Misreading the Arctic landscape: A political ecology of reindeer, carrying capacities, and overstocking in Finnmark, Norway

References

• Aftenposten. 2004. Reindrift eter opp vidda. 14 April.
   Google Scholar
• Altaposten. 2010. Mye rein gir få ryper: Forskere har funnet en klar sammenheng mellom høyt reintall og en rypebestand på bunnivå. 18 March.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, P. 2009. Nature’s Patterns: A Tapestry in Three Parts: Shapes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett, T. & Koli Bi, Z. 2000. Environmental discourses and the Ivorian savanna. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90, 67–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke, R.H. 2000. Equilibrium and non-equilibrium models of livestock population dynamics in pastoral Africa: Their relevance to Arctic grazing systems. Rangifer 20, 141–152.
   Google Scholar
• Behnke, R.H., Scoones, I. & Kerven, C. (eds.) 1993. Range Ecology at Disequilibrium: New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas. London: Overseas Development Institute & International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T.A. & Svarstad, H. 2010. Politisk økologi: Miljø, mennesker og makt. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T.A., Rohde, R.F., Sjaastad, E., Wisborg, P. & Lebert, T. 2006. Land reform, range ecology, and carrying capacities in Namaqualand, South Africa. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96, 524–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T.A., Maganga, F.P. & Abdallah, J.M. 2009. The Kilosa killings: Political ecology of a farmer–herder conflict in Tanzania. Development and Change 40, 423–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T.A., Mathiesen, S.D. & Reinert, E.S. 2011a. Naturstridig reinsdyrpolitikk. Dagbladet 18 March 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T.A., Reinert, E.S. & Mathiesen, S.D. 2011b. Feil om reinsdyr. Dagbladet 12 April 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T.A., Eira, I.M.G. & Sara, M.N. (eds.) In press. Samisk reindrift, norske myter. Trondheim: Fagbokforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Berryman, A.A. 1987. Equilibrium or nonequilibrium: Is that the question? Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 68, 500–502.
   Google Scholar
• Bidussi, M. 2014. Effects of Climate Change on Lichen Growth and Metabolism. PhD thesis. Ås: Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Bjørklund, I. 1990. Saami reindeer pastoralism as an indigenous resource. Development and Change 21, 75–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørklund, I. & Brantenberg, T. 1986. Samisk reindrift og norsk forståelse. Høgmo, A. & Erke, R. (eds.) Identitet og livsutfoldelse, 74–82. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Borgenvik, J. 2014. ‘When You Think Like the State’: The Political Ecology of Pastoral Modernization in Finnmark, Norway. MSc thesis. Ås: Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Bostedt, G. 2005. Pastoralist economic behavior: Empirical results from reindeer herders in northern Sweden. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 30, 381–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryn, A. 2008. Recent forest limit changes in south-east Norway: Effects of climate change or regrowth after abandoned utilisation? Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography 62, 251–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilertsen, S.M. 2002. Utlization of Abandoned Coastal Meadows in Northern Norway by Reindeer. PhD dissertation. Tromsø: University of Troms.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, J.E. & Swift, D.M. 1988. Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Range Management 41, 450–459.
   Google Scholar
• Eira, I.M.G. 2012. Muohttaga jávohis giella: Sámi árbevirolaš máhttu muohttaga birra dálkkádatrievdamis. The Silent Language of Snow: Sámi Traditional Knowledge of Snow in Times of Climate Change. PhD dissertation. Tromsø: Institutt for språkvitenskap, University of Tromsø.
   Google Scholar
• Eira, I.M.G., Magga, O.H. & Eira, N.I. 2010. Muohtatearpmaid sisdoallu ja geavahus. Sámi dieđalaš áigečála 2, 3–24.
   Google Scholar
• Eira, I.M.G., Jaedicke, C., Magga, O.-H., Maynard, N., Vikhamar-Schiler, D. & Mathiesen, S.D. 2013. Traditional Sámi snow terminology and physical snow classification: Two ways of knowing. Cold Regions Science and Technology 85, 117–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairhead, J. & Leach, M. 1996. Misreading the African Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fauchald, P., Tveraa, T., Yoccoz, N.G. & Ims, R.A. 2004. En økologisk bærekraftig reindrift. NINA Fagrapport 76. Trondheim: NINA.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, J. 1994. The Anti-Politics Machine. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
   Google Scholar
• Gaare, E., Tømmervik, H., Bjerke, J.W. & Thannheiser, D. 2006. Overvåking av vinterbeiter i Vest-Finnmark og Karasjok: Ny beskrivelse av fastrutene. NINA Rapport 204. Trondheim: NINA.
   Google Scholar
• Hausner, V.N., Fauchald, P., Tveraa, T., Pedersen, E., Jernsletten, J.L., Ulvevadet, B., Ims, R.A., Yoccoz, N.G. & Bråthen, K.A. 2011. The ghost of development past. Ecology and Society 16, 4. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss3/art4/main.html ( accessed 3 July 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Hobart, M. 1993. An Anthropological Critique of Development. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Holand,Ø. 2003. Reindrift: Samisk næring i brytning mellom tradisjon og produksjon. Oslo: Gan.
   Google Scholar
• Ims, A.Aa. & Kosmo, A.J. 2001. Høyeste reintall for distriktene i Vest-Finnmark. Consultation document. Alta: Reindriftsforvaltningen.
   Google Scholar
• Ims, R.A., Yoccoz, N.G., Bråthen, K.A., Fauchald, P., Tveraa, T. & Hausner, V. 2007. Can reindeer overabundance cause a trophic cascade? Ecosystems 10, 607–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, B. & Karlsen, S.R. 1998. Endringer i lavdekket på Finnmarksvidda basert på Landsat 5/TM data. Norut IT Rapport (IT475/1-98). Tromsø: Norut.
   Google Scholar
• Johansen, B. & Karlsen, S.R. 2005. Monitoring vegetation changes on Finnmarksvidda, Northern Norway, using Landsat MSS and Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images. Phyocoenologia 35, 969–984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joks, S., 2000. Tradisjonelle kunnskaper i bevegelse: Om kontinuiteten i reindriftas praksiser. Cand. Philol. thesis. Tromsø: Institutt for sosialantropologi, University of Tromsø.
   Google Scholar
• Joks, S., Magga, O.H., Mathiesen, S.D. & Henriksen, I.M. 2006. Reintallet i Vest-Finnmark: Forskningsbasert vurdering av prosessen rundt fastsettelse av høyeste reintall i Vest-Finnmark. Kautokeino: Samisk Høgskole/Nordisk Samisk Institutt.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, M. 2010. Blessed rage for order. Times Literary Supplement 19 March, 23.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, D.R. 2000. Arctic grazing systems and industrial development: Can we minimize these conflicts? Polar Research 19, 91–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasko, L.-H. (ed.) 1993. Traditionell samisk kunnskap och forskning. Kautokeino: Samisk Institutt.
   Google Scholar
• Li, T.M. 2007. The Will to Improve. Durhamn NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• LMD. 2001. Verdiskapingsprogrammet for matproduksjon. Oslo: Landbruks- og matdepartementet.
   Google Scholar
• LMD. 2008. Kriterier/indikatorer på økologisk bærekraftig reintall. Oslo: Landbruks- og matdepartementet.
   Google Scholar
• Magga, O.-H. 2006. Diversity in Saami terminology for reindeer, snow and ice. International Social Science Journal 58(187), 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Marin, A. 2003. Protean Reality: Discourses for Managing the Winter Reindeer Ranges in Finnmark, Northern Norway. MSc dissertation. Ås: Noragric, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Moen, J. & Danell, Ö. 2003. Reindeer in the Swedish mountains: An assessment of grazing impacts. Ambio 32, 397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårell, A. & Edenius, L. 2006. Spatial heterogeneity and hierarchical feeding habitat selection by reindeer. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 38, 413–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, K. 1979. Lappisk (samisk) ordbok grunnet på dialektene i Polmak, Karasjok og Kautokeino. Vol. III. Olso: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Nordic Sami Institute. 2008. Hvor mange samer er det egentlig …? http://www.sami-statistics.info/default.asp?nc=2807&id=110 ( accessed 19 September 2014).
   Google Scholar
• NRK Sapmi. 2013. Støtter tvangstiltak for å få ned reintallet. http://vindpil.yr.no/kanal/nrk_sapmi/1.10886044 ( accessed 3 July 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Orvik, P. & Prestbakmo, H. 1990. Beiteundersøkelser: Fellesbeiteområdene i Vest-Finnmark. Alta: Reindriftsadministrasjonen.
   Google Scholar
• Oskal, N. 2000. On nature and reindeer luck. Rangifer 20, 175–180.
   Google Scholar
• Oskal, A., Turi, J.M., Mathiesen, S. & Burgess, P. (eds.) 2009. EALÁT Reindeer Herders’ Voice. Kautokeino: International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry.
   Google Scholar
• Paine, R. 1992. Social construction of the ‘tragedy of the commons’ and Saami reindeer pastoralism. Acta Borealia 9(2), 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Paine, R. 1994. Herds of the Tundra. London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paine, R. 2004. Saami reindeer pastoralism: Quo vadis? Ethnos 69, 23–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pape, R. & J. Löffler. 2012. Climate change, land use conflicts, predation and ecological degradation as challenges for reindeer husbandry in northern Europe: What do we really know after half a century of research? Ambio 41, 421–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reindriftsforvaltningen. 2012. Ressursregnskap for reindriftsnæringen. http://www.reindrift.no/asset/4922/1/4922_1.pdf ( accessed 20 Novermber 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Reinert, E. 2006. The economics of reindeer herding: Saami entrepreneurship between cyclical sustainability and the powers of state and oligopolies. British Food Journal 108, 522–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinert, H. 2008. The Corral and the Slaughterhouse. PhD dissertation. Cambridge: Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Reinert, H. 2012. The disposable surplus: Notes on waste, reindeer and biopolitics. Laboratorium 4, 67–83.
   Google Scholar
• Reinert, H. 2014. Entanglements: Intimacy and nonhuman ethics. Society & Animals 22, 42–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riksrevisjonen. 2004. Riksrevisjonens undersøkelse om bærekraftig bruk av reinbeiteressursene i Finnmark. Dokument 3:12 (2003–2004). Olso: Riksrevisjonen.
   Google Scholar
• Riksrevisjonen. 2012. Riksrevisjonens undersøkelse av bærekraftig reindrift i Finnmark. Dokument 3:14 (2011–2012). Oslo: Riksrevisjonen.
   Google Scholar
• Riseth, J.Å., Johansen, B. & Vatn, A. 2004. Aspects of a two-pasture-herbivore model. Rangifer 15, 65–81.
   Google Scholar
• Rohde, K. 2005. Nonequilibrium Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sandström, P. & Sandström, C. 2008. Moderna renar ger bättre samråd med skogsbruket. Miljöforskning 5–6 (December 2008). http://miljoforskning.formas.se/sv/Nummer/December-2008/Innehall/Tema/Etiskt-problem-skraddarsy-mat-efter-gen/ ( accessed 7 February 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Sandström, P., Pahlén, T., Edenius, L., Tømmervik, H., Hagner, O., Hemberg, L., Olsson, H., Baer, K., Stenlund, T., Brandt, L. & Egberth, M. 2003. Conflict resolution by participatory management: Remote sensing and GIS as tools for communicating land-use needs for reindeer herding in Northern Sweden. Ambio 32, 557–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sara, M.N. 2001. Reinen: Et gode fra vinden. Kautokeino: Davvi Girji.
   Google Scholar
• Sara, M.N. 2009. Siida and traditional Sámi reindeer herding knowledge. The Northern Review 30, 139–164.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J.C. 1998. Seeing Like a State. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skjenneberg, S. 1965. Rein og reindrift. Lesjaskog: Fjell-Nytt.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm-Bull, K., Oskal, N. & Sara, M.N. 2001. Reindriften i Finnmark. Cappelen, Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Tømmervik, H., Johansen, B., Riseth, J.Å., Karlsen, S.R., Solberg, B. & Høgda, K.A. 2009. Above ground biomass changes in the mountain birch forest and mountain heath of Finnmarksvidda, northern Norway, in the period 1957–2006. Forest Ecology and Management 257, 244–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tømmervik, H., Johansen, B. & Riseth, J.Å. 2011a. Feiltolking av reindriftsforskning. Dagbladet 8 April 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Tømmervik, H., Johansen, B., Karlsen, S.R. & Ihlen, P.G. 2011b. Overvåking av vinterbeiter i Vest-Finnmark og Karasjok 1998–2005–2010. NINA Rapport 745. Trondheim: NINA.
   Google Scholar
• Tømmervik, H., Bjerke, J.W., Gaare, E., Johansen, B. & Thannheiser, D. 2012. Rapid recovery of recently overexploited winter grazing pastures for reindeer in northern Norway. Fungal Ecology 5, 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M. 1993. Overstocking the range: A critical analysis of the environmental science of Sahelian pastoralism. Economic Geography 69, 402–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tveraa, T., Fauchald, P., Yoccoz, N.G., Ims, R.A., Aanes, R. & Høgda, K.A. 2007. What regulate and limit reindeer populations in Norway? Oikos 116, 706–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, N.J.C. 1998. Reindeer pastures at disequilibrium. Haugerud, R.E. (ed.) Den 10. nordiske reinforskningskonferansen/The 10th Nordic Conference on Reindeer Research: Program og sammendrag/Programme and abstracts. Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, 13.–15. mars 1998. Rangifer Report No. 2, 67. Kautokeino: Nordic Council for Reindeer Research. http://septentrio.uit.no/index.php/rangifer/issue/view/127 ( accessed 4 March 2015).
   Google Scholar