Transport and attenuation of bacteria and bacteriophages in an alluvial gravel aquifer

References

• Adams , M. H. 1959 . Bacteriophages , 592 New York : Wiley Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• APHA . 1995 . Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. , 19th edition , 953 American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation .
   Google Scholar
• Ayrey , R. B. and Noonan , M. J. 1983 . “ The effect of land use on groundwater quality in Central Canterbury ” . In Microbiology and Water Quality, Proceedings, Joint Conference N. Z. Committee on Water Pollution Research and N. Z. Microbiological Society , Technical Publication No. 3 Edited by: Noonan , M. J. 69 – 78 . Canterbury, , New Zealand : Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Lincoln College .
   Google Scholar
• Bales , R. C. , Gerba , C. P. , Grondin , G. H. and Jensen , S. L. 1989 . Bacteriophage transport in sandy soil and fractured tuff . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 55 : 2061 – 2067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitton , G. , Farrah , S. R. , Ruskin , R. H. , Butner , J. and Chou , Y. J. 1983 . Survival of pathogenic and indicator organisms in ground . Ground Water , 21 : 405 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champ , D. R. and Schroeter , J. Bacterial transport in fractured rock—a field scale tracer test in the Chalk River Nuclear laboratories . Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Wastewater Microbiology . February 8–11 1988 , Newport Beach, California. Edited by: Olson , B. H. and Jenkins , D. pp. 81 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Doherty , J. 1994 . “ PEST: a unique computer program for model‐independent parameter optimisation ” . In Water Down Under 94 , Volume 1 , 551 – 554 . Barton, ACT, , Australia : Institution of Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Freeze , R. A. and Cherry , J. A. 1979 . Groundwater 792 Englewood Cliffs, New York
   Google Scholar
• Gelhar , L. W. , Welty , C. and Rehfeldt , K. R. 1992 . A critical review of data on field‐scale dispersion in aquifers . Water Resources Research , 28 : 1955 – 1974 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerba , C. P. and Bitton , G. 1984 . “ Microbial pollutants: their survival and transport pattern to groundwater ” . In Groundwater pollution microbiology , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Gerba , C. P. 65 – 88 . New York : John Wiley and Sons Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Goltz , M. N. and Roberts , P. V. 1986 . Interpreting organic solute transport data from a field experiment using physical nonequilibrium models . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 1 : 77 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , R. W. , George , L. H. , Smith , R. L. and LeBlanc , D. R. 1989 . Transport of microspheres and indigenous bacteria through a sandy aquifer: Results of natural‐ and forced‐gradient tracer experiments . Environmental Science and Technology , 25 : 51 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havelaar , A. H. and Hogeboom , W. M. 1984 . A method for the enumeration of male‐specific bacteriophages in sewage . Journal of Applied Bacteriology , 56 : 439 – 447 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havelaar , A. H. , Meulemans , C. C. E. , Van Olphen , M. and Drost , Y. C. 1993 . F‐specific RNA bacteriophages are adequate model organisms for enteric viruses in fresh water . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 59 : 2956 – 2962 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston , J. , Learner , M. A. and Dancer , B. N. 1989 . Selection of an antibiotic‐resistant strain of Bacillus subtilis var. niger (B. globigii) for use as a tracer in microbially rich waters . Water Research , 23 : 387 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO . 1993 . Water quality—detection and enumeration of F‐specific bacteriophages Part I: Method by incubation with a host strain , International Organisation for Standardization . ISO/DIS 1075–1.
   Google Scholar
• Kinoshita , T. , Bales , R. C. , Yahya , M. T. and Gerba , C. P. 1993 . Bacteria transport in a porous medium: retention of Bacillus and Pseudomonas on silica surfaces . Water Research , 27 : 1295 – 1301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leij , F. J. and Toride , N. 1997 . N3DADE: A computer program for evaluating nonequilibrium three‐dimensional solute transport in porous media , Research Report No. 143 116 Riverside, California, , United States : U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , G. N. and Noonan , M. J. 1977 . Effects of domestic wastewater disposal by land irrigation on groundwater quality of the Central Canterbury Plains , Water and Soil Technical Publication No. 7 25 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Works and Development .
   Google Scholar
• McKay , L. D. and Cherry , J. A. 1993 . A field example of bacteriophage as tracers of fracture flow . Environmental Science and Technology , 27 : 1075 – 1079 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthess , G. , Pekdeger , A. and Schroeter , J. 1988 . Persistence and transport of bacteria and viruses in groundwater—a conceptual evaluation . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 2 : 171 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• McFeters , G. A. , Bissonnette , G. K. , Jezeski , J. J. , Thomson , C. A. and Stuart , D. G. 1974 . Comparative survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in well water . Applied Microbiology , 27 : 823 – 829 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NCCB; RWB . 1983 . Interim report on the Groundwater Resource of the Central plains , A report prepared by the Resources Division of the NCCB and Regional Water Board Christchurch, , New Zealand : North Canterbury Catchment Board and Regional Water Board .
   Google Scholar
• Noonan , M. J. and McNabb , J. F. 1979 . “ Contamination of Canterbury groundwater by viruses ” . In Groundwater. The quality and movement of groundwater in alluvial aquifers of New Zealand , Department of Agricultural Microbiology Technical Publication No. 2 Edited by: Noonan , M. J. 195 – 201 . Canterbury, , New Zealand : Lincoln College .
   Google Scholar
• Pang , L. and Close , M. 1999 . Field scale non‐equilibrium transport in an alluvial gravel aquifer . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 38 : 447 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang , L. , Close , M. and Noonan , M. 1998 . Rhodamine WT and Bacillus subtilis transport through an alluvial gravel aquifer . Ground Water , 36 : 112 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyle , B. H. 1979 . “ Bacterial movement—experience at Heretaunga ” . In Groundwater. The quality and movement of groundwater in alluvial aquifers of New Zealand , Department of Agricultural Microbiology Technical Publication No. 2 Edited by: Noonan , M. J. 105 – 115 . Canterbury, , New Zealand : Lincoln College .
   Google Scholar
• Sauty , J‐P. 1980 . An analysis of hydrodispersive transfer in aquifers . Water Resources Research , 16 : 145 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. 1979 . “ The use of bacteria as tracers of groundwater movement ” . In Groundwater. The quality and movement of groundwater in alluvial aquifers of New Zealand , Department of Agricultural Microbiology Technical Publication No. 2 Edited by: Noonan , M. J. 93 – 103 . Canterbury, , New Zealand : Lincoln College .
   Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. 1980a . Two antibiotic‐resistant strains of Escherichia coli for tracing the movement of sewage in groundwater . Journal of Hydrology (NZ) , 79 : 119 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. 1980b . Investigations into the use of the bacterial species Bacillus stearothermophilus and Escherichia coli (H₂S+) as tracers of groundwater movement , Water and Soil Technical Publication No. 17 24 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Works and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. 1982 . A groundwater quality survey of an unsewered semi‐rural area . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 16 : 317 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. 1986a . Microbial contamination of alluvial gavel aquifers by septic tank effluent . Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 28 : 407 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. 1986b . A guide to groundwater sampling techniques , Water and Soil Miscellaneous Publication No. 99 24 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Works and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. and Close , M. E. 1983 . Groundwater tracing experiments , Publication No. 2 38 Christchurch, , New Zealand : Ministry of Works and Development, Hydrology Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Sinton , L. W. , Finlay , R. K. , Pang , L. and Scott , D. M. 1997 . The transport of bacteria and bacteriophages in irrigated effluent into and through an alluvial gravel aquifer . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 98 : 17 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. S. , Thomas , G. W. , White , E. E. and Retonga , D. 1985 . Transport of Escherichia coli through intact and disturbed soil columns . Journal of Environmental Quality , 14 : 87 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneath , P. H. A. , Mair , N. S. , Sharp , M. E. and Holt , J. G. 1986 . Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology , Volume 2 , 965 – 1599 . Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , H. R. , Burden , R. J. and Scott , D. M. 1982 . Potential for contamination of the Heretaunga Plains aquifers , Water and Soil Technical Publication No. 24 149 Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Works and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , L. G. , Gerba , C. P. , Bolton , M. W. and Rose , J. B. P. Subsurface transport of urban runoff pollutants . Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Groundwater Quality Research . Stillwater. Edited by: Durham , N. N. and Redelfs , A. E. pp. 158 – 160 . University Printing Services, Oklahoma State University .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , W. W. and Ehrlich , G. G. 1978 . Use of baker's yeast to trace microbial movement in ground water . Ground Water , 16 : 398 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates , M. V. , Gerba , C. P. and Kelly , L. M. 1985 . Virus persistence in groundwater . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 49 : 778 – 781 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh , G. T. 1992 . AT123D—Analytical transient one‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional simulation of waste transport in the aquifer system , 79 International Ground Water Modeling Centre, Colorado School of Mines .
   Google Scholar