MLEM Neutron Spectra Unfolding in a Radiotherapy Bunker Using Bonner Sphere Spectrometer

References

• “Neutron Contamination from Medical Electron Accelerators,” NCRP Report 79, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (1984).
   Google Scholar
• W. P. SWANSON, “ Radiological Safety Aspects of the Operation of Electron Linear Accelerators,” Technical Report No. 188, International Atomic Energy Agency (1979).
   Google Scholar
• S. F. KRY et al., “AAPM TG 158: Measurement and Calculation of Doses Outside the Treated Volume from External-Beam Radiation Therapy,” Med. Phys., 44, 10 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. D. NEWHAUSER and M. DURANTE, “Assessing the Risk of Second Malignancies After Modern Radiotherapy,” Nat. Rev. Cancer, 11, 438 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Z. WANG, M. D. C. EVANS, and E. B. PODGORSAK, “Characteristics of Induced Activity from Medical Linear Accelerators,” Med. Phys., 32, 9, 2899 (2005); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2001767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. ALAN RAWLINSON, M. K. ISLAM, and D. M. GALBRAITH, “Dose to Radiation Therapists from Activation at High-Energy Accelerators Used for Conventional and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy,” Med. Phys., 29, 4, 598 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection,” ICRP Publication 103, Annals ICRP, 37, 2–4 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• G. BAIOCCO et al., “The Origin of Neutron Biological Effectiveness as a Function of Energy,” Sci. Rep., 6, 34033 (2016); http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep34033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. MA et al., “Monte Carlo Study of Photoneutron Production in the Varian Clinac 2100C Linac,” J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 276, 1, 119 (2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-0419-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. LACERDA et al., “A New Response Matrix for A 6LiI Scintillator BSS System,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A, 868, 122 (2017); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.06.057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludlum Model 42-5 Neutron Ball Cart, Product Manual (Aug. 2015).
   Google Scholar
• R. L. BRAMBLETT, R. I. EWING, and T. BONNER, “A New Type of Neutron Spectrometer,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 9, 1 (1960); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(60)90043-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. AMGAROU et al., “Neutron Spectrometry with a Passive Bonner Sphere System Around a Medical LinAc and Evaluation of the Associated Unfolding Uncertainties,” Nucl. Sci. IEEE Trans., 56, 2885 (2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2009.2026416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. MASUDA et al., “Neutron Spectral Fluence Measurements Using a Bonner Sphere Spectrometer in the Development of the iBNCT Accelerator-Based Neutron Source,” Appl. Radiat. Isot., 127, 47 (2017); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “ABAQUS 6.14, ABAQUS/CAE User’s Guide,” Dassault Systemes 3D Experience Company (2014).
   Google Scholar
• S. MORATÓ et al., “Varian Clinac 6 MeV Photon Spectra Unfolding Using a Monte Carlo Meshed Model,” EPJ Web Conf., 153, 04012 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• S. MORATÓ et al., “Evaluation of the Response of a Bonner Sphere Spectrometer with a 6LiI Detector Using 3D Meshed MCNP6.1.1 Models,” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 155, 221 (2019); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.05.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. W. ROGERS and D. SHEIKH-BAGHERI, “Monte Carlo Calculation of Nine Megavoltage Photon Beam Spectra Using the Beam Code,” Med. Phys., 29, 391 (2002); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.1445413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. AMGAROU and V. LACOSTE, “Response Matrix Evaluations of a Passive Bonner Sphere System Used for Neutron Spectrometry at Pulsed, Intense and Complex Mixed Fields,” J. Instrum., 5, P09002 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V. MARES and H. SCHRAUBE, “Evaluation of the Response Matrix of a Bonner Sphere Spectrometer with LiI Detector from Thermal Energy to 100 MeV,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 337, 2–3, 461 (1994); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91116-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. VEGA-CARRILLO et al., “Calculation of Response Matrix of a BSS with 6LiI Scintillator,” Rev. Mex. Física, S54, 57 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• J. CRUZATE, J. CARELLI, and B. GREGORI, “Bonner Sphere Spectrometer,” Proc. Workshop Uncertainty Assessment in Computational Dosimetry, Bologna, Italy, October 8–10, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• M. BENI et al., “Studies on Unfolding Energy Spectra of Neutrons Using Maximum-Likelihood Expectation-Maximization Method,” Nucl. Sci. Techniques, 30, 134 (2019); http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0662-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. MAGLIERI et al., “Measuring Neutron Spectra in Radiotherapy Using the Nested Neutron Spectrometer,” Med. Phys., 42, 11 (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4931963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Neutron Reference Radiations Fields—Part1: Characteristics and Methods of Production,” ISO 8529-1, International Organization for Standardization (2021).
   Google Scholar
• “Converssion Coefficients for Use in Radiological Protection Against External Radiation,” ICRP Publication 74, International Commission on Radiological Protection (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Berthold Technologies website; https://www.berthold.com/en/search/ (current as of Mar. 22, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• R. BEDOGNI et al., “An Active Bonnes Sphere Spectrometer for Intense Neutron Fields,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, 940, 302 (2019); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.06.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. BEDOGNI et al., “Comparing Active and Passive Bonner Sphere Spectrometers in the 2.5 MeV Quasi Mono-Energetic Neutron Field of the ENEA Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG),” Radiat. Meas., 46, 1757 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar