Genetic principles for freshwater restoration in New Zealand

References

• Allendorf , F and Luikart , G . 2006 . Conservation and the genetics of populations , 664 Maiden, , United States : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Allibone , RM , Crowl , TA , Holmes , JM , King , TM , McDowall , RM , Townsend , CR and Wallis , GP . 1996 . Isozyme analysis of Galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Taieri River, South Island, New Zealand: a species complex revealed . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 57 : 107 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 2003 . “ New Zealand mudfish (Neochanna spp.) recovery plan (Northland, black, brown, Canterbury and Chatham mudfish) ” . In Threatened species recovery plan 51 , 27 Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 2004a . Aquatic habitat guidelines: an integrated approach to marine, freshwater, and riparian habitat protection and restoration . http:// wdfw.wa.gov/hab/ahg/shrg/index.htm [accessed 20 November 2007]
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 2004b . “ New Zealand non‐migratory galaxiid fishes recovery plan ” . In Threatened species recovery plan 53 , 45 Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• Apte , S , Smith , PJ and Wallis , GP . 2007 . Mitochondrial phylogeography of New Zealand freshwater crayfishes, Paranephrops spp . Molecular Ecology , 16 : 1897 – 1908 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araguas , RM , Roldan , MI , García‐Marín , JL and Pla , C . 2007 . Management of gene diversity in the endemic killifish Aphanius iberus: revising Operational Conservation Units . Ecology of Freshwater Fish , 16 : 257 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayllon , F , Martinez , J and Garcia‐Vazquez , E . 2006 . Loss of regional population structure in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following stocking . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 63 : 1269 – 1273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley , DM , Bagley , M , Gall , G and Bentley , B . 1992 . Use of linkage disequilibrium data to estimate effective population size of hatchery and natural fish populations . Conservation Biology , 6 : 365 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , M . 2001 . Lateral plate evolution in the threespine stickleback: getting nowhere fast . Genetica , 112 : 445 – 461 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belshaw , R and Bensasson , D . 2006 . The rise and falls of introns . Heredity , 96 : 208 – 213 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bensch , S and Akesson , M . 2005 . Ten years of AFLP in ecology and evolution: why so few animals? . Molecular Ecology , 14 : 2899 – 2914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzie , J and Williams , S . 1996 . Limitations in the genetic variation of hatchery produced batches of the giant clam Tridacna gigas . Aquaculture , 139 : 225 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilton , DF and Okamura , B . 2001 . Dispersal in freshwater invertebrates . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 32 : 159 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Binks , R , Kennington , W and Johnson , M . 2007 . Rapid evolutionary responses in a transiocatedpopulation of intertidal snail (Bembicium vittatum) utilise variation from different source populations . Conservation Genetics , 8 : 1421 – 1429 .
   Google Scholar
• Blakely , T , Harding , J , McIntosh , A and Winterbourn , M . 2006 . Barriers to the recovery of aquatic insect communities in urban streams . Freshwater Biology , 51 : 1634 – 1645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohonak , A . 1999 . Dispersal, gene flow and population structure . Quarterly Review of Biology , 74 : 21 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnell , ML and Selander , RK . 1974 . Elephant seals: genetic variation and near extinction . Science , 184 : 908 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , A and Briggs , J . 1991 . “ Sampling strategies for genetic variation in ex situ collections of endangered plant species ” . In Genetics and conservation of rare plants , Edited by: Falk , DA and Holsinger , KE . 99 – 118 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burridge , CP , Craw , D and Waters , JM . 2006 . River capture, range expansion, and cladogenesis: the genetic signature of freshwater vicariance . Evolution , 60 : 1038 – 1045 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadderton , WL and Allibone , RM . 2000 . Habitat use and longitudinal distribution patterns of native fish from a near pristine Stewart Island, New Zealand, stream . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 34 : 487 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewell , A and Aronson , J . 2007 . Ecological restoration: principles, values, and structure of an emerging profession , 197 Washington DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , B , Bunn , S and Hughes , J . 2007 . Molecular genetic and stable isotope signatures reveal complementary patterns of population connectivity in the regionally vulnerable southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis) . Biological Conservation , 138 : 60 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall , K , Bininda‐Emonds , O , Mace , G and Wayne , R . 2000 . Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 15 : 290 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey , M , O'Brien , L , Ling , N and Gleeson , D . 2003 . Population genetic structure of the Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius): biogeography and conservation implications . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 37 : 13 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Guia , APO and Saitoh , T . 2007 . The gap between the concept and definitions in the Evolutionarily Significant Unit: the need to integrate neutral genetic variation and adaptive variation . Ecological Research , 22 : 604 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demand , M and Bjorklund , M . 2007 . Loss of genetic variability inreintioducedroach(Rutilus rutilus) populations . Journal of Fish Biology , 70B : 255 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• De Winton , MD , Clayton , JS and Champion , PD . 2000 . Seedling emergence from seed banks of 15 New Zealand lakes with contrasing vegetation histories . Aquatic Botany , 66 : 181 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewoody , JA and Avise , JC . 2000 . Microsatellite variation in marine, freshwater and anadromous fishes compared with other animals . Journal of Fish Biology , 56 : 461 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionne , M , Dodson , JJ , Bernatchez , L , Miller , KM and Caron , F . 2007 . Clinal variation in MHC diversity with temperature: evidence for the role of host‐pathogen interaction onlocal adaptation in Atlantic salmon . Evolution , 61 : 2154 – 2164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , N and O'Brien , L . 2005 . Captive management of mudfish Neochanna (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) spp , Research and Development Series 205 29 Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• Elderkin , C , Christian , A , Metcalfe‐Smith , J and Berg , D . 2008 . Population genetics and phylogeography of freshwater mussels in North America, Elliptio dilatata and Actinonaias ligamentina (Bivlavia: Unionidae) . Moelcular Ecology , 17 : 2149 – 2163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldon , G . 1993 . Guidelines towards a conservation strategy for the Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius) , New Zealand Freshwater Research Report 4 19
   Google Scholar
• Endler , J . 1977 . Geographic variation, speciation, and clines . Monographs in Population Biology , 10 : 246
   Google Scholar
• Endler , J . 1986 . Natural selection in the wild , 354 Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Falk , D , Richards , C , Montalvo , A and Knapp , E . 2006 . “ Population and ecological genetics in restoration ecology ” . In Foundations for Restoration Ecology Edited by: Falk , DA , Palmer , MA and Zedler , JB . 14 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 1981 . Conservation of the genetic resources of fish: problems and recommendations , Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Technical Paper 217 43
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 1993 . Report of the expert consultation on utilization and conservation of aquatic genetic resources , Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Report 491 59
   Google Scholar
• Ford , M . 2002 . Applications of selective neutrality tests to molecular ecology . Molecular Ecology , 11 : 1245 – 1262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick , M . 2006 . The molecular phylogenetics of the New Zealand freshwater mussels , 113 New Zealand : Victoria University of Wellington . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Finn , DS and Adler , PH . 2006 . Population genetic structure of a rare high‐elevation black fly, Metacnephia coloradensis, occupying Colorado lake outlet streams . Freshwater Biology , 51 : 2240 – 2251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankham , R . 1995a . Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife . Genetical Research , 66 : 95 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankham , R . 1995b . Inbreeding and extinction: a threshold effect . Conservation Biology , 9 : 792 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankham , R , Ballou , J and Briscoe , D . 2004 . A primer of conservation genetics , 234 Cambridge, , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Franklin , I . 1980 . “ Evolutionary change in small populations ” . In Conservation Biology Edited by: Soule , M and Wilcox , B . 135 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , D and Bernatchez , L . 2001 . Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation units . Molecular Ecology , 10 : 2741 – 2752 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney , PM . 2006 . The role of genetics in shellfish restoration . Aquatic Living Resources , 19 : 277 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geist , J and Kuehn , R . 2005 . Genetic diversity and differentiation of central European freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) populations: implications for conservation and management . Molecular Ecology , 14 : 425 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson , D , Howitt , R and Ling , N . 1999 . Genetic variation, population structure and cryptic species within the black mudfish Neochanna diversus an endemic galaxiid from New Zealand . Molecular Ecology , 8 : 47 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyllenstein , U . 1985 . The genetic structure of fish: differences in the intraspecific distribution of biochemical genetic variation between marine, anadromous, and freshwater species . Journal of Fish Biology , 26 : 691 – 699 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , MM , Jensen , LF , Bekkevold , D , Mensberg , K‐LD , Skaala , O and Jensen , LF . 2007 . Gene flow, effective population size and selection at major histocompatibility complex genes: brown trout in the Hardanger Fjord, Norway . Molecular Ecology , 16 : 1413 – 1425 .
   Google Scholar
• Harding , J , Norton , D and McIntosh , A . 2007 . Persistence of a significant population of rare Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius) in a hydrologic ally isolated catchment . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 41 : 309 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrick , PW . 1999 . Perspective: highly variable loci and their interpretation in evolution and conservation . Evolution , 53 : 311 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Hedrick , P . 2005 . ‘Genetic restoration:’ a more comprehensive perspective than ‘genetic rescue’ . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 20 : 109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedrick , PW , Hedgecock , D and Hamelburg , S . 1995 . Effective population size in winter run Chinook salmon . Conservation Biology , 9 : 615 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrick , PW , Rashbrook , VK and Hedgecock , D . 2000 . Effective population size of winter‐run chinook salmon based on microsatellite analysis of returning spawners . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 57 : 2368 – 2373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindar , K , Ryman , N and Utter , F . 1991 . Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 48 : 945 – 957 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg , I , Stevens , M , Schnabel , K and Chapman , M . 2006 . Deeply divergent lineages of the widespread New Zealand amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis revealed using allozyme and mitochondrial DNA analyses . Freshwater Biology , 51 : 236 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg , I , Willmann‐Huerner , P and Stevens , M . 2002 . Population genetic structures of two New Zealand stream insects: Achichauliodes diversus (Megaloptera) and Coloburiscus humeralis (Ephemeroptera) . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 36 : 491 – 501 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , JM . 2007 . Constraints on recovery: using molecular methods to study connectivity of aquatic biota in rivers and streams . Freshwater Biology , 52 : 616 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , J , Goudkamp , K , Hurwood , D , Hancock , M and Bunn , S . 2003 . Translocation causes extinction of a local population of the freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis . Conservation Biology , 17 : 1007 – 1012 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurwood , D , Hughes , J , Bunn , S and Cleary , C . 2003 . Population structure in the freshwater shrimp (Paratya australiensis) inferred from allozymes and mitochondrial DNA . Heredity , 90 : 64 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICES . 1996 . Report ofthe working group on introductions and transfers of marine organisms , 89 Denmark : International Council for the Exploration of the Sea . ICESCM1996/ENV:8
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J and Belk , M . What the status of Utah chub tells us about conserving common, widespread species . American Fisheries Society Symposium . Vol. 53 , pp. 165 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Jowett , I and Richardson , J . 1996 . Distribution and abundance of freshwater fish in New Zealand rivers . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 30 : 239 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett , I , Richardson , J and McDowall , R . 1996 . Relative effects of in‐stream habitat and land use on fish distribution and abundance in tributaries of the Grey River, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 30 : 463 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett , I , Hayes , J , Deans , N and Eldon , G . 1998 . Comparison of fish communities and abundance in unmodified streams of Kahurangi National Park with other areas of New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 32 : 307 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett , I , Richardson , J and McDowall , R . 1999 . Relative effects of in‐stream habitat and land use on fish distribution and abundance in tributaries of the Grey River, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 30 : 463 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Jowett , IG , Richardson , J and Boubée , JAT . 2009 . Effects of riparian manipulation on stream communities in small streams: two case studies . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 43 : 763 – 774 . (this issue)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , L , Barnas , K , Hicks , R , Cowen , J and Jenkinson , R . 2007 . Freshwater habitat restoration actions in the Pacific northwest: a decade's investment in habitat improvement . Restoration Ecology , 15 : 494 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , K , Young , K , Waters , J and Wallis , G . 2003 . Preliminary genetic analysis of koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis) in New Zealand lakes: evidence for allopatric differentiation among lakes but little population subdivision within lakes . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 33 : 591 – 600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliber , A and Eckert , C . 2005 . Interaction between founder effect and selection during biological invasion in an aquatic plant . Evolution , 59 : 1900 – 1913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy , R . 1997 . Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populations . Journal of Mammalogy , 78 : 320 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lande , R . 1995 . Risk of population extinction from fixation of new deleterious mutations . Evolution , 48 : 1460 – 1469 .
   Google Scholar
• Langefores , A , von Schantz , T and Widegren , B . 1998 . Allelic variation of Mhc class 11 in Atlantic salmon: a population genetic analysis . Heredity , 80 : 568 – 575 .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , PN , Nielsen , EE , Williams , TD , Hemmer‐Hansen , J , Chipman , JK , Kruhoffer , M , Gronkjaer , P , George , SG , Dyrskjot , L and Loeschcke , V . 2007 . Adaptive differences in gene expression in European flounder (Platichthys flesus) . Molecular Ecology , 16 : 4674 – 4683 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leathwick , JR , Elith , J , Rowe , D and Julian , K . 2009 . Robust planning for restoring diadromous fish species in New Zealand's lowland rivers and streams . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 43 : 659 – 671 . (this issue)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling , N , Gleeson , DM , Wilson , KJ and Binzegger , SU . 2001 . Creating and destroying species: the “new” biodiversity and evolutionary significant units among New Zealand's galaxiid fishes . Journal of Fish Biology , 59 (Suppl. A) : 209 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , M . 1996 . “ A quantitative genetic perspective on conservation issues ” . In Conservation genetics: case histories from nature , Edited by: Avise , JC and Hamrick , J . 471 – 501 . New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , M . 2005 . “ Inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression ” . In Genetic effects of straying of non‐native hatchery fish into natural populations , Edited by: Grant , WS . 130 US Department of Commerce, NOAATechnical Memorandum . NMFS‐NWFSC‐30
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , M , Conery , J and Buerger , R . 1995 . Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations . American Naturalist , 146 : 489 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , MP , Pfreinder , M , Spitze , K , Lehman , N , Hicks , J , Allen , D , Latta , L , Ottene , M , Bogue , F and Colbourne , J . 1999 . The quantitative and molecular genetic architecture of a subdivided species . Evolution , 53 : 100 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmqvist , B . 2002 . Aquatic invertebrates in riverine landscapes . Freshwater Biology , 47 : 679 – 694 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manel , S , Schwartz , M , Luikart , P and Taberlet , P . 2003 . Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 18 : 189 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowall , R and Waters , J . 2002 . A new longjaw galaxias species (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Kauru River, North Otago, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 29 : 41 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowall , R and Waters , J . 2003 . A new species of Galaxias (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) from the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 33 : 675 – 691 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , JK , Christian , CE , Harrison , S and Rice , KJ . 2005 . ‘How local is local?’ —a review of practical and conceptual issues in the genetics of restoration . Restoration Ecology , 13 : 432 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , LM and Kapuscinski , AR . 1997 . Historical analysis of genetic variation reveals low effective population size in northern pike (Esox lucius) population . Genetics , 147 : 1249 – 1258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitton , J . 1997 . Selection innatural populations , 272 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan , T , Spaak , P , Robinson , C and Ward , J . 2001 . Genetic differentiation of Baetis alpinus Pichet (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in fragmented alpine streams . Heredity , 86 : 395 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , C . 1994 . Defining “evolutionary significant units” for conservation . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 9 : 373 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munro , P , ed. Genetic aspects of conservation and cultivation of giant clams . International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management Conference Proceedings . Vol. 39 , pp. 47
   Google Scholar
• Nei , M . 1973 . Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 70 : 3321 – 3323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nei , M . 1987 . Molecular evolutionary genetics , 512 New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nolan , L , Hogg , I , Sutherland , D , Stevens , M and Schnabel , K . 2007 . Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variability within the New Zealand damselfly genera Xanthocnemis, Austrolestes, and Ischnura (Odonata) . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 34 : 371 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunney , L and Campell , A . 1993 . Assessing minimum viable population size: demography meets population genetics . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 8 : 234 – 239 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsson , K , Stenroth , P , Nyström , P , Holmqvist , N , Mclntosh , A and Winterbourn , M . 2006 . Does natural acidity mediate interactions between introduced brown trout, native fish, crayfish and other invertebrates in West Coast New Zealand streams? . Biological Conservation , 130 : 255 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page , KS , Scribner , KT , Bast , D , Holey , ME and Burnham‐Curtis , MK . 2005 . Genetic evaluation of a Great Lakes lake trout hatchery program . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 134 : 872 – 891 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogson , G and Mesa , K . 2004 . Positive Darwinian selection at the pantophysin (Pan I) locus in marine gadid fishes . Molecular Biology and Evolution , 21 : 65 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabeni , C , Collier , K , Parkyn , S and Hicks , B . 1997 . Evaluating techniques for sampling stream crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons) . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 31 : 693 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramp , JM , Collinge , SK and Ranker , TA . 2006 . Restoration genetics of the vernal pool endemic Lasthenia conjugens (Asteraceae) . Conservation Genetics , 7 : 631 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , D and Bryant , E . 2000 . Experimental tests of minimum viable population size . Animal Conservation , 3 : 7 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , D , O'Grady , J , Brook , B , Ballou , J and Frankham , R . 2003 . Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates . Biological Conservation , 113 : 23 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reznick , DA , Shaw , F , Rodd , FH and Shaw , RG . 1997 . Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural population of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) . Science , 275 : 1934 – 1937 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , J and Jowett , I . 2005 . Restoring streams for freshwater fish , NIWA Science and Technology Series 53 55 Hamilton, , New Zealand : National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , S , Isabel , N and Bernatchez , L . 2007 . Linkage maps of the dwarf and normal lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) species complex and their hybrids reveal the genetic architecture of population divergence . Genetics , 175 : 375 – 398 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roper , D and Hickey , C . 1994 . Population structure, shell morphology, age and condition of the freshwater mussel Hyridella menziesi (Unionacea: Hyriidae) from seven lake and river sites in the Waikato River system . Hydrobiologia , 284 : 205 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , D , Smith , J , Quinn , J and Boothroyd , I . 2002 . Effects of logging with and without riparian strips on fish species abundance, mean size, and the structure of native fish assemblages in Coromandel, New Zealand, streams . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 36 : 67 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryder , OA . 1986 . Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 1 : 9 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryman , N . 1991 . Conservation genetics considerations in fishery management . Journal of Fish Biology , 39 : 211 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schöffmann , J , Susnik , S and Snoj , A . 2007 . Phylogenetic origin of Salmo trutta L. 1758 from Sicily, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses . Hydrobiologia , 575 : 51 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheller , FJ , Fagan , WF and Unmack , PJ . 2006 . Using survival analysis to study translocation success in the Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) . Ecological Applications , 16 : 1771 – 1784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slatkin , M . 1987 . Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations . Science , 236 : 787 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , PJ and Collier , KJ . 2001 . Allozyme diversity and population structure of the caddisfly Orthopsyche fimbriata and the mayfly Acanthophlebia cruentata in New Zealand streams . Freshwater Biology , 46 : 795 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , PJ and Smith , BJ . 2009 . Small‐scale population‐genetic differentiation in the New Zealand caddisfly Orthopsyche fimbriata and the crayfish Paranephrops planifrons . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 43 : 723 – 734 . (this issue)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , MH , Smith , MW , Scott , SL , Liu , EH and Jones , JC . 1983 . Rapid evolution in a post‐thermal environment . Copeia , 1983 : 193 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , PJ , McVeagh , M and Allibone , R . 2005 . Extensive genetic differentiation in Gobiomorphus breviceps Pisces: Gobiidae) from New Zealand . Journal of Fish Biology , 67 : 627 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , PJ , McVeagh , SM and Collier , KJ . 2006a . Population‐genetic structure in the New Zealand caddisfly Orthopsyche fimbriata revealed with mitochondrial DNA . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 40 : 141 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P , McVeagh , S and Collier , K . 2006b . Genetic diversity and historical population structure in the New Zealand mayfly Acanthophlebia cruentata . Freshwater Biology , 51 : 12 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soule , M . 1988 . Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity , 584 Sunderland, , United States : Sinauer Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Stockwell , C and Weeks , S . 1999 . Translocations and rapid evolutionary repsonses in recently established populations of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) . Animal Conservation , 2 : 103 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagawa , S , Washitani , I , Uesugi , R and Tsumura , Y . 2006 . Influence of inbreeding depression on a lake population of Nymphoides peltata after restoration from the soil seed bank . Conservation Genetics , 7 : 705 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Tallmon , DA , Luikart , G and Waples , RS . 2004 . The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 19 : 489 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utter , FM . 2004 . Population genetics, conservation and evolution in salmonids and other widely cultured fishes: some perspectives over six decades . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , 14 : 125 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasemagi , A , Gross , R , Paaver , T , Koljonen , ML , Saisa , M and Nilsson , J . 2005 . Analysis of gene associated tandem repeat markers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations: implications for restoration and conservation in the Baltic Sea . Conservation Genetics , 6 : 385 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verspoor , E , De Leaniz , C and McGinnity , P . 2007 . “ Genetics and habitat management ” . In The Atlantic salmon: genetics, conservation and management Edited by: Verspoor , E , Stradmeyer , L and Nielsen , JL . 399 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Visscher , PM , Smith , D , Hall , SJG and Williams , JA . 2001 . A viable herd of genetically uniform cattle . Nature , 409 : 303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrijenhoek , RC . 1998 . Conservation genetics of freshwater fish . Journal of Fish Biology , 53 (Suppl. A) : 394 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Waples , RS . 1995 . Evolutionary significant units and the conservation of biological diversity under the Enangered Species Act . American Fisheries Society Symposium , 17 : 8 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Waples , RS and Gaggiotti , O . 2006 . What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity . Molecular Ecology , 15 : 1419 – 1439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , RD , Woodwark , M and Skibinski , DOF . 1994 . A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater, and anadromous fishes . Journal of Fish Biology , 44 : 213 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , J and Wallis , G . 2000 . Across the Southern Alps by river capture? Freshwater fish phylogeography in South Island, New Zealand . Molecular Ecology , 9 : 1577 – 1582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , J and Wallis , G . 2001 . Mitochondrial DNAphylogenetics of the Galaxiias vulgaris complex from South Island, New Zealand: rapid radiation of a species flock . Journal of Fish Biology , 58 : 1166 – 1180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , JM , Allibone , RM and Wallis , GP . 2006 . Geological subsidence, river capture, and cladogenesis of galaxiid fish lineages in central New Zealand . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 88 : 367 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , JM , Craw , D , Youngson , JH and Wallis , GP . 2001 . Genes meet geology: fish phylogeographic pattern reflects ancient, rather than modern, drainage conenctions . Evolution , 55 : 1844 – 1851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , D , Jowett , I and Richardson , J . 2005 . Growth, diet, movement, and abundance of adult bandedkokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) in five Coromandel, New Zealand streams . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research , 39 : 915 – 929 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , CC , Lavender , M and Black , J . 2007 . Genetic assessment of walleye (Sander vitreus) restoration efforts and options in Nipigon Bay and Black Bay, Lake Superior . Journal of Great Lakes Research , 33 : 133 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterbourn , M , Harding , J and McIntosh , A . 2007 . Response of the benthic fauna of an urban stream during six years of restoration . New Zealand Natural Sciences , 32 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , C , Griffith , B , Reed , C and Temple , S . 1996 . Avian and mammalian translocations: update and reanalysis of 1987 survey data . Conservation Biology , 10 : 1142 – 1154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , S . 1940 . Breeding structure of populations in relation to speciation . American Naturalist , 74 : 232 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , S . 1951 . The genetical structure of populations . Annals of Eugenics , 15 : 323 – 354 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar