References
- Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1980 . Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
- Ames , C. and Ames , R. 1981 . Competitive versus individualistic goal structures: The salience of past performance information for causal attribution and affect. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 411 – 418 .
- Andrews , D. A. and Bonta , J. 1998 . The psychology of criminal conduct , 2 , Cincinatti, OH : Anderson .
- Arbuckle , J. L. and Wothke , W. 1999 . Amos 4.0 User's Guide , Chicago : SPSS .
- Aronson , E. 1999 . The social animal , New York : W.H. Freeman .
- Atkinson , J. W. 1964 . An introduction to motivation , Princeton, NJ : Van Nostrand .
- Bandura , A. 1997 . Self‐efficacy. The exercise of control , New York : W.H. Freeman .
- Berndt , T. J. and Keefe , K. 1996 . “ Friends' influence on school adjustment: A motivational analysis. ” . In Social motivation. Understanding children's school adjustment , Edited by: Juvonen , J and Wentzel , K. R . 248 – 278 . Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
- Berndt , T. J. , Miller , K. A. and Park , K. 1989 . Adolescents' perceptions of friends' and parents' influence on aspects of school adjustment. . Journal of Early Adolescents , 9 : 419 – 435 .
- Birch , S. H. and Ladd , G. W. 1996 . “ Interpersonal relationships in school environment and children's early school adjustment: The role of teachers and peers. ” . In Social motivation. Understanding children's school adjustment , Edited by: Juvonen , J. and Wenzel , K. R. 199 – 247 . Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press .
- Birkemo , A. 2000 . “ Kan ungdomsskolen forbedres? [Can the secondary school be improved?; in Norwegian]. ” . In Tre års kjedsomhet , Edited by: Grepperud , G . Oslo, , Norway : Gyldendal Akademisk . [Three years of boredom]
- Bru , E. , Murberg , T. A. and Stephens , P. 2001 . Social support, negative life events and pupil misbehaviour among young Norwegian adolescents. . Journal of Adolescence , 24 : 715 – 727 .
- Cennamo , K. and Braunlich , E. 1996 . The effects of meaningfulness of schoolwork on mental effort Paper presented at the National Convention of Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Indianapolis, IN
- Chazan , M. , Laing , A. F. and Davies , D. 1994 . Emotional and behavioural difficulties in middle childhood: Identification, assessment and intervention in school , London : Falmer .
- Chrispeels , J. H. 1992 . Purposeful restructuring. Creating a culture for learning and achievement in elementary schools , London : Falmer .
- Coie , J. and Koeppl , G. K. 1990 . “ Adapting intervention to the problem of aggressive and disruptive rejected children. ” . In Peer rejection in childhood , Edited by: Asher , S. R and Coie , J. D . 309 – 337 . Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
- Cook , T. D. , Anson , A. R. and Walhli , S. B. 1993 . “ From causal description to causal explanation: Improving three already good evaluations of adolescent health program. ” . In Promoting the health of adolescents , Edited by: Millstein , S. G , Petersen , A. C and Nightingale , E. O . 339 – 374 . New York : Oxford University Press .
- Cooper , P. and McIntyre , D. 1993 . Commonality in teacherś and pupilś perceptions of effective classroom learning. . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 63 (3) : 381 – 399 .
- Corno , L. and Mandinach , E. B. 1983 . The role of cognitive engagement in classroom learning and motivation. . Educational Psychologist , 18 (2) : 88 – 108 .
- Covington , M. V. 1984 . The self‐worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. . The Elementary School Journal , 85 : 5 – 20 .
- Dumont , M. and Provost , M. A. 1999 . Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self‐esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 28 : 343 – 363 .
- Eccles , J. S. 1983 . “ Expectancies, values, and academic behaviour. ” . In Achievement and achievement motives: Psychological approaches , Edited by: Spence , J. T . San Francisco : Freeman .
- Eccles , J. S. and Midgley , C. 1990 . “ Changes in academic motivation and self‐perceptions during early adolescence. ” . In Advances in adolescent development: From childhood to adolescence , Edited by: Montemayor , R , Adams , G. R and Gullotta , T. P . Vol. 2 , 139 – 186 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Eccles , J. S. and Roeser , R. W. 1999 . “ School and community influences on human development. ” . In Developmental psychology : An advanced textbook , 4 , Edited by: Bornstein , M. H and L. M. E . 503 – 554 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Eccles , J. S. , Wigfield , A. and Schiefele , U. 1998 . “ Motivation to succeed. ” . In Handbook of child psychology , Edited by: Damon , W and Eisenberg , N . Vol. 3 , 1017 – 1096 . New York : John Wiley .
- Farrington , D. P. 1996 . Understanding and preventing youth crime , York, , England : Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
- Festinger , L. 1957 . A theory of cognitive dissonance , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
- Ficková , E. 1998 . Interaction of self‐concept and coping strategies in adolescents. . Studia Psychologica , 40 : 297 – 302 .
- Firestone , W. and Rosenblum , S. 1988 . The alienation and commitment of students and teachers in urban high schools , Washington, DC : Rutgers University and Office of Educational Research and Improvement .
- Furman , W. and Gavin , L. A. 1989 . “ Peers' influence and adjustment and development: A view from the intervention literature. ” . In Peer relationships in child development , Edited by: Berndt , T. J and Ladd , G. W . 319 – 340 . New York : Wiley .
- Goodlad , J. I. 1984 . A place called school: Prospects for the future , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
- Grepperud , G. 2000 . “Skolen tar fantasien fra deg”. Ungdommer om ungdomsskolen. [“The school removes your fantasy”. Adolescents speak about the secondary school; in Norwegian]. ” . In Tre års kjedsomhet , Edited by: Grepperud , G . 10 – 28 . Oslo, , Norway : Gyldendal Akademiske . [Three years of boredom]
- Harter , S. 1982 . The perceived competence scale for children. . Child Development , 53 : 87 – 97 .
- Hirschi , T. 1969 . Causes of delinquency , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
- Hu , L. T. and Bentler , P. M. 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 (1) : 1 – 55 .
- Hughes , M. 1997 . Lessons are for learning , Stafford, , England : Network Educational Press .
- Jöreskog , K. 1993 . “ Testing structural equation models. ” . In Testing structural equation models , Edited by: Bollen , K. A and Long , J. S . 294 – 316 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Jöreskog , K. and Sörbom , D. 1996a . PRELIS2: User's reference guide , Chicago : Scientific Software International .
- Jöreskog , K. and Sörbom , D. 1996b . PRELIS: A preprocessor of LISREL , Mooresville, IN : Scientific Software International .
- Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Lewin , K. 1935 . A dynamic theory of personality , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
- McCombs , B. L. 1994 . “ Strategies for assessing and enhancing motivation: Keys to promoting self‐regulated learning and performance. ” . In Motivation. Theory and research , Edited by: O'Neil , J. H. F and Drillings , M . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Mize , J. and Ladd , G. W. 1990 . “ Toward the development of social skills training for preschool children. ” . In Peer rejection in childhood , Edited by: Asher , S. R and Coie , J. D . 338 – 361 . Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
- Mortimore , P. , Sammons , P. , Stoll , L. , Lewis , D. and Ecob , R. 1988 . School matters: The junior years , Wells, , England : Open Books .
- Nordahl , T. and Sørlie , M. 1998 . Problematferd i skolen. Hovedfunn, forklaringer og pedagogiske implikasjoner , Oslo, , Norway : Nova . [Problematic behaviour in schools. Main findings, explanations, and implication for educational practice; in Norwegian]
- Norusis , M. J. 2000 . Guide to data analysis , Chicago : Prentice Hall .
- Ogden , T. 1998 . Elevatferd og læringsmiljø. Læreres erfaringer med og syn på elevatferd og læringsmiljø i grunnskolen , Oslo, , Norway : Kirke‐, utdannings‐ og forskningsdepartementet . [Pupil behaviour and the learning environment. Teachers' experiences of and opinions about pupil behaviour and the learning environment in primary and secondary schools; in Norwegian]
- Parker , J. G. and Asher , S. R. 1987 . Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low‐accepted children “at risk”? . Psychological Bulletin , 102 : 357 – 389 .
- Putallaz , M. and Sheppard , B. H. 1990 . Social status and children‚s orientations to limited resources. . Child Development , 61 : 2022 – 2027 .
- Rasbash , J. , Browne , W. , Goldstein , H. , Yang , M. , Plewis , I. Healy , M. 2000 . A user‚s guide to MLwiN, version 2.1 , London : University of London .
- Rosenberg , M. 1968 . “ Psychological selectivity in self‐esteem. ” . In The self in social interaction , Edited by: Gordon , C and Gergen , K. J . New York : Wiley .
- Norway , Statistics . 1994 . Standard classification of municipalities 1994 , Oslo, , Norway : Statistics Norway .
- Stevenson , R. B. 1990 . Engagement and cognitive challenge in thoughtful social studies classes: A study of student perspectives. . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 4 : 329 – 341 .
- Thuen , E. and Bru , E. 2000 . Learning environment, meaningfulness of schoolwork and on‐task‐orientation among Norwegian 9th grade students. . School Psychology International , 21 : 393 – 413 .
- Weiner , B. 1992 . “ Human motivation: Metaphors, theories and research. ” . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
- Wenzel , K. R. 1989 . Adolescent classroom goals, standards for performance and academic achievement: An interactionist perspective. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 131 – 142 .
- Wenzel , K. R. 1991 . Relations between social competence and academic achievement in early adolescence. . Child Development , 62 : 1066 – 1078 .
- Willis , P. 1978 . Learning to labour: How working‐class kids get working‐class jobs , Farnborough, Hampshire, , England : Saxon House .
- Winkley , L. 1996 . Emotional problems in children and young people , London : Cassell .