442
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Breast Cancer

Triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer: review

&
Pages 40-47 | Received 14 Aug 2008, Accepted 09 Oct 2008, Published online: 06 Jul 2009

References

  • Edwards B K, Brown M L, Wingo P A, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2002, featuring population-based trends in cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1407–27
  • McGuire W L, Horwitz K B, Pearson O H, et al. Current status of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. Cancer 1977; 39: 2934–47
  • Osborne C K, Yochmowitz M G, Knight W A, 3rd, et al. The value of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the treatment of breast cancer. Cancer 1980; 46: 2884–8
  • Rakha E A, El-Sayed M E, Green A R, et al. Biologic and clinical characteristics of breast cancer with single hormone receptor positive phenotype. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4772–8
  • Rhodes A, Jasani B, Balaton A J, et al. Frequency of oestrogen and progesterone receptor positivity by immunohistochemical analysis in 7016 breast carcinomas: correlation with patient age, assay sensitivity, threshold value, and mammographic screening. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 688–96
  • Rakha E A, El-Sayed M E, Green A R, et al. Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 2007; 109: 25–32
  • Putti T C, El-Rehim D M, Rakha E A, et al. Estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinomas: a review of morphology and immunophenotypical analysis. Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 26–35
  • Shao W, Brown M. Advances in estrogen receptor biology: prospects for improvements in targeted breast cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6: 39–52
  • Slamon D J, Clark G M, Wong S G, et al. Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 1987; 235: 177–82
  • Wolff A C, Hammond M E, Schwartz J N, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 118–45
  • Ross J S, Fletcher J A, Bloom K J, et al. Targeted therapy in breast cancer: the HER-2/neu gene and protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004; 3: 379–98
  • Piccart-Gebhart M J, Procter M, Leyland-Jones B, et al. Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1659–72
  • Romond E H, Perez E A, Bryant J, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1673–84
  • Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard K I, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 4429–34
  • Haffty B G, Yang Q, Reiss M, et al. Locoregional relapse and distant metastasis in conservatively managed triple negative early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 5652–7
  • National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) and The Royal College of Pathologists. Pathology Reporting of Breast Disease. NHSBSP and The Royal College of Pathologists, Sheffield 2005, NHSBSP Pub. No 58
  • Perou C M, Sorlie T, Eisen M B, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000; 406: 747–52
  • Sorlie T, Perou C M, Tibshirani R, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10869–74
  • Sotiriou C, Wirapati P, Loi S, et al. Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: understanding the molecular basis of histologic grade to improve prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 262–72
  • Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 8418–23
  • Sotiriou C, Neo S Y, McShane L M, et al. Breast cancer classification and prognosis based on gene expression profiles from a population-based study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 10393–8
  • Carey L A, Dees E C, Sawyer L, et al. The triple negative paradox: primary tumor chemosensitivity of breast cancer subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 2329–34
  • Kreike B, van Kouwenhove M, Horlings H, et al. Gene expression profiling and histopathological characterization of triple negative/basal-like breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9: R65
  • Jacquemier J, Padovani L, Rabayrol L, et al. Typical medullary breast carcinomas have a basal/myoepithelial phenotype. J Pathol 2005; 207: 260–8
  • Diaz L K, Cryns V L, Symmans W F, et al. Triple negative breast carcinoma and the basal phenotype: from expression profiling to clinical practice. Adv Anat Pathol 2007; 14: 419–30
  • Rouzier R, Perou C M, Symmans W F, et al. Breast cancer molecular subtypes respond differently to preoperative chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 5678–85
  • Calza S, Hall P, Auer G, et al. Intrinsic molecular signature of breast cancer in a population-based cohort of 412 patients. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R34
  • Jumppanen M, Gruvberger-Saal S, Kauraniemi P, et al. Basal-like phenotype is not associated with patient survival in estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9: R16
  • Bertucci F, Finetti P, Cervera N, et al. How basal are triple-negative breast cancers?. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 236–40
  • Tischkowitz M, Brunet J S, Begin L R, et al. Use of immunohistochemical markers can refine prognosis in triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2007; 7: 134
  • Bidard F C, Conforti R, Boulet T, et al. Does triple-negative phenotype accurately identify basal-like tumour? An immunohistochemical analysis based on 143 ‘triple-negative’ breast cancers. Ann Oncol 2007; 18: 1285–6
  • Tan D S, Marchio C, Jones R L, et al. Triple negative breast cancer: molecular profiling and prognostic impact in adjuvant anthracycline-treated patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 111: 27–44
  • Lakhani S R, Reis-Filho J S, Fulford L, et al. Prediction of BRCA1 status in patients with breast cancer using estrogen receptor and basal phenotype. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 5175–80
  • Rakha E A, El-Sayed M E, Green A R, et al. Breast carcinoma with basal differentiation: a proposal for pathology definition based on basal cytokeratin expression. Histopathology 2007; 50: 434–8
  • van de Rijn M, Perou C M, Tibshirani R, et al. Expression of cytokeratins 17 and 5 identifies a group of breast carcinomas with poor clinical outcome. Am J Pathol 2002; 161: 1991–6
  • Rakha E A, Tan D S, Foulkes W D, et al. Are triple negative tumours and basal-like breast cancer synonymous?. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9: R80
  • Harris L N, You F, Schnitt S J, et al. Predictors of resistance to preoperative trastuzumab and vinorelbine for HER2-positive early breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 1198–207
  • Nielsen T O, Hsu F D, Jensen K, et al. Immunohistochemical and clinical characterization of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 5367–74
  • Rakha E A, Putti T C, Abd El-Rehim D M, et al. Morphological and immunophenotypic analysis of breast carcinomas with basal and myoepithelial differentiation. J Pathol 2006; 208: 495–506
  • Rody A, Karn T, Solbach C, et al. The erbB2+ cluster of the intrinsic gene set predicts tumor response of breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide within the GEPARTRIO trial. Breast 2007; 16: 235–40
  • Fan C, Oh D S, Wessels L, et al. Concordance among gene-expression-based predictors for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 560–9
  • Teschendorff A E, Miremadi A, Pinder S E, et al. An immune response gene expression module identifies a good prognosis subtype in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Genome Biol 2007; 8: R157
  • Diallo-Danebrock R, Ting E, Gluz O, et al. Protein expression profiling in high-risk breast cancer patients treated with high-dose or conventional dose-dense chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 488–97
  • Carey L A, Perou C M, Livasy C A, et al. Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA 2006; 295: 2492–502
  • Yang X R, Sherman M E, Rimm D L, et al. Differences in risk factors for breast cancer molecular subtypes in a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 439–43
  • Liu H, Fan Q, Zhang Z, et al. Basal-HER2 phenotype shows poorer survival than basal-like phenotype in hormone receptor-negative invasive breast cancers. Hum Pathol 2008; 39: 167–74
  • Hu Z, Fan C, Oh D S, et al. The molecular portraits of breast tumors are conserved across microarray platforms. BMC Genomics 2006; 7: 96
  • Scawn R, Shousha S. Morphologic spectrum of estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126: 325–30
  • Cheang M C, Voduc D, Bajdik C, et al. Basal-like breast cancer defined by five biomarkers has superior prognostic value than triple-negative phenotype. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 1368–76
  • Sasa M, Bando Y, Takahashi M, et al. Screening for basal marker expression is necessary for decision of therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97: 30–34
  • Dabbs D J, Chivukula M, Carter G, et al. Basal phenotype of ductal carcinoma in situ: recognition and immunohistologic profile. Mod Pathol 2006; 19: 1506–11
  • Foulkes W D, Grainge M J, Rakha E A, et al. Tumor size is an unreliable predictor of prognosis in basal-like breast cancers and does not correlate closely with lymph node status. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; Jul 4, (Epub ahead of print)
  • Rakha E A, Reis-Filho J S, Ellis I O. Basal-like breast cancer: A critical review. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2568–81
  • Rhodes A, Jasani B, Barnes D M, et al. Reliability of immunohistochemical demonstration of oestrogen receptors in routine practice: interlaboratory variance in the sensitivity of detection and evaluation of scoring systems. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 125–30
  • Turner N C, Reis-Filho J S, Russell A M, et al. BRCA1 dysfunction in sporadic basal-like breast cancer. Oncogene 2007; 26: 2126–32
  • Matos I, Dufloth R, Alvarenga M, et al. p63, cytokeratin 5, and P-cadherin: three molecular markers to distinguish basal phenotype in breast carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2005; 447: 688–94
  • Ribeiro-Silva A, Ramalho L N, Garcia S B, et al. p63 correlates with both BRCA1 and cytokeratin 5 in invasive breast carcinomas: further evidence for the pathogenesis of the basal phenotype of breast cancer. Histopathology 2000; 47: 458–66
  • Fulford L G, Reis-Filho J S, Ryder K, et al. Basal-like grade III invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: patterns of metastasis and long-term survival. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9: R4
  • Jones C, Ford E, Gillett C, et al. Molecular cytogenetic identification of subgroups of grade III invasive ductal breast carcinomas with different clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 5988–97
  • Laakso M, Loman N, Borg A, et al. Cytokeratin 5/14-positive breast cancer: true basal phenotype confined to BRCA1 tumors. Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 1321–8
  • Potemski P, Kusinska R, Watala C, et al. Prognostic relevance of basal cytokeratin expression in operable breast cancer. Oncology 2005; 69: 478–85
  • Foulkes W D, Brunet J S, Stefansson I M, et al. The prognostic implication of the basal-like (cyclin E high/p27 low/p53+/glomeruloid-microvascular-proliferation+) phenotype of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 830–5
  • Banerjee S, Reis-Filho J S, Ashley S, et al. Basal-like breast carcinomas: clinical outcome and response to chemotherapy. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59: 729–35
  • Siziopikou K P, Cobleigh M. The basal subtype of breast carcinomas may represent the group of breast tumors that could benefit from EGFR-targeted therapies. Breast 2007; 16: 104–7
  • Rakha E A, El-Rehim D A, Paish C, et al. Basal phenotype identifies a poor prognostic subgroup of breast cancer of clinical importance. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 3149–56
  • Rodriguez-Pinilla S M, Sarrio D, Honrado E, et al. Vimentin and laminin expression is associated with basal-like phenotype in both sporadic and BRCA1-associated breast carcinomas. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60: 1006–12
  • Livasy C A, Perou C M, Karaca G, et al. Identification of a basal-like subtype of breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Hum Pathol 2007; 38: 197–204
  • Rodriguez-Pinilla S M, Sarrio D, Moreno-Bueno G, et al. Sox2: a possible driver of the basal-like phenotype in sporadic breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 474–81
  • Rodriguez-Pinilla S M, Rodriguez-Gil Y, Moreno-Bueno G, et al. Sporadic invasive breast carcinomas with medullary features display a basal-like phenotype: an immunohistochemical and gene amplification study. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 501–8
  • Pinilla S M, Honrado E, Hardisson D, et al. Caveolin-1 expression is associated with a basal-like phenotype in sporadic and hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 99: 85–90
  • Livasy C A, Karaca G, Nanda R, et al. Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2006; 19: 264–71
  • Kim M J, Ro J Y, Ahn S H, et al. Clinicopathologic significance of the basal-like subtype of breast cancer: a comparison with hormone receptor and Her2/neu-overexpressing phenotypes. Hum Pathol 2006; 37: 1217–26
  • Rodriguez-Pinilla S M, Sarrio D, Honrado E, et al. Prognostic significance of basal-like phenotype and fascin expression in node-negative invasive breast carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 1533–9
  • Collett K, Stefansson I M, Eide J, et al. A basal epithelial phenotype is more frequent in interval breast cancers compared with screen detected tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1108–12
  • Matos I, Dufloth R, Alvarenga M, et al. p63, cytokeratin 5, and P-cadherin: three molecular markers to distinguish basal phenotype in breast carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2005; 447: 688–94
  • Li H, Cherukuri P, Li N, et al. Nestin is expressed in the basal/myoepithelial layer of the mammary gland and is a selective marker of basal epithelial breast tumors. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 501–10
  • Tang P, Wang J, Bourne P. Molecular classifications of breast carcinoma with similar terminology and different definitions: are they the same?. Hum Pathol 2008; 39: 506–13
  • Olivotto I A, Truong P T, Speers C H, et al. Time to stop progesterone receptor testing in breast cancer management. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1769–70
  • Eichhorn J H. Medullary carcinoma, provocative now as then. Semin Diagn Pathol 2004; 21: 65–73
  • Mullan P B, Millikan R C. Molecular subtyping of breast cancer: opportunities for new therapeutic approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007; 64: 3219–32
  • van de Vijver M J, He Y D, van't Veer L J, et al. A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1999–2009
  • West M, Blanchette C, Dressman H, et al. Predicting the clinical status of human breast cancer by using gene expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 11462–7
  • Chang H Y, Nuyten D S, Sneddon J B, et al. Robustness, scalability, and integration of a wound-response gene expression signature in predicting breast cancer survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 3738–43
  • Jones C, Nonni A V, Fulford L, et al. CGH analysis of ductal carcinoma of the breast with basaloid/myoepithelial cell differentiation. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 422–7
  • Seewaldt V L, Scott V. Images in clinical medicine. Rapid progression of basal-type breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: e12
  • Luck A A, Evans A J, James J J, et al. Breast carcinoma with basal phenotype: mammographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 346–51
  • Reis-Filho J S, Milanezi F, Steele D, et al. Metaplastic breast carcinomas are basal-like tumours. Histopathology 2006; 49: 10–21
  • Bertucci F, Finetti P, Cervera N, et al. Gene expression profiling shows medullary breast cancer is a subgroup of basal breast cancers. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 4636–44
  • Fulford L G, Easton D F, Reis-Filho J S, et al. Specific morphological features predictive for the basal phenotype in grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Histopathology 2006; 49: 22–34
  • Tsuda H, Takarabe T, Hasegawa F, et al. Large, central acellular zones indicating myoepithelial tumor differentiation in high-grade invasive ductal carcinomas as markers of predisposition to lung and brain metastases. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24: 197–202
  • Kusinska R, Potemski P, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, et al. Immunohistochemical identification of basal-type cytokeratins in invasive ductal breast carcinoma—relation with grade, stage, estrogen receptor and HER2. Pol J Pathol 2005; 56: 107–10
  • Charafe-Jauffret E, Monville F, Bertucci F, et al. Moesin expression is a marker of basal breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1779–85
  • Savage K, Lambros M B, Robertson D, et al. Caveolin 1 is overexpressed and amplified in a subset of basal-like and metaplastic breast carcinomas: a morphologic, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 90–101
  • Reis-Filho J S, Milanezi F, Paredes J, et al. Novel and classic myoepithelial/stem cell markers in metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2003; 11: 1–8
  • Leibl S, Gogg-Kammerer M, Sommersacher A, et al. Metaplastic breast carcinomas: are they of myoepithelial differentiation?: immunohistochemical profile of the sarcomatoid subtype using novel myoepithelial markers. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29: 347–53
  • Malzahn K, Mitze M, Thoenes M, et al. Biological and prognostic significance of stratified epithelial cytokeratins in infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas. Virchows Arch 1998; 433: 119–29
  • Evans A J, Rakha E A, Pinder S E, et al. Basal phenotype: a powerful prognostic factor in small screen-detected invasive breast cancer with long-term follow-up. J Med Screen 2007; 14: 210–4
  • Patanaphan V, Salazar O M, Risco R. Breast cancer: metastatic patterns and their prognosis. South Med J 1988; 81: 1109–12
  • Luck A A, Evans A J, Green A R, et al. The influence of basal phenotype on the metastatic pattern of breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2008; 20: 40–45
  • Hicks D G, Short S M, Prescott N L, et al. Breast cancers with brain metastases are more likely to be estrogen receptor negative, express the basal cytokeratin CK5/6, and overexpress HER2 or EGFR. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1097–104
  • Langerod A, Zhao H, Borgan O, et al. TP53 mutation status and gene expression profiles are powerful prognostic markers of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9: R30
  • Rakha E A, El-Sayed M E, Powe D G, et al. Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: Response to hormonal therapy and outcomes. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 73–83
  • Laakso M, Tanner M, Nilsson J, et al. Basoluminal carcinoma: a new biologically and prognostically distinct entity between basal and luminal breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 4185–91
  • Smith I, Procter M, Gelber R D, et al. 2-year follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 29–36
  • Guarneri V, Broglio K, Kau S W, et al. Prognostic value of pathologic complete response after primary chemotherapy in relation to hormone receptor status and other factors. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 1037–44
  • Urruticoechea A, Smith I E, Dowsett M. Proliferation marker Ki-67 in early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7212–20
  • Simon R, Panussis S, Maurer R, et al. KIT (CD117)-positive breast cancers are infrequent and lack KIT gene mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 178–83
  • Tommiska J, Bartkova J, Heinonen M, et al. The DNA damage signalling kinase ATM is aberrantly reduced or lost in BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient and ER/PR/ERBB2-triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27: 2501–6
  • Umemura S, Yoshida S, Ohta Y, et al. Increased phosphorylation of Akt in triple-negative breast cancers. Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1889–92
  • Mendelsohn J. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor for cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1–13S
  • Mendelsohn J, Baselga J. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting in cancer. Semin Oncol 2006; 33: 369–85
  • Finn R S, Dering J, Ginther C, et al. Dasatinib, an orally active small molecule inhibitor of both the src and abl kinases, selectively inhibits growth of basal-type/“triple-negative” breast cancer cell lines growing in vitro. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 105: 319–26
  • Huang F, Reeves K, Han X, et al. Identification of candidate molecular markers predicting sensitivity in solid tumors to dasatinib: rationale for patient selection. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 2226–38
  • Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord C J, et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature 2005; 434: 917–21
  • Bhattacharyya A, Ear U S, Koller B H, et al. The breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 is required for subnuclear assembly of Rad51 and survival following treatment with the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 23899–903
  • Kennedy R D, Quinn J E, Mullan P B, et al. The role of BRCA1 in the cellular response to chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1659–68
  • Turner N, Tutt A, Ashworth A. Targeting the DNA repair defect of BRCA tumours. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 5: 388–93
  • De Soto J A, Deng C X. PARP-1 inhibitors: are they the long-sought genetically specific drugs for BRCA1/2-associated breast cancers?. Int J Med Sci 2006; 3: 117–23
  • Rahman M, Davis S R, Pumphrey J G, et al. TRAIL induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells with a mesenchymal phenotype. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; Feb 12, (Epub ahead of print)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.