 Oct 2015, Published online: 13 Jul 2016

References

  • Adams PN, Anderson RS, Revenaugh J. 2002. Microseismic measurement of wave-energy delivery to a rocky coast. Geology. 30:895–898. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0895:MMOWED>2.0.CO;2
  • Adams PN, Storlazzi CD, Anderson RS. 2005. Nearshore wave-induced cyclical flexing of sea cliffs. J Geophy Res. 110:F02002. doi:10.1029/2004JF000217
  • Audley-Charles MG. 1967. Petrology of a lower Miocene polymict intracalcirudite from Timor. Sediment Geol. 1:247–257. doi: 10.1016/0037-0738(67)90063-2
  • Aydin A, Basu A. 2005. The Schmidt hammer in rock material characterization. Eng Geol. 81:1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.06.006
  • Baker AA. 1959. Imprisoned rocks: a process of rock abrasion. Vict Nat. 76:206–207.
  • Beavan RJ, Litchfield NJ. 2012. Vertical land movement around the New Zealand coastline: implications for sea level rise. GNS Science Report 2012/29. Lower Hutt: GNS Science.
  • Bishop P, Hughes M. 1989. Imbricate and fitted fabrics in coastal boulder deposits on the Australian east coast. Geology. 17:544–547. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0544:IAFFIC>2.3.CO;2
  • Blair TC, McPherson JG. 1999. Grain-size and textural classification of coarse sedimentary particles. J Sediment Res. 69:6–19. doi: 10.2110/jsr.69.6
  • Brominski PD, Duennebier FK. 2002. The near-coastal microseism spectrum: spatial and temporal wave climate relationships. J Geophys Res. 107:2166. doi:10.1029/2001JB000265
  • Brown ET, editor. 1981. Rock characterisation testing and monitoring. ISRM suggested methods. Oxford: Permagon Press.
  • Chen B, Chen Z, Stephenson W, Finlayson B. 2011. Morphodynamics of a boulder beach, Putuo Island, SE China coast: The role of storms and typhoon. Mar Geol. 283:106–115. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.10.004
  • Conca JL, Cubba R. 1986. Abrasion resistance hardness testing of rock materials. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci and Geomechanics Abstracts. 23:141–149. doi: 10.1016/0148-9062(86)90340-2
  • Day MJ, Goudie AS. 1977. Field assessment of rock hardness using the Schmidt test hammer. British Geomorphic Research Group Technical Bulletin. 18:19–29.
  • Deere DU, Miller RP. 1966. Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock. Technical Report No. AFWL-TR-65-116. Kirkland, New Mexico: Research and Technology Division, Air Force Weapons Laboratory.
  • Dickson ME, Pentney R. 2012. Micro-seismic measurements of cliff motion under wave impact and implications for the development of near-horizontal shore platforms. Geomorphology. 151–152:27–38. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.01.006
  • Edbrooke SW, compiler. 2001. Geology of the Auckland area. Institute of geological and nuclear sciences 1:250 000 geological map 3. Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited.
  • Edbrooke SW, (compiler). 2005. Geology of the Waikato area. Institute of geological and nuclear sciences 1:250 000 geological map 4. Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited.
  • Goto K, Chavanich SA, Imamura F, Kunthasap P, Matsui T, Minoura K, Sugawara D, Yanagisawa H. 2007. Distribution, origin and transport process of boulders deposited by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Pakarang Cape, Thailand. Sediment Geol. 202:821–837. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.09.004
  • Hall AM, Hansom JD, Williams DM, Jarvis J. 2006. Distribution, geomorphology and lithofacies of cliff-top storm deposits: Examples from the high-energy coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Mar Geol. 232:131–155. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2006.06.008
  • Hayward BW, Brook FJ. 1984. Lithostratigraphy of the basal Waitemata Group, Kawau Subgroup (new), Auckland, New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 27:101–123. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1984.10422521
  • Hills ES. 1970. Fitting, fretting, and imprisoned boulders. Nature. 226:345–347. doi: 10.1038/226345b0
  • Hollis CJ, Beu AG, Crampton JS, Crundwell MP, Morgans HEG, Raine JI, Boyes AF. 2010. Calibration of the New Zealand Cretaceous-Cenozoic timescale to GTS2004. GNS Science Report 2010/43. Lower Hutt: GNS Science.
  • Hood SD, Nelson CS. 2012. Temperate carbonate debrites and short-lived earliest Miocene yo-yo tectonics, eastern Taranaki Basin margin, New Zealand. Sediment Geol. 247-248:58–70. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.12.013
  • Hume TM, Nelson CS. 1986. Distribution and origin of clay minerals in surficial shelf sediments, western North Island, New Zealand. Mar Geol. 69:289–308. doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(86)90044-7
  • Hutt JA. 1997. Bathymetry and wave parameters defining the surfing quality of five adjacent reefs [Unpublished MSc thesis]. Hamilton: University of Waikato.
  • Kear D. 1963. Geology of the Te Akau District, West Auckland, New Zealand, and its regional implications [Unpublished PhD thesis]. London: University of London.
  • Kear D. 1966. Sheet N55—Te Akau. Geological map of New Zealand 1:63 360. Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
  • Kibblewhite AC. 1982. 2—Ocean wave properties. In: Kibblewhite AC, Bergquist PR, Foster BA, Gregory MR, Miller MC, editor. Maui development environmental study: report on phase two, 1977–1981. Prepared at the University of Auckland for Shell BP and Todd Oil Services Limited. Auckland: University of Auckland; p. 25–48.
  • Kibblewhite AC, Bergquist PR, Foster BA, Gregory MR, Miller MC. 1982. Maui development environmental study: report on phase two, 1977–1981. Prepared at the University of Auckland for Shell BP and Todd Oil Services Limited. Auckland: University of Auckland.
  • King PR, Scott GH, Robinson PH. 1993. Description, correlation and depositional history of Miocene sediments outcropping along North Taranaki coast. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 5. Lower Hutt: Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd.
  • Knight J, Burningham H. 2011. Boulder dynamics on an Atlantic-facing rock coastline, northwest Ireland. Mar Geol. 283:56–65. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.07.008
  • Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). 2013. New Zealand hydrographic authority tide predications - raglan. Wellington: LINZ; [cited 2012 Apr 17]. Available from: http://www.linz.govt.nz/hydro/tidal-info/
  • Lim M, Rosser NJ, Petley DN, Keen M. 2011. Quantifying the controls and influence of tide and wave impacts on coastal rock cliff erosion. J Coastal Res. 27:46–56. doi: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00061.1
  • McKenna J. 2005. Boulder beaches. In: Schwartz M, editor. Encyclopedia of coastal science. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 206–208.
  • Moon VG, Healy TR. 1994. Mechanisms of coastal cliff retreat and hazard zone delineation in soft flysch deposits. J Coastal Res. 10:663–680.
  • Nott J. 2003. Waves, coastal boulder deposits and the importance of the pre-transport setting. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 210:269–276. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00104-3
  • Orford JD, Anthony EJ. 2011. Extreme events and the morphodynamics of gravel-dominated coastal barriers: Strengthening uncertain ground. Mar Geol. 290:41–45. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.10.005
  • Paris R, Naylor LA, Stephenson WJ. 2011. Boulders as a signature of storms on rock coasts. Mar Geol. 283:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.03.016
  • Schumm SA, Stevens MA. 1973. Abrasion in place: a mechanism for rounding and size reduction of coarse sediments in rivers. Geology. 1:37–40. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1973)1<37:AIPAMF>2.0.CO;2
  • Schwartz M, editor. 2005. Encyclopedia of coastal science. Dordrecht: Springer; 1211 p.
  • Selby MJ. 1993. Hillslope materials and processes. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sharma PK, Khandelwal M, Singh TN. 2011. A correlation between Schmidt hammer rebound numbers with impact strength index, slake durability index and P-wave velocity. Int J Earth Sci. 100:189–195. doi: 10.1007/s00531-009-0506-5
  • Shelley D. 1968. Fitting boulders: The result of an important shore process. Nature. 220:1020–1021. doi: 10.1038/2201020a0
  • Stephenson WJ, Naylor LA. 2011. Geological controls on boulder production in a rock coast setting: Insights from South Wales, UK. Mar Geol. 283:12–24. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.07.001
  • The University of Auckland. 1974. Maui development environmental study: report on phase one, 1974. Report prepared by the University of Auckland for Shell BP and Todd Oil Services Limited. Auckland: University of Auckland.
  • Wanless HR. 1983. Burial diagenesis in limestones. In: Parker A, Sellwood BW, editors. Sediment diagenesis. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company; p. 379–417.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.