1,348
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Positive Affect and Negative Affect as Modulators of Cognition and Motivation: The rediscovery of affect in achievement goal theory

Pages 153-170 | Published online: 01 Apr 2008

References

  • Ames , C. 1984 . Achievement attribution and self‐instruction under competitive and individualistic goal structures. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 478 – 487 .
  • Atkinson , J. W. 1957 . Motivational determinants of risk‐ tasking behaviour. . Psychological Review , 64 : 359 – 372 .
  • Barron , K. E. , Finney , S. J. , Davis , S. J. and Owen , K. 2003 . Achievement goal pursuit: Are different goals activated and more beneficial in different types of academic situations? Paper presented at the 2003 meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL, April 21–25
  • Bechara , A. , Damasio , A. R. , Damasio , H. and Anderson , S. W. 1994 . Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. . Cognition , 50 : 7 – 15 .
  • Caccioppo , J. T. and Berntson , G. G. 1994 . Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 401 – 423 .
  • Caccioppo , J. T. , Gardner , W. L. and Bentson , G. G. 1999 . The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 839 – 855 .
  • Carter , S. and Smith Pasqualini , M. C. 2004 . Stronger autonomic response accompanies better learning: A test of Damasiòs somatic marker hypothesis. . Cognition and Emotion , 18 : 901 – 911 .
  • Carver , C. S. 2001 . Affect and the functional bases of behaviour: On the dimensional structure of affective experience. . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 5 : 345 – 356 .
  • Carver , C. S. 2003 . Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. . Cognition and Emotion , 17 : 241 – 261 .
  • Carver , C. S. and White , T. L. 1994 . behavioural inhibition, behavioural activation and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 319 – 333 .
  • Caspi , A. and Moffit , T. 1993 . When do individual differences matter? A paradoxical theory of personality coherence. . Psychological Inquiry , 4 : 247 – 271 .
  • Clark , L. A. and Watson , D. 1999 . “ Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology. ” . In Handbook of personality: Theory and research , Edited by: Pervin , L. A and John , O. P . New York : Guilford .
  • Costa , P. T. and McCrae , R. 1980 . Influence of extraversion and neuroticism in subjective well‐being: Happy and unhappy people. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 : 668 – 78 .
  • Damasio , A. R. 1994 . Descartes error , New York : Grosset/Putnam .
  • Damasio , A. R. 1999 . The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness , New York : Harcourt .
  • Davidson , R. J. 1998 . Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives form affective neuroscience. . Cognition & Emotion , 12 : 307 – 330 .
  • Depue , R. A. and Collins , P. F. 1999 . Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation and extraversion. . behavioural and Brain Sciences , 22 : 491 – 517 .
  • Diener , C. I. and Dweck , C. S. 1978 . An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy and achievement cognitions following failure. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 451 – 462 .
  • Dweck , C. S. 1986 . Motivational processes affecting learning. . American Psychologist , 41 : 1040 – 1048 .
  • Dweck , C. S. and Leggett , E. L. 1988 . A social‐cognitive approach to motivation and personality. . Psychological Review , 95 (2) : 256 – 273 .
  • Elliot , A. J. 1997 . “ Integrating the “classic” and the “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: A hierarchal model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement Edited by: Maehr , M. L and Pintrich , P. R . (Volume 10)(pp. 143–180) Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
  • Elliot , A. J. 1999 . Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. . Educational Psychologist , 34 : 169 – 189 .
  • Elliot , A. J. 2005 . “ A conceptual history of the achievement goal construct. ” . In Handbook of competence and motivation , Edited by: Elliot , A. J and Dweck , C. S . New York : Guilford .
  • Elliot , A. J. and Church , M. A. 1997 . A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 (1) : 218 – 232 .
  • Elliot , A. J. and Harackiewicz , J. M. 1996 . Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. . Journal of Personality and Socia Psychology , 70 (3) : 461 – 475 .
  • Elliot , A. J. and McGregor , H. A. 2001 . A 2×2 achievement goal framework. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 (3) : 501 – 519 .
  • Elliot , A. J. and Thrash , T. M. 2001 . Achievement goals and the hierarchical model of achievement motivation. . Educational Psychology Review , 13 (2) : 139 – 156 .
  • Elliot , A. J. and Thrash , T. M. 2002 . Approach‐avoidance motivation in personality: Approach‐avoidance temperaments and goals. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 : 804 – 818 .
  • Elliott , E. S. and Dweck , C. S. 1988 . Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 5 – 12 .
  • Emmons , R. A. 1989 . “ The personal striving approach to personality. ” . In Goal concept in personality and social psychology , Edited by: Pervin , L. A . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Eysenck , H. J. and Eysenck , M. W. 1985 . Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach , New York : Plenum .
  • Fodor , J. 1975 . The language of thought , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
  • Forgas , J. 2000 . “ Affect and information processing strategies. ” . In Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition , Edited by: Forgas , J. P . Paris : Cambridge University Press .
  • Gable , S. L. , Reis , H. T. and Elliot , A. T. 2003 . Evidence for bivariate systems: An empirical test of appetition and aversion across domains. . Journal of Research in Personality , 37 : 49 – 372 .
  • Gardner , H. 1987 . The minds new science: A History of the cognitive revolution , New York : Basic Books .
  • Gjesme , T. 1981 . Is there any future in achievement motivation? . Motivation and Emotion , 2 : 115 – 138 .
  • Gjesme , T. 1996 . “ Future‐time orientation and motivation. ” . In Advances in motivation Edited by: Gjesme , T and Nygård , R .
  • Gomez , R. , Cooper , A. , McOrmond , R. and Tatlow , S. 2004 . Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory: Comparing the separable and joint subsystems. Hypotheses in the predictions of leasant and unpleasant emotional information processing. . Personality and Individual Differences , 37 : 289 – 305 .
  • Gray , J. A. 1971 . The psychology of fear and stress , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Gray , J. A. 1987 . Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary. . Journal of Research in Personality , 21 : 493 – 509 .
  • Gray , J. A. 1990 . Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. . Cognition and Emotion , 4 : 269 – 288 .
  • Gray , J. A. 1991 . “ The neuropsychology of temperament. ” . In Explorations in temperament. International perspectives on theory and measurement , Edited by: Strelau , J and Angleitner , A . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Gray , J. R. 2001 . Emotional modulation of cognitive control: Approach‐withdrawal states double–dissociates spatial from verbal two‐back task performance. . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 130 : 436 – 452 .
  • Halvari , H. and Kj⊘rmo , O. 1999 . A structural model of achievement motives, performance approach and avoidance goals, and performance among Norwegian Olympic athletes. . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 89 : 997 – 1022 .
  • Hamer , D. 1997 . The search for personality genes: Adventures of a molecular biologist. . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 6 : 111 – 114 .
  • Heckhausen , H. 1986 . “ Why some time out might benefit achievement motivation research. ” . In Achievement and ask motivation , Edited by: van den Berken , J. H. L , De Bruyn , E. E. J and Bergen , T. C. M . 7 – 39 . Lisse, The Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger .
  • Kaplan , A. , Middelton , M. J. , Urdan , T. and Midgley , C. 2002 . “ Achievement goals and goal structures. ” . In Goals, goal structures and patterns of adaptive learning , Edited by: Midgley , C . New York : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Kuhl , J. 2001 . “ A functional approach to motivation: The role of goal‐enactment and self‐regulation in current research on approach and avoidance. ” . In Trends and prospects in motivation research , Edited by: Efklides , A , Kuhl , J and Sorrentino , R . Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1998 . Fifty years of the research and theory of R.S. Lazarus. An analysis of historical and perennial issues , London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Lazarus , R. S. and McCleary , R. A. 1951 . Autonomic discrimination without awareness: A study of subception. . Psychological Review , 58 : 113 – 122 .
  • LeDoux , J. 1986 . “ The neurobiology of emotion. ” . In Mind and brain: Dialogues in cognitive neuroscience Edited by: LeDoux , J and Hirst , W .
  • LeDoux , J. 1994 . Emotion, memory and the brain. . Scientific American , 270 (6) : 32 – 39 .
  • LeDoux , J. 1996 . The emotional brain. The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life , New York : Simon & Schuster .
  • LeDoux , J. 1998 . Fear and the brain: Where have we been, and where are we going. . Biological Psychiatry , 44 : 1229 – 1238 .
  • Linnenbrink , E. A. and Pintrich , P. R. 2000 . “ Multiple pathways to learning and achievement: The role of goal orientation in fostering adaptive motivation, affect, and cognition. ” . In Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The search for optimal motivation and performance Edited by: Sansone , C and Harackiewicz , J. M .
  • Linnenbrink , E. A. and Pintrich , P. R. 2002 . Achievement goal theory and affect: An asymmetrical bidirectional model. . Educational Psychologist , 12 : 69 – 78 .
  • Linnenbrink , E. A. and Pintrich , P. R. 2004 . “ Role of affect in cognitive processing in academic contexts. ” . In Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative perspectives on intellectual function and development , Edited by: Yun Dai , D and Sternberg , R. J . New York : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Loewenstein , G. F. , Weber , E. U. , Hsee , C. K. and Welch , N. 2001 . Risk as feelings. . Psychological Bulletin , 127 (2) : 267 – 286 .
  • Lykken , D. T. and Tellegen , A. 1996 . Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. . Psychological Science , 7 : 186 – 189 .
  • Maehr , M. L. 1984 . “ Meaning and motivation: Toward a theory of personal investment. ” . In Research on motivation in education. Student motivation Edited by: Ames , R and Ames , C . (Volume 1).
  • Maehr , M. L. and Midgley , C. 1991 . Enhancing student motivation: A schoolwide approach. . Educational Psychologist , 26 : 399 – 427 .
  • Maehr , M. L. and Nicholls , J. 1980 . “ Culture and achievement motivation. A second look. ” . In Studies in cross‐cultural psychology , Edited by: Warren , N . London : Academic Press . (Vol. 2)
  • McClelland , D. C. 1987 . Human motivation , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • McClelland , D. C. , Atkinson , J. W. , Clark , R. A. and Lowell , E. L. 1953 . The achievement motive , New York : Appelton, Century, Crofts .
  • McCrea , R. R. and Costa , Jr, P. T. 1987 . Validation of five‐factor model of personality across instruments and observers. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 81 – 90 .
  • McDougall , W. 1932 . The energies of men , London : Methuen .
  • Middelton , M. J. and Midgley , C. 1997 . Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An under explored aspect of goal theory. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 (4) : 710 – 718 .
  • Neisser , U. 1967 . Cognitive psychology , New York : Appleton, Century, Crofts .
  • Nicholls , J. G. 1989 . The competitive ethos and democratic education , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Nicholls , J. G. , Patashnick , M. and Nolen , S. 1985 . Adolescents' theories of education. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 : 683 – 692 .
  • Nolan , S. 1988 . Reasons for studying. Motivational orientation and study strategies. . Cognition and Instruction , 5 : 269 – 287 .
  • Nuttin , J. 1984 . Motivation, planning and action. A relational theory of behaviour dynamics , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Nygård , R. 1975 . A reconsideration of the achievement motivation theory. . European Journal of Social Psychology , 5 : 61 – 92 .
  • Pekrun , R. , Goetz , T. , Titz , W. and Perry , R. P. 2002 . Academic emotions in studentś self‐regulated learning and achievement: A program of qualitative and quantitative research. . Educational Psychologist , 26 : 199 – 205 .
  • Pervin , L. A. , Cervone , D. and John , O. P. 2005 . Personality: Theory and research (9th ed).
  • Pintrich , P. R. 2000 . “ The role of goal orientation in self‐regulated learning. ” . In Handbook of self‐regulation , Edited by: Boekaerts , M , Pintrich , P. R and Zeidner , M . San Diego : Academic Press .
  • Rothbart , M. K. , Ahadi , S. A. and Evans , D. E. 2000 . Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 (1) : 122 – 135 .
  • Rothbart , M. K. and Hwang , J. 2005 . “ Temperament and the development of competence and motivation. ” . In Handbook of competence and motivation , Edited by: Elliot , A. J and Dweck , C. S . New York : Guilford .
  • Ryan , R. M. , Sheldon , K. M. , Kasser , T. and Deci , E. L. 1996 . “ All goals are not created equal: An organismic perspective on the nature of goals and their regulation. ” . In The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behaviour , Edited by: Gollwitzer , P. M and Bargh , J. A . 7 – 26 . New York : Guilford .
  • Schachter , S. and Singer , J. E. 1962 . Cognitive, social and psychological determinates of emotional states. . Psychological Review , 69 (5) : 379 – 399 .
  • Schneirla , T. 1959 . “ An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. ” . In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , Edited by: Jones , M . 27 – 58 . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
  • Schultheiss , O. C. and Brunstein , J. C. 2005 . “ An implicit motive perspective on competence. ” . In Handbook of competence and motivation , Edited by: Elliot , A. J and Dweck , C. S . New York : Guilford .
  • Seligman , M. E. P. 1975 . Helplessness on development, depression & death , New York : Freeman and Company .
  • Seo , M. , Feldman Barrett , L. and Bartunek , J. M. 2004 . The role of affective experience in work motivation. . Academy of Management Review , 29 : 423 – 439 .
  • Skaalvik , E. M. 1997 . Self‐enhancing and self‐defeating ego‐orientation: Relation with task and avoidance orientation, achievement, self‐perception, and anxiety. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 (1) : 71 – 81 .
  • Slovic , P. , Finucane , M. L. , Peters , P. and MacGregor , D. G. 2004 . Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk and rationality. . Risk Analysis , 24 (2) : 311 – 322 .
  • Sorrentino , R. M. , Walker , A. M. , Hodson , G. and Roney , C. J. R. 2001 . “ A theory of uncertainty orientation. The interplay of motivation, cognition, and affect. ” . In Trends and prospects in motivation research , Edited by: Efklides , A , Kuhl , J and Sorrentino , R . Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Taylor , S. E. 1991 . Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization minimization hypothesis. . Psychological Bulletin , 110 : 67 – 85 .
  • Tellegen , A. , Lykken , D. T. , Bouchard , T. J. , Wilcox , K. J. , Segal , N. L. and Rich , S. 1988 . Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 1031 – 1039 .
  • Thrash , T. and Elliot , A. J. 2001 . “ Delimiting and integrating achievement motive and goal constructs. ” . In Trends and prospects in motivation research , Edited by: Efklides , A , Kuhl , J and Sorrentino , R . Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Thomassen , T. O. , Halvari , H. and Gjesme , T. 2001 . “ Experimentally induced effects of goal distance in time on the relations between achievement motives, future time orientation and indication of performance in sport. ” . In Trends and prospects in motivation research , Edited by: Efklides , A , Kuhl , J and Sorrentino , R . Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Watson , D. and Clark , A. L. 1993 . “ behavioural disinhibition versus constraint: A dispositional perspective. ” . In Handbook of mental control , Edited by: Wagner , D. M and Pennebaker , J. W . New York : Prentice Hall .
  • Watson , D. , Clark , A. and Tellegen , A. 1988 . “ Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. ” . In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070
  • Watson , D. and Tellegen , A. 1985 . Toward a consensual structure of mood. . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 219 – 235 .
  • Watson , D. and Walker , L. M. 1996 . The long‐term temporal stability and predictive validity of trait measure of affect. . Journal of Personality and Social psychology , 70 : 567 – 577 .
  • Winter , D. G. , John , O. P. , Stewart , A. J. , Klohnen , E. C. and Duncan , L. E. 1998 . Traits and motives: Towards an integration of two traditions in personality research. . Psychological Review , 105 : 230 – 250 .
  • Zajonc , R. 1980 . Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. . American Psychologist , 35 : 151 – 175 .
  • Zajonc , R. 2000 . “ Feeling and thinking: Closing the debate over the independence of affect. ” . In Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition , Edited by: Forgas , J. P . Paris : Cambridge University Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.