Reference and current Trophic Level Index of New Zealand lakes: benchmarks to inform lake management and assessment

References

• Abell JM, Özkundakci D, Hamilton DP. 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth in New Zealand lakes: Implications for eutrophication control. Ecosystems. 13:966–977. doi: 10.1007/s10021-010-9367-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abell JM, Özkundakci D, Hamilton DP, Jones J. 2012. Latitudinal variation in nutrient stoichiometry and chlorophyll-nutrient relationships in lakes: A global study. Fundamental and Applied Limnology. 181(1):1–14. doi: 10.1127/1863-9135/2012/0272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abell JM, Özkundakci D, Hamilton DP, van Dam-Bates P, McDowell RW. 2019. Quantifying the extent of anthropogenic eutrophication of lakes at a national scale in New Zealand. Environmental Science & Technology. 53:9439–9452. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angradi TR, Ringold PL, Hall K. 2018. Water clarity measures as indicators of recreational benefits provided by U.S. lakes: swimming and aesthetics. Ecological Indicators. 93:1005–1019. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennion H, Battarbee RW, Sayer CD, Simpson GL, Davidson TA. 2011. Defining reference conditions and restoration targets for lake ecosystems using palaeolimnology: a synthesis. Journal of Paleolimnology. 45:533–544. doi: 10.1007/s10933-010-9419-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOPRC (Bay of Plenty Regional Council). 2008. Bay of Plenty Regional Natural Resources Plan. Whakatane: Bay of Plenty Regional Council. https://atlas.boprc.govt.nz/api/v1/edms/document/A2853128/content.
   Google Scholar
• Box GEP, Cox DR. 1964. An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 26:211–243.
   Google Scholar
• Bruesewitz DA, Hamilton DP, Schipper LA. 2011. Denitrification potential in lake sediment increases across a gradient of catchment agriculture. Ecosystems. 14:341–352. doi: 10.1007/s10021-011-9413-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham KP, Anderson DR. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference. New York (USA): Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Burns N, Bryers G, Bowman E. 2000. Protocol for monitoring lake trophic levels and assessing trends in trophic state. Wellington (New Zealand): Ministry for the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Burns NM, Clayton JS, Rutherford JC. 1999. A monitoring and classification system for New Zealand lakes and reservoir. Lake Reserv Manage. 15:225–271. doi: 10.1080/07438149909354122
   Google Scholar
• Burns CW, Stockner JG. 1991. Picoplankton in six New Zealand lakes: abundance in relation to season and trophic state. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie. 76:523–536. doi: 10.1002/iroh.19910760405
   Google Scholar
• Canfield Jr. DE, Bachmann RW. 1981. Prediction of total phosphorus concentrations, chlorophyll a, and Secchi depths in natural and artificial lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 38:414–423. doi: 10.1139/f81-058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson RE. 1977. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography. 22:361–369. doi: 10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho L, Solimini A, Phillips G, van den Berg M, Pietiläinen O-P, Lyche Solheim A, Poikane S, Mischke U. 2008. Chlorophyll reference conditions for European lake types used for intercalibration of ecological status. Aquatic Ecology. 42:203–211. doi: 10.1007/s10452-008-9189-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman MA, Green JD, Jolly VH. 1985. Relationships between zooplankton abundance and trophic state in seven New Zealand lakes. Hydrobiologia. 123:119–136. doi: 10.1007/BF00018974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier KJ, Garrett-Walker J, Özkundakci D, Pingram MA. 2018. Characteristics of consumer trophic resources for Waikato shallow lake food webs. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 53(4):588–602. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2018.1517098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies-Colley RJ. 1988. Mixing depths in New Zealand lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 22:517–528. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1988.9516322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies-Colley RJ, Hughes AO, Verburg P, Storey R. 2012. Freshwater monitoring protocols and quality assurance (QA) national environmental monitoring and reporting (NEMaR) variables step 2. Report prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by NIWA, NIWA client report HAM2012-092. p. 104.
   Google Scholar
• Davies-Colley RJ, Smith DG. 2001. Turbidity suspended sediment, and water clarity: a review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 37:1085–1101. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon PJ, Kirchner WB. 1975. The effects of geology and land use on the export of phosphorus from watersheds. Water Research. 9:135–148. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(75)90002-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds WK, Carney E, Angelo RT. 2006. Determining ecoregional reference conditions for nutrients, Secchi depth and chlorophyll a in Kansas lakes and reservoirs. Lake and Reservoir Management. 22:151–159. doi: 10.1080/07438140609353892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan IC, Green JD, Shiel RJ. 2001. Distribution of rotifers in North Island, New Zealand, and their potential use as bioindicators of lake trophic state. Hydrobiologia. 446/447:155–164. doi: 10.1023/A:1017503407240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott AH, Semadeni-Davies AF, Shankar U, Zeldis JR, Wheeler DM, Plew DR, Rys GJ, Harris SR. 2016. A national-scale GIS-based system for modelling impacts of land use on water quality. Environmental Modelling & Software. 86:131–144. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillon S, Booth EG, Rissman AR. 2016. Shifting drivers and static baselines in environmental governance: challenges for improving and proving water quality outcomes. Regional Environmental Change. 16:759–775. doi: 10.1007/s10113-015-0787-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluckman P. 2017. New Zealand’s fresh waters: values, state, trends and human impacts. Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor, Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Håkanson L. 1982. Lake bottom dynamics and morphometry: the dynamic ratio. Water Resources Research. 18:1444–1450. doi: 10.1029/WR018i005p01444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Håkanson L. 2005. The importance of lake morphometry and catchment characteristics in limnology - ranking based on statistical analyses. Hydrobiologia. 541:117–137. doi: 10.1007/s10750-004-5032-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton DP, Mitchell SF. 1997. Wave-induced shear stresses, plant nutrients and chlorophyll in seven shallow lakes. Freshwater Biology. 38:159–168. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00202.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton DP, Vant WN, Neilson KA. 2010. Lowland lakes. In: Collier KJ, Hamilton DP, Vant WNB, Howard Williams C, editors. The waters of the Waikato: ecology of New Zealand's longest river. Hamilton (New Zealand): Environment Waikato and the Centre for Biodiversity and Ecology Research (The University of Waikato); p. 245–264.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna M. 1990. Evaluation of models predicting mixing depth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 47:940–947. doi: 10.1139/f90-108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins CP, Olson JR, Hill RA. 2010. The reference condition: predicting benchmarks for ecological and water-quality assessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 29:312–343. doi: 10.1899/09-092.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo S, Zan F, Chen Q, Xi B, Su J, Ji D, Xu Q. 2012. Determining reference conditions for nutrients, chlorophyll a and Secchi depth in Yungui Plateau ecoregion lakes, China. Water and Environment Journal. 26:324–334. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00292.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly DJ, Schallenberg M. 2019. Assessing food web structure in relation to nutrient enrichment, macrophyte collapse and lake resilience in shallow lowland lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 53(4):603–619. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2019.1606021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopf RK, Finlayson CM, Humphries P, Sims NC, Hladyz S. 2015. Anthropocene baselines: assessing change and managing biodiversity in human-dominated aquatic ecosystems. Bioscience. 65:798–811. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biv092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusabs IA, Quinn JM, Hamilton DP. 2015. Effects of benthic substrate, nutrient enrichment and predatory fish on freshwater crayfish (kōura, Paranephrops planifrons) population characteristics in seven Te Arawa (Rotorua) lakes, North Island, New Zealand. Marine and Freshwater Research. 66:631–643. doi: 10.1071/MF14148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leathwick JR, West D, Gerbeaux P, Kelly D, Robertson H, Brown D, Chadderton WL, Ausseil AG. 2010. Freshwater Ecosystems of New Zealand (FENZ) geodatabase version one user guide. Wellington, (New Zealand): Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann MK, Hamilton DP. 2018. Modelling water quality to support lake restoration. In: Hamilton DP, Collier KJ, Quinn JM, Howard-Williams C, editors. Lake restoration handbook: a New Zealand perspective. Cham: Springer; p. 67–105.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann MK, Nguyen U, Muraoka K, Allan MG. 2019. Regional trends in remotely sensed water clarity over 18 years in the Rotorua Lakes, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 53:513–535. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2019.1609051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse KA, Brooks PD, McIntosh JC, Meixner T, Huxman TE. 2009. Interactions between biogeochemistry and hydrologic systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 34:65–96. doi: 10.1146/annurev.environ.33.031207.111141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen MW. 1980. Use of chlorophyll-Secchi disk relationships. Limnology and Oceanography. 25:371–372. doi: 10.4319/lo.1980.25.2.0371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumder A, Havens KE. 1998. Nutrient-chlorophyll-Secchi relationships under contrasting grazer communities of temperate versus subtropical lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 55:1652–1662. doi: 10.1139/f98-050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Snelder TH, Cox N, Booker DJ, Wilcock RJ. 2013. Establishment of reference or baseline conditions of chemical indicators in New Zealand streams and rivers relative to present conditions. Marine and Freshwater Research. 64:387–400. doi: 10.1071/MF12153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Me W, Hamilton DP, McBride CG, Abell JM, Hicks BJ. 2018. Modelling hydrology and water quality in a mixed land use catchment and eutrophic lake: effects of nutrient load reductions and climate change. Environmental Modelling & Software. 109:114–133. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ. 2019. New Zealand’s environmental reporting series: environment aotearoa 2019.
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Government. 2017. National policy statement for freshwater management 2014 (updated 2017). Wellington. p. 47.
   Google Scholar
• Özkundakci D, Hamilton DP, Kelly D, Schallenberg M, De Winton M, Verburg P, Trolle D. 2014. Ecological integrity of deep lakes in New Zealand across anthropogenic pressure gradients. Ecological Indicators. 37:45–57. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phlips EJ, Aldridge FJ, Schelske CL, Crisman TL. 1995. Relationships between light availability, chlorophyll a, and tripton in a large, shallow subtropical lake. Limnology and Oceanography. 40:416–421. doi: 10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poikāne S, Alves MH, Argillier C, van den Berg M, Buzzi F, Hoehn E, de Hoyos C, Karottki I, Laplace-Treyture C, Solheim AL, et al. 2010. Defining chlorophyll-a reference conditions in European lakes. Environmental Management. 45:1286–1298. doi: 10.1007/s00267-010-9484-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn GP, Keough MJ. 2002. Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2017. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.r-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Rose KC, Hamilton DP, Williamson CE, McBride CG, Fischer JM, Olson MH, Saros JE, Allan MG, Cabrol N. 2014. Light attenuation characteristics of glacially-fed lakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 119:1446–1457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoso A, Hamilton DP, Hendy CH, Schipper LA. 2017. Carbon dioxide emissions and sediment organic carbon burials across a gradient of trophic state in eleven New Zealand lakes. Hydrobiologia. 795:341–354. doi: 10.1007/s10750-017-3158-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schallenberg M, de Winton MD, Kelly DJ. 2018. Indicators of ecological integrity. In: Hamilton DP, Collier KJ, Quinn JM, Howard-Williams C, editors. Lake restoration handbook: a New Zealand perspective. Cham: Springer; p. 367–393.
   Google Scholar
• Schallenberg M, Hamilton DP, Hicks AS, Robertson HA, Scarsbrook M, Robertson B, Wilson K, Whaanga D, Jones HFE, Hamill K. 2017. Multiple lines of evidence determine robust nutrient load limits required to safeguard a threatened lake/lagoon system. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 51:78–95. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2016.1267651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schallenberg M, Sorell B. 2009. Regime shifts between clear and turbid water in New Zealand lakes: environmental correlates and implications for management and restoration. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 43:701–712. doi: 10.1080/00288330909510035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith VH. 2009. Eutrophication. In: Likens GE, editor. Encyclopedia of inland waters. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc; p. 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Snelder TH. 2006. Definition of a multivariate classification of New Zealand lakes. NIWA client report CHC2006-084, prepared for the Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Snelder TH, Larned ST, McDowell RW. 2018. Anthropogenic increases of catchment nitrogen and phosphorus loads in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 52:336–361. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2017.1393758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snelder T, Wood S, Atalah J. 2016. Strategic assessment of New Zealand’s freshwaters for recreational use: a human health perspective. Land Water People Client Report 2016-011. https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/fresh-water/strategic-assessment-of-new-zealand%E2%80%99s-freshwaters-recreational-use-human.
   Google Scholar
• Soranno PA, Wagner T, Martin SL, McLean C, Novitski LN, Provence CD, Rober AR. 2011. Quantifying regional reference conditions for freshwater ecosystem management: a comparison of approaches and future research needs. Lake and Reservoir Management. 27:138–148. doi: 10.1080/07438141.2011.573614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprugel DG. 1983. Correcting for bias in log-transformed allometric equations. Ecology. 64:209–210. doi: 10.2307/1937343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift TJ, Perez-Losada J, Schladow SG, Reuter JE, Jassby AD, Goldman CR. 2006. Water clarity modeling in Lake Tahoe: linking suspended matter characteristics to Secchi depth. Aquatic Sciences. 68:1–15. doi: 10.1007/s00027-005-0798-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timperley MHH. 1983. Phosphorus in spring waters of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand. Chemical Geology. 38:287–306. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(83)90060-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trolle D, Hamilton DP, Hendy C, Pilditch C. 2008. Sediment and nutrient accumulation rates in sediments of twelve New Zealand lakes: Influence of lake morphology, catchment characteristics and trophic state. Marine and Freshwater Research. 59:1067–1078. doi: 10.1071/MF08131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA. 2016. National lakes assessment 2012: a collaborative survey of lakes in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Vant WN, Davies-Colley RJ. 1984. Factors affecting clarity of New Zealand lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 18:367–377. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1984.9516057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollenweider RA. 1971. Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters, with particular reference to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Welch PS. 1948. Limnological methods. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; p. 381.
   Google Scholar
• White E. 1983. Lake eutrophication in New Zealand - a comparison with other countries of the organisation for economic co-operation and development. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 17:437–444. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1983.9516018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar