161
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Bubble Characteristics in Sodium Using Real-Time X-Ray Imaging

ORCID Icon, , , , &
Pages 1351-1364 | Received 14 Oct 2022, Accepted 30 Mar 2023, Published online: 11 May 2023

References

  • E. KHODAREV, “Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors,” IAEA Bull., 20, 6; https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull20-6/20604782938.pdf.
  • S. R. PARANJPE, O. P. SINGH, and R. HARISH, “Influence of a Positive Sodium Void Coefficient of Reactivity on the Consequences of Transient Overpower and Loss-of-Flow Accidents in a Medium-Sized Fast Reactor,” Ann. Nucl. Energy, 19, 7, 369 (1992); https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4549(92)90030-F.
  • K. ASMUSSEN, “Detection of Sodium Boiling in Fast Sodium-Cooled Reactors by Neutron Measurements,” PhD Dissertation, Iowa State University; https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/3812 (1969).
  • M. VANDERHAEGEN and A. LE BELGUET, “A Review on Sodium Boiling Phenomena in Reactor Systems,” Nucl. Sci. Eng., 176, 2, 115 (2014); https://doi.org/10.13182/NSE12-99.
  • R. COLE, “A Photographic Study of Pool Boiling in the Region of the Critical Heat Flux,” AIChE J., 6, 533 (1960); https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060405.
  • C. GERARDI et al., “Measurement of Nucleation Site Density, Bubble Departure Diameter and Frequency in Pool Boiling of Water Using High-Speed Infrared and Optical Cameras,” Proc. ECI Int. Conf. Boiling Heat Transfer, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, May 3-7, 2009.
  • N. KURUL and M. Z. PODOWSKI, “Multidimensional Effects in Forced Convection Subcooled Boiling,” Proc. 9th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Jerusalem, Israel, 1990, p. 21 (1990).
  • R. W. BOWRING, “Physical Model Based on Bubble Detachment and Calculation of Steam Voidage in the Subcooled Region of a Heated Channel,” OECD Halden Reactor Project Report HPR-10, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1962).
  • C. Y. HAN and P. GRIFFITH, “The Mechanism of Heat Transfer in Nucleate Pool Boiling—I and II,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 8, 887 (1965); https://doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(65)90073-6.
  • W. H. MCADAMS, Heat Transmission, 3rd ed., p. 180, McGraw-Hill, New York (1945).
  • A. PRADEEP et al.,“Numerical Modeling of Inert Gas Bubble Rising in a Liquid Metal Pool,” Proc. 6th Int. and 43rd National Conf. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India, 2016.
  • S. TOM, P. M. RAO, and S. RAGHUPATHY, “Numerical Simulation of Single-Phase Heat Transfer and Nucleate Boiling of Liquid Sodium in Narrow Annulus Channel Similar to That of SFR Fuel Subchannel,” Nucl. Eng. Des., 383, 111425 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2021.111425.
  • S. HOON PARK et al., “A Simple Parameterization for the Rising Velocity of Bubbles in a Liquid Pool,” Nucl. Eng. Technol., 49, 4, 692 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2016.12.006.
  • T. J. HEINDEL, “A Review of X-Ray Flow Visualization with Applications to Multiphase Flows,” J. Fluids Eng., 133, 74001 (July 2011); https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004367.
  • Background Modeling and Foreground Detection forVideo Surveillance, T. BOUWMANS et al., Eds., CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group (2014).
  • W. C. RÖNTGEN, “On a New Kind of Rays,” Nature, 53, 274 (1896).
  • F. C. CAMPBELL, Inspection of Metals—Understanding the Basics, pp. 233–261, ASM International (2013).
  • J. H. HUBBELL and S. M. SELTZER, “ X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients,” NIST Standard Reference Database 126; https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/ComTab/water.html.
  • J. H. HUBBELL and S. M. SELTZER, “ X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients,” NIST Standard Reference Database 126; https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/ElemTab/z11.html.
  • J. S. LUMENTUTA, F. E. GUNAWANB, and DIANA, “Evaluation of Recursive Background Subtraction Algorithms for Real-Time Passenger Counting at Bus Rapid Transit System,” Procedia Comput. Sci., 59, 445 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.565.
  • R. C. GONZALEZ and R. E. WOODS, Digital Image Processing, 4th ed., Prentice Hall (2018).
  • W. S. RASBAND, ImageJ website, U.S. National Institutes of Health (1997–2018); https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/.
  • “Python Reference Manual”; https://docs.python.org/3.7/reference/introduction.html.
  • “Non-Destructive Testing of Welds—Radiographic Testing—Part 2: X- and Gamma-Ray Techniques with Digital Detectors,” ISO/DIS 17636-2, International Organization for Standardization.
  • J. R. TAYLOR, An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements, 2nd ed., University Science Books (1997).
  • Y.-N. CHOI et al., “The Effect of Magnification on the Image Quality and the Radiation Dose in X-Ray Digital Mammography: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study,” J. Korean Phys. Soc., 57, 3, 494 (2010).
  • V. L. SHAH and W. T. SHA, “Growth of a Sodium Vapor Bubble Rising in the Superheated Liquid,” Nucl. Eng. Des., 45, 1, 81 (1978); https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(78)90107-3.
  • V. G. LEVICH, Physicochemical Hydrodynamics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1962).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.