Histopathological and ultrastructural features of dermal telangiectasias in systemic sclerosis

References

• Champion RH. Disorders of blood vessels. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJ, editors. Textbook of Dermatology. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992; 1827–49.
   Google Scholar
• Winterbauer RH. Multiple telangiectasis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly and subcutaneous calcinosis: a syndrome mimicking hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 1964; 111: 361.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts-Thomson PJ, Mould TL, Walker JG, Smith MD, Ahern Mi. Clinical utility of telangiectasia of hands in scleroderma and other rheumatic disorders. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2002; 20: 7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh MB, LeRoy EC. Autoimmunity and vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis. Autoimmunity 1999; 31: 195–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister KA, Grogg KM, Johnson DW, et al. Endoglin, a TGFil binding protein of endothelial cells, is the gene for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. Nature Genet 1994; 8: 345–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dharmapatni AA, Smith MD, Ahern MJ, et al. The TGFil receptor endoglin in systemic sclerosis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2001; 19: 275–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes MD. Endothelin and endothelin receptor antagonists in systemic rheumatic disease. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 1190–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancheeswaran R, Azam A, Black C, Dashwood MR. Localization of endotheli-1 and its binding sites in scleroderma skin. J Rheum 1994; 21: 1268–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts-Thomson Pi, Jones MJ, Hakendorf P, et al. Scleroderma in South Australia: epidemiological observations of possible pathogenic significance. Intern Med J 2001; 31: 220–9.
   Google Scholar
• Woods AE, Stirling JW. Electron microscopy: the preparative techniques. Bancroft JD, Gamble M, editors. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2002; 679–700.
   Google Scholar
• Smith MD, O'Donnell J, Highton J, Palmer DG, Rosenbilds M, Roberts-Thomson Pi. Immunohistochemical analysis of synovial membranes from inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritidis: scarcity of CD5 positive B cells and IL-2 receptor bearing T cells. Pathology 1992; 24: 19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraan MC, Smith MD, Weedon H, Ahern MJ, Breedveld FC, Tak PP. Measurement of cytokine and cell adhesion molecule expression in synovial tissue by digital image analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 296–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braverman IM, Keh-Yen A. Ultrastructure and three-dimensional reconstruction of several macular and papular telangiectases. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 81: 489–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verel D. Telangiectasia in Raynaud's disease. Lancet 1956; 271: 914–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braverman IM, Keh-Yen A, Jacobson BS. Ultrastructure and three-dimensional organization of the telangiectases of hereditary haemor-rhagic telangiectasia. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95: 422–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin: paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2002; 22: 549–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collin-Osdoby P, Rothe L, Anderson F, Nelson M, Maloney W, Osdoby P. Receptor activator of NF-KB and osteoprotegerin expression by human microvascular endothelial cells, regulation by inflammatory cytokines, and role in human osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 20659–72.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes DR, Barg E, Crotti TN, et al. Osteoprotegerin expression in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloar-thropaties and osteoarthritis and normal controls. Rheumatology 2003; 42: 123–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mould TL, Roberts-Thomson PI Pathogenesis of telangiectasia in scleroderma. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2000; 18: 195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchuk DA. Genetic abnormalities in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Curr Opin Haematol 1998; 5: 332–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connolly M, Venstrom K, Finley D, et al. Endoglin, a TGF# receptor III is upregulated in scleroderma fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar