877
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Forum

Stressor-response relationships and the prospective management of aquatic ecosystems

&
Pages 489-512 | Received 11 Jun 2018, Accepted 12 Sep 2018, Published online: 01 Oct 2018

References

  • Abell JM, Hamilton DP, Paterson J. 2011. Reducing the external environmental costs of pastoral farming in New Zealand: experiences from the Te Arawa lakes, Rotorua. Australas J Env Man. 18:139–154.
  • Abell JM, Özkundakci D, Hamilton DP, Jones JR. 2012. Latitudinal variation in nutrient stoichiometry and chlorophyll-nutrient relationships in lakes: a global study. Fund Appl Limnol. 181:1–14.
  • Adams SM. 2003. Establishing causality between environmental stressors and effects on aquatic ecosystems. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 9:17–35.
  • Allen CR, Gunderson LH. 2011. Pathology and failure in the design and implementation of adaptive management. J Environ Manage. 92:1379–1384.
  • Altenburger R, Greco WR. 2009. Extrapolation concepts for dealing with multiple contamination in environmental risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 5:62–68.
  • Andersen T, Carstensen J, Hernandez-Garcia E, Duarte CM. 2009. Ecological regime shifts: approaches to identification. Trends Ecol Evol. 24:49–57.
  • Anttila S, Ketola M, Kuoppamäki K, Kairesalo T. 2013. Identification of a biomanipulation-driven regime shift in Lake Vesijärvi: implications for lake management. Freshwater Biol. 58:1494–1502.
  • Araujo MB, Pearson RG, Thuiller W, Erhard M. 2005. Validation of species–climate impact models under climate change. Global Change Biol. 11:1504–1513.
  • Arhonditsis GB, Brett MT. 2005. Eutrophication model for Lake Washington (USA): part I. Model description and sensitivity analysis. Ecol Model. 187:140–178.
  • Ascough JC, Maier HR, Ravalico JK, Strudley MW. 2008. Future research challenges for incorporation of uncertainty in environmental and ecological decision-making. Ecol Model. 219:383–399.
  • Beeden R, Maynard JA, Marshall PA, Heron SF, Willis BL. 2012. A framework for responding to coral disease outbreaks that facilitates adaptive management. Environ Manage. 49:1–13.
  • Beisner BE, Haydon DT, Cuddington K. 2003. Alternative stable states in ecology. Front Ecol Environ. 1:376–382.
  • Bennion H, Simpson GL, Goldsmith BJ. 2015. Assessing degradation and recovery pathways in lakes impacted by eutrophication using the sediment record. Front Ecol Evol. 3:1–20.
  • Beric B, MacIsaac HJ. 2015. Determinants of rapid response success for alien invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Biol Invasions. 17:3327–3335.
  • Bertani I, Primicerio R, Rossetti G. 2016. Extreme climatic event triggers a lake regime shift that propagates across multiple trophic levels. Ecosystems. 19:16–31.
  • Bestelmeyer BT, Ellison AM, Fraser WR, Gorman KB, Holbrook SJ, Laney CM, Ohman MD, Peters DP, Pillsbury FC, Rassweiler A, Schmitt RJ. 2011. Analysis of abrupt transitions in ecological systems. Ecosphere. 2:1–26.
  • Blindow I, Andersson G, Hargeby A, Johansson S. 1993. Long-term pattern of alternative stable states in two shallow eutrophic lakes. Freshwater Biol. 30:159–167.
  • Bormans M, Jancula D, Marsalek B. 2016. Controlling internal phosphorus loading in lakes by physical methods to reduce cyanobacterial blooms: a review. Aquat Ecol. 50:407–422.
  • Brown CJ, Saunders MI, Possingham HP, Richardson AJ. 2013. Managing for interactions between local and global stressors of ecosystems. PloS one. 8(6):e65765.
  • Burns CW, Schallenberg M, Verburg P. 2014. Potential use of classical biomanipulation to improve water quality in New Zealand lakes: a re-evaluation. N Z J Mar Freshwat Res. 48:127–138.
  • Burns N, McIntosh J, Scholes P. 2009. Managing the lakes of the Rotorua district, New Zealand. Lake Reserv Manage. 25:284–296.
  • Capon SJ, Lynch AJJ, Bond N, Chessman BC, Davis J, Davidson N, Finlayson M, Gell PA, Hohnberg D, Humphrey C, Kingsford RT. 2015. Regime shifts, thresholds and multiple stable states in freshwater ecosystems; a critical appraisal of the evidence. Sci Total Environ. 534:122–130.
  • Carpenter SR, Arrow KJ, Barrett S, Biggs R, Brock WA, Crépin AS, Engström G, Folke C, Hughes TP, Kautsky N, Li CZ. 2012. General resilience to cope with extreme events. Sustainability. 4:3248–3259.
  • Carpenter SR, Brock WA. 2006. Rising variance: a leading indicator of ecological transition. Ecol Lett. 9:308–315.
  • Carpenter SR, Cole JJ, Pace ML, Batt R, Brock WA, Cline T, Coloso J, Hodgson JR, Kitchell JF, Seekell DA, Smith L. 2011. Early warnings of regime shifts: a whole-ecosystem experiment. Science. 332(6033):1079–1082.
  • Carpenter SR, Lathrop RC. 2008. Probabilistic estimate of a threshold for eutrophication. Ecosystems. 11:601–613.
  • Carpenter SR, Ludwig D, Brock WA. 1999. Management of eutrophication for lakes subject to potentially irreversible change. Ecol Appl. 9:751–771.
  • Clements WH, Vieira NK, Church SE. 2010. Quantifying restoration success and recovery in a metal-polluted stream: a 17-year assessment of physicochemical and biological responses. J Appl Ecol. 47:899–910.
  • Coats R, Larsen M, Heyvaert A, Thomas J, Luck M, Reuter J. 2008. Nutrient and sediment production, watershed characteristics, and land use in the Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada. J Am Water Resour Assoc. 44:754–770.
  • Coreau A, Pinay G, Thompson JD, Cheptou PO, Mermet L. 2009. The rise of research on futures in ecology: rebalancing scenarios and predictions. Ecol Lett. 12:1277–1286.
  • Cuddington K, Fortin MJ, Gerber LR, Hastings A, Liebhold A, O’connor M, Ray C. 2013. Process-based models are required to manage ecological systems in a changing world. Ecosphere. 4:1–12.
  • Darling ES, Côté IM. 2008. Quantifying the evidence for ecological synergies. Ecol Lett. 11:1278–1286.
  • Davis J, Sim L, Chambers J. 2010. Multiple stressors and regime shifts in shallow aquatic ecosystems in antipodean landscapes. Freshwater Biol. 55:5–18.
  • Dietze MC. 2017. Ecological forecasting. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Dietze MC, Fox A, Beck-Johnson LM, Betancourt JL, Hooten MB, Jarnevich CS, Keitt TH, Kenney MA, Laney CM, Larsen LG, Loescher HW. 2018. Iterative near-term ecological forecasting: needs, opportunities, and challenges. Proc Natl Acad Sci. p201710231.
  • Edmondson WT. 1970. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and algae in Lake Washington after diversion of sewage. Science. 169:690–691.
  • Elliott M, Burdon D, Hemingway K, Apitz S. 2007. Estuarine, coastal and marine ecosystem restoration: confusing management and science – A revision of concepts. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 74:349–366.
  • Elliott M, Mander L, Mazik K, Simenstad C, Valesini F, Whitfield A, Wolanski E. 2016. Ecoengineering with ecohydrology: successes and failures in estuarine restoration. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 176:12–35.
  • Feld CK, Segurado P, Gutiérrez-Cánovas C. 2016. Analysing the impact of multiple stressors in aquatic biomonitoring data: a ‘cookbook’with applications in R. Sci Total Environ. 573:1320–1339.
  • Fernandez MA. 2017. Adoption of erosion management practices in New Zealand. Land Use Pol. 63:236–245.
  • Filstrup CT, Wagner T, Soranno PA, Stanley EH, Stow CA, Webster KE, Downing JA. 2014. Regional variability among nonlinear chlorophyll-phosphorus relationships in lakes. Limnol Oceanogr. 59:1691–1703.
  • Flynn KF, Suplee MW, Chapra SC, Tao H. 2015. Model-based nitrogen and phosphorus (nutrient) criteria for large temperate rivers: 1. Model development and application. J Am Water Resour Assoc. 51:421–446.
  • Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 35:557–581.
  • Frost TM, Carpenter SR, Ives AR, Kratz T. 1995. Species compensation and complementarity in ecosystem function. In: Jones C, Lawton J, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. London, England: Chapman and Hall; p. 224–239.
  • Gergel SE, Turner MG, Miller JR, Melack JM, Stanley EH. 2002. Landscape indicators of human impacts to riverine systems. Aq Sci. 64:118–128.
  • Ghedini G, Connell SD. 2016. Organismal homeostasis buffers the effects of abiotic change on community dynamics. Ecology. 97:2671–2679.
  • Gibbs MM, Hickey CW, Özkundakci D. 2011. Sustainability assessment and comparison of efficacy of four P-inactivation agents for managing internal phosphorus loads in lakes: sediment incubations. Hydrobiologia. 658:253–275.
  • Gregory R, Ohlson D, Arvai J. 2006. Deconstructing adaptive management: criteria for applications to environmental management. Ecol Appl. 16:2411–2425.
  • Griffen BD, Belgrad BA, Cannizzo ZJ, Knotts ER, Hancock ER. 2016. Rethinking our approach to multiple stressor studies in marine environments. Mar Ecol Progr Ser. 543:273–281.
  • Groffman P, Baron J, Blett T, Gold A, Goodman I, Gundersen L, Levinson BM, Palmer MA, Paerl HW, Peterson GD, et al. 2006. Ecological thresholds: the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application? Ecosystems. 9:1–13.
  • Groner ML, Maynard J, Breyta R, Carnegie RB, Dobson A, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Garren M, Gulland FM, Heron SF, Noble RT. 2016. Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B. 371:20150364.
  • Guntenspergen GR, Gross J. 2014. Threshold concepts: implications for the management of natural resources. In: Guntenspergen GR, editor. Application of threshold concepts in natural resource decision making. New York: Springer; p. 1–7.
  • Halpern BS, Fujita R. 2013. Assumptions, challenges, and future directions in cumulative impact analysis. Ecosphere. 4:1–11.
  • Hamilton DP, Carey CC, Arvola L, Arzberger P, Brewer C, Cole JJ, Gaiser E, Hanson PC, Ibelings BW, Jennings E, Kratz TK. 2015. A Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) for synthesising high-frequency sensor data for validation of deterministic ecological models. Inland Waters. 5:49–56.
  • Hargeby A, Blindow I, Andersson G. 2007. Long-term patterns of shifts between clear and turbid states in Lake Krankesjön and Lake Tåkern. Ecosystems. 10:29–36.
  • Harley CD, Connell SD, Doubleday ZA, Kelaher B, Russell BD, Sarà G, Helmuth B. 2017. Conceptualizing ecosystem tipping points within a physiological framework. Ecol Evol. 7:6035–6045.
  • Hewitt JE, Ellis JI, Thrush SF. 2016. Multiple stressors, nonlinear effects and the implications of climate change impacts on marine coastal ecosystems. Global Change Biol. 22:2665–2675.
  • Hickey CW, Gibbs MM. 2009. Lake sediment phosphorus release management: decision support and risk assessment framework. N Z J Mar Freshwat Res. 43:819–856.
  • Hilt S, Gross EM, Hupfer M, Morosheid H, Mählmann J, Melzer A, Poltz J, Sandrock S, Scharf E-M, Schneider S, van den Weyer K. 2006. Restoration of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes: a guideline and state of the art in Germany. Limnologica. 36:155–171.
  • Hobbs RJ, Hallett LM, Ehrlich PR, Mooney H. 2011. Intervention ecology: applying ecological science in the twenty-first century. BioScience. 61:442–450.
  • Hobbs WO, Vinebrooke RD, Wolfe AP. 2011. Biogeochemical responses of two alpine lakes to climate change and atmospheric deposition, Jasper and Banff National parks, Canadian Rocky Mountains. Can J Fish Aq Sci. 68:1480–1494.
  • Hodgsen D, McDonald JL, Hosken DJ. 2015. What do you mean, ‘resilient’? Trends Ecol Evol. 30:503–506.
  • Holling CS. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 4:1–23.
  • Holling CS. 1996. Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. In: Schulze PC, editor. Engineering within ecological constraints. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; p. 31–44.
  • Hughes TP, Barnes ML, Bellwood DR, Cinner JE, Cumming GS, Jackson JB, Kleypas J, Van De Leemput IA, Lough JM, Morrison TH, Palumbi SR. 2017. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature. 546:82–90.
  • Hughes TP, Reed DC, Boyle MJ. 1987. Herbivory on coral reefs: community structure following mass mortalities of sea urchins. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 113:39–59.
  • Hunsicker ME, Kappel CV, Selkoe KA, Halpern BS, Scarborough C, Mease L, Amrhein A. 2016. Characterizing driver–response relationships in marine pelagic ecosystems for improved ocean management. Ecol Appl. 26:651–663.
  • Huser BJ, Egemose S, Harper H, Hupfer M, Jensen H, Pilgrim KM, Reitzel K, Rydin E, Futte M. 2016. Longevity and effectiveness of aluminum addition to reduce sediment phosphorus release and restore lake water quality. Water Res. 97:122–132.
  • Irvine KM, Miller SW, Al-Chokhachy RK, Archer EK, Roper BB, Kershner JL. 2015. Empirical evaluation of the conceptual model underpinning a regional aquatic long-term monitoring program using causal modelling. Ecol Indic. 50:8–23.
  • Jackson MC, Loewen CJ, Vinebrooke RD, Chimimba CT. 2016. Net effects of multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biol. 22:180–189.
  • Janssen AB, Arhonditsis GB, Beusen A, Bolding K, Bruce L, Bruggeman J, Couture RM, Downing AS, Elliott JA, Frassl MA, Gal G. 2015. Exploring, exploiting and evolving diversity of aquatic ecosystem models: a community perspective. Aq Ecol. 49:513–548.
  • Jeppesen E, Søndergaard M, Jensen JP, Havens KE, Anneville O, Carvalho L, Coveney MF, Deneke R, Dokulil MT, Foy BOB, Gerdeaux D. 2005. Lake responses to reduced nutrient loading–an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies. Freshwater Biol. 50:1747–1771.
  • Johnson A, Miyanishi K. 2008. Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession. Ecol Lett. 11:419–431.
  • Jones HF, Özkundakci D, McBride CG, Pilditch CA, Allan MG, Hamilton DP. 2018. Modelling interactive effects of multiple disturbances on a coastal lake ecosystem: implications for management. J Environ Manage. 207:444–455.
  • Kelly RP, Erickson AL, Mease LA. 2014. How not to fall off a cliff, or, using tipping points to improve environmental management. Ecol Law Quart. 41:843–885.
  • Kelly RP, Erickson AL, Mease LA, Battista W, Kittinger JN, Fujita R. 2015. Embracing thresholds for better environmental management. Phil Trans R Soc London B: Biol Sci. 370:20130276.
  • Kemp WM, Testa JM, Conley DJ, Gilbert D, Hagy JD. 2009. Temporal responses of coastal hypoxia to nutrient loading and physical controls. Biogeosciences. 6:2985–3008.
  • King RS, Baker ME. 2010. Considerations for analyzing ecological community thresholds in response to anthropogenic environmental gradients. J N Am Benthol Soc. 29:998–1008.
  • Kingsford RT, Biggs HC, Pollard SR. 2011. Strategic adaptive management in freshwater protected areas and their rivers. Biol Conserv. 144:1194–1203.
  • Kopf RK, Finlayson CM, Humphries P, Sims NC, Hladyz S. 2015. Anthropocene baselines: assessing change and managing biodiversity in human-dominated aquatic ecosystems. BioScience. 65:798–811.
  • Kosten S, Huszar VL, Bécares E, Costa LS, Van Donk E, Hansson LA, Jeppesen E, Kruk C, Lacerot G, Mazzeo N, De Meester L. 2012. Warmer climates boost cyanobacterial dominance in shallow lakes. Global Change Biol. 18:118–126.
  • Lake PS, Bond N, Reich P. 2007. Linking ecological theory with stream restoration. Freshwater Biol. 52:597–615.
  • Lawler JJ, Tear TH, Pyke C, Shaw MR, Gonzalez P, Kareiva P, Hansen L, Hannah L, Klausmeyer K, Aldous A, Bienz C. 2010. Resource management in a changing and uncertain climate. Front Ecol Environ. 8:35–43.
  • Lawrence DJ, Stewart-Koster B, Olden JD, Ruesch AS, Torgersen CE, Lawler JJ, Butcher DP, Crown JK. 2014. The interactive effects of climate change, riparian management, and a nonnative predator on stream-rearing salmon. Ecol Appl. 24:895–912.
  • Lewison R, Hobday AJ, Maxwell S, Hazen E, Hartog JR, Dunn DC, Briscoe D, Fossette S, O’keefe CE, Barnes M, Abecassis M. 2015. Dynamic ocean management: identifying the critical ingredients of dynamic approaches to ocean resource management. BioScience. 65:486–498.
  • Lindenmeyer DB, Likens GE. 2009. Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring. Trends Ecol Evol. 24:482–486.
  • Litzow MA, Hunsicker ME. 2016. Early warning signals, nonlinearity, and signs of hysteresis in real ecosystems. Ecosphere. 7(12):e01614. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1614.
  • Liu J, Kattel G, Arp HPH, Yang H. 2015. Towards threshold-based management of freshwater ecosystems in the context of climate change. Ecol Model. 318:265–274.
  • Locke A, Hanson JM. 2009. Rapid response to nonindigenous species. 3. A proposed framework. Aq Invasions. 4:259–273.
  • Lundgren VM, Roelke DL, Grover JP, Brooks BW, Prosser KN, Scott WC, Laws CA, Umphres GD. 2013. Interplay between ambient surface water mixing and manipulated hydraulic flushing: implications for harmful algal bloom mitigation. Ecol Eng. 60:289–298.
  • Luo Y, Ogle K, Tucker C, Fei S, Gao C, LaDeau S, Clark JS, Schimel DS. 2011. Ecological forecasting and data assimilation in a data-rich era. Ecol Appl. 21:1429–1442.
  • MacNally R, Albano C, Fleishman E. 2014. A scrutiny of the evidence for pressure-induced state shifts in estuarine and nearshore ecosystems. Austral Ecol. 39:898–906.
  • Martin J, Runge MC, Nichols JD, Lubow BC, Kendall WL. 2009. Structured decision making as a conceptual framework to identify thresholds for conservation and management. Ecol Appl. 19:1079–1090.
  • McKergow LA, Matheson FE, Quinn JM. 2016. Riparian management: a restoration tool for New Zealand streams. Ecol Manag Restor. 17:218–227.
  • McLoughlin CA, Deacon A, Sithole H, Gyedu-Ababio T. 2011. History, rationale, and lessons learned: thresholds of potential concern in Kruger National Park river adaptive management. Koedoe. 53:69–95.
  • Menzie CA, MacDonell MM, Mumtaz M. 2007. A phased approach for assessing combined effects from multiple stressors. Environ Health Persp. 115:807–816.
  • Merill L, Tonjes DJ. 2014. A review of the hyporheic zone, stream restoration, and means to enhance denitrification. Crit Rev Env Sci Tec. 44:2337–2379.
  • Morgenstern U, Daughney CJ, Leonard G, Gordon D, Donath FM, Reeves R. 2015. Using groundwater age and hydrochemistry to understand sources and dynamics of nutrient contamination through the catchment into Lake Rotorua, New Zealand. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci. 19:803–822.
  • Mouquet N, Lagadeuc Y, Devictor V, Doyen L, Duputié A, Eveillard D, Faure D, Garnier E, Gimenez O, Huneman P, Jabot F. 2015. Predictive ecology in a changing world. J Appl Ecol. 52:1293–1310.
  • Nichols SJ, Peat M, Webb JA. 2017. Challenges for evidence-based environmental management: what is acceptable and sufficient evidence of causation? Freshwater Sci. 36:240–249.
  • Nielsen A, Trolle D, Bjerring R, Søndergaard M, Olesen JE, Janse JH, Mooij WM, Jeppesen E. 2014. Effects of climate and nutrient load on the water quality of shallow lakes assessed through ensemble runs by PCLake. Ecol Appl. 24:1926–1944.
  • Norris RH, Webb JA, Nichols SJ, Stewardson MJ, Harrison ET. 2011. Analyzing cause and effect in environmental assessments: using weighted evidence from the literature. Freshwater Sci. 31:5–21.
  • Nyström M, Norström AV, Blenckner T, de la Torre-Castro M, Eklöf JS, Folke C, Österblom H, Steneck RS, Thyresson M, Troell M. 2012. Confronting feedbacks of degraded marine ecosystems. Ecosystems. 15:695–710.
  • Oliver TH, Roy DB. 2015. The pitfalls of ecological forecasting. Biol J Linn Soc. 115:767–778.
  • Özkundakci D, Hamilton DP, Scholes P. 2010. Effect of intensive catchment and in-lake restoration procedures on phosphorus concentrations in a eutrophic lake. Ecol Eng. 36:396–405.
  • Pace ML, Batt RD, Buelo CD, Carpenter SR, Cole JJ, Kurtzweil JT, Wilkinson GM. 2017. Reversal of a cyanobacterial bloom in response to early warnings. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 114:352–357.
  • Pace ML, Carpenter SR, Cole JJ. 2015. With and without warning: managing ecosystems in a changing world. Front Ecol Environ. 13:460–467.
  • Petchey OL, Pontarp M, Massie TM, Kéfi S, Ozgul A, Weilenmann M, Palamara GM, Altermatt F, Matthews B, Levine JM, Childs DZ. 2015. The ecological forecast horizon, and examples of its uses and determinants. Ecol Lett. 18:597–611.
  • Petraitis PS, Dudgeon SR. 2004. Detection of alternative stable states in marine communities. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 300:343–371.
  • Pierce SC, Kröger R, Pzeshki R. 2012. Managing artificially drained low-gradient agricultural headwaters for enhanced ecosystem functioning. Biology. 1:794–856.
  • Qiu D, Wu Z, Liu B, Deng J, Fu G, He F. 2001. The restoration of aquatic macrophytes for improving water quality in a hypertrophic shallow lake in Hubei Province, China. Ecol Eng. 18:147–156.
  • Reynolds CS. 1994. The ecological basis for the successful biomanipulation of aquatic communities. Arch Hydrobiol. 130:1–33.
  • Rocha JC, Peterson GD, Biggs R. 2015. Regime shifts in the Anthropocene: drivers, risks, and resilience. PloS One. 10(8):e0134639.
  • Rogers KM. 2003. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures indicate recovery of marine biota from sewage pollution at Moa Point, New Zealand. Mar Pollut Bull. 46:821–827.
  • Rosenfeld JS. 2017. Developing flow–ecology relationships: implications of nonlinear biological responses for water management. Freshwater Biol. 62:1305–1324.
  • Rowe DK, Champion PD. 1994. Biomanipulation of plants and fish to restore Lake Parkinson: a case study and its implications. In: Collier KJ, editor. Restoration of aquatic habitats. Wellington: Department of Conservation; p. 53–65.
  • Ruiz-Frau A, Edwards-Jones G, Kaiser MJ. 2011. Mapping stakeholder values for coastal zone management. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 434:239–249.
  • Ryding SO, Forsberg C. 1976. Six polluted lakes: a preliminary evaluation of the treatment and recovery processes. Ambio. 5:151–156.
  • Saar DA. 2002. Riparian livestock exclosure research in the western United States: a critique and some recommendations. Environ Manage. 30:516–526.
  • Sasaki T, Furukawa T, Iwasaki Y, Seto M, Mori AS. 2015. Perspectives for ecosystem management based on ecosystem resilience and ecological thresholds against multiple and stochastic disturbances. Ecol Indic. 57:395–408.
  • Scavia D, DePinto JV, Bertani I. 2016. A multi-model approach to evaluating target phosphorus loads for Lake Erie. J Great Lakes Res. 42:1139–1150.
  • Schäfer RB, Piggott JJ. 2018. Advancing understanding and prediction in multiple stressor research through a mechanistic basis for null models. Global Change Biol. 24:1817–1826.
  • Schallenberg M, Hamilton DP, Hicks AS, Robertson HA, Scarsbrook M, Robertson B, Wilson K, Whaanga D, Jones HFEE, Hamill K. 2017. Multiple lines of evidence determine robust nutrient load limits required to safeguard a threatened lake/lagoon system. N Z J Mar Freshwat Res. 51:78–95.
  • Schallenberg M, Larned ST, Hayward S, Arbuckle C. 2010. Contrasting effects of managed opening regimes on water quality in two intermittently closed and open coastal lakes. Estuar Coast Shelf S. 86:587–597.
  • Schallenberg M, Sorrell B. 2009. Regime shifts between clear and turbid water in New Zealand lakes: environmental correlates and implications for management and restoration. N Z J Mar Freshwat Res. 43:701–712.
  • Scheffer M. 2004. The ecology of shallow lakes. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
  • Scheffer M, Bascompte J, Brock WA, Brovkin V, Carpenter SR, Dakos V, Held H, Van Nes EH, Rietkerk M, Sugihara G. 2009. Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature. 461:53–59.
  • Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature. 413:591–596.
  • Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Dakos V, van Nes EH. 2015. Generic indicators of ecological resilience: inferring the chance of a critical transition. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 46:145–167.
  • Schindler DW. 1987. Detecting ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 44:s6–s25.
  • Scholes RJ, Kruger JM. 2011. A framework for deriving and triggering thresholds for management intervention in uncertain, varying and time-lagged systems. Koedoe. 53:179–186.
  • Schooler SS. 2008. Shade as a management tool for the invasive submerged macrophyte, Cabomba caroliniana. J Aquat Plant Manage. 46:168–171.
  • Schröder A, Persson L, De Roos AM. 2005. Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. Oikos. 110:3–19.
  • Schultz C, Nie M. 2012. Decision-making triggers, adaptive management, and natural resources law and planning. Nat Resour J. 52:443–521.
  • Selkoe KA, Blenckner T, Caldwell MR, Crowder LB, Erickson AL, Essington TE, Estes JA, Fujita RM, Halpern BS, Hunsicker ME, Kappel CV. 2015. Principles for managing marine ecosystems prone to tipping points. Ecosyst Health Sustainability. 1:1–18.
  • Smith AJ, Tran CP. 2010. A weight-of-evidence approach to define nutrient criteria protective of aquatic life in large rivers. J N Am Benthol Soc. 29:875–891.
  • Soltero RA, Nichols DG. 1984. The improved water quality of Long Lake following advanced wastewater treatment by the City of Spokane, Washington. Lake Reserv Manage. 1:395–404.
  • Søndergaard M, Jeppesen E, Lauridsen TL, Skov C, Van Nes EH, Roijackers R, Lammens E, Portielje ROB. 2007. Lake restoration: successes, failures and long-term effects. J Appl Ecol. 44:1095–1105.
  • Stavins RN, Whitehead BW. 1992. Pollution charges for environmental protection: a policy link between energy and environment. Annu Rev Energ Env. 17:187–210.
  • Stow CA, Cha Y. 2013. Are chlorophyll a–total phosphorus correlations useful for inference and prediction? Environ Sci Technol. 47:3768–3773.
  • Suter GW, Cormier SM. 2011. Why and how to combine evidence in environmental assessments: weighing evidence and building cases. Sci Total Environ. 409:1406–1417.
  • Tadaki M, Sinner J, Chan KMA. 2017. Making sense of environmental values: a typology of concepts. Ecol Soc. 22(1):7.
  • Tanner C, Hunter S, Reel J, Parham T, Naylor M, Karrh L, Busch K, Golden RR, Lewandowski M, Rybicki N, Schenk E. 2010. Evaluating a large-scale eelgrass restoration project in the Chesapeake Bay. Restor Ecol. 18:538–548.
  • Taylor DI, Oviatt CA, Borkman DG. 2011. Non-linear responses of a coastal aquatic ecosystem to large decreases in nutrient and organic loadings. Estuar Coast. 34:745–757.
  • Tegler B, Sharp M, Johnson MA. 2001. Ecological monitoring and assessment network’s proposed core monitoring variables: an early warning of environmental change. Environ Monit Assess. 67:29–55.
  • Tesoriero AJ, Duff JH, Saad DA, Spahr NE, Wolock DM. 2013. Vulnerability of streams to legacy nitrate sources. Environ Sci Technol. 47:3623–3629.
  • Testa JM, Clark JB, Dennison WC, Donovan EC, Fisher AW, Ni W, Parker M, Scavia D, Spitzer SE, Waldrop AM, Vargas V. 2017. Ecological forecasting and the science of hypoxia in chesapeake Bay. BioScience. 67:614–626.
  • Thom R, Clair TS, Burns R, Anderson M. 2016. Adaptive management of large aquatic ecosystem recovery programs in the United States. J Environ Manage. 183:424–430.
  • Toms JD, Villard MA. 2015. Threshold detection: matching statistical methodology to ecological questions and conservation planning objectives. Avian Conserv Ecol. 10(1):2.
  • Tournebize J, Chaumont C, Mander Ü. 2017. Implications for constructed wetlands to mitigate nitrate and pesticide pollution in agricultural drained watersheds. Ecol Eng. 103:415–425.
  • Trebitz AS. 2012. Deriving criteria-supporting benchmark values from empirical response relationships: comparison of statistical techniques and effect of log-transforming the nutrient variable. Freshwater Sci. 31:986–1002.
  • Trolle D, Skovgaard H, Jeppesen E. 2008. The Water Framework Directive: setting the phosphorus loading target for a deep lake in Denmark using the 1D lake ecosystem model DYRESM–CAEDYM. Ecol Model. 219:138–152.
  • Trolle D, Spigel B, Hamilton DP, Norton N, Sutherland D, Plew D, Allan MG. 2014. Application of a three-dimensional water quality model as a decision support tool for the management of land-use changes in the catchment of an oligotrophic lake. Environ Manage. 54:479–493.
  • Van Geest GJ, Coops H, Scheffer M, van Nes EH. 2007. Long transients near the ghost of a stable state in eutrophic shallow lakes with fluctuating water levels. Ecosystems. 10:37–47.
  • Visser PM, Ibelings BW, Bormans M, Huisman J. 2016. Artificial mixing to control cyanobacterial blooms: a review. Aq Ecol. 50:423–441.
  • Wagenhoff A, Townsend CR, Phillips N, Matthaei CD. 2011. Subsidy-stress and multiple-stressor effects along gradients of deposited fine sediment and dissolved nutrients in a regional set of streams and rivers. Freshwater Biol. 56:1916–1936.
  • Wagner C, Adrian R. 2009. Cyanobacteria dominance: quantifying the effects of climate change. Limnol Oceanogr. 54:2460–2468.
  • Walker B, Meyers J. 2004. Thresholds in ecological and social–ecological systems: a developing database. Ecol Soc. 9(2):3.
  • Wang H-J, Wang H-Z, Liang X-M, Wu S-K. 2014. Total phosphorus threshold for regime shifts are nearly equal in subtropical and temperate shallow lakes with moderate depths and areas. Freshwater Biol. 59:1659–1671.
  • Wang R, Dearing JA, Langdon PG, Zhang E, Yang X, Dakos V, Scheffer M. 2012. Flickering gives early warning signals of a critical transition to a eutrophic lake state. Nature. 492:419–422.
  • Warne MSJ, Batley GE, Braga O, Chapman JC, Fox DR, Hickey CW, Stauber JL, Van Dam R. 2014. Revisions to the derivation of the Australian and New Zealand guidelines for toxicants in fresh and marine waters. Environ Sci Pollut R. 21:51–60.
  • Welch EB. 1981. The dilution/flushing technique in lake restoration. J Am Water Resour Assoc. 17:558–564.
  • Williams BK. 2011. Adaptive management of natural resources – framework and issues. J Environ Manage. 92:1346–1353.
  • Wu F, Mu Y, Chang H, Zhao X, Giesy JP, Wu KB. 2012. Predicting water quality criteria for protecting aquatic life from physicochemical properties of metals or metalloids. Environ Sci Technol. 47:446–453.
  • Yeh N, Yeh P, Chang YH. 2015. Artificial floating islands for environmental improvement. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 47:616–622.
  • Zhao L, Li Y, Zou R, He B, Zhu X, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhu Y. 2013. A three-dimensional water quality modeling approach for exploring the eutrophication responses to load reduction scenarios in Lake Yilong (China). Environ Pollut. 177:13–21.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.