475
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle

, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 317-338 | Received 17 Apr 2023, Accepted 27 Feb 2024, Published online: 21 Mar 2024

REFERENCES

  • Ahmadjian V. 1967. A guide to the algae occurring as lichen symbionts: isolation, culture, cultural physiology, and identification. Phycologia 6: 127–160.
  • Ahmadjian V. 1988. The lichen alga Trebouxia, does it occur free-living? Plant Systematics and Evolution 158: 243–247.
  • Ahmadjian V. 1993. The lichen symbiosis. New York, John Wiley and Sons. 250 pp.
  • Ahmadjian V. 2001. Trebouxia: reflections on a perplexing and controversial lichen photobiont. In: Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Model Systems (Ed. by Seckbach J.), pp 373–383. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Andreyeva V.M. 2004. Terrestrial nonmotile green algae (Chlorophyta) of Vorkuta tundra (Komi Republic). Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 37: 3–8.
  • Andreyeva V.M. 2005. Nonmotile green algae (Chlorophyta) from soils of the right-bank of the river Ortina (estuary of the River Pechora). Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 41: 3–7.
  • Andreyeva V.M. 2009. Nonmotile unicellular and colonial green algae (Chlorophyta) in soils of polar deserts. Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 43: 7–15.
  • Andreyeva V.M. & Chaplygina O. 2006. Terrestrial nonmotile green microalgae (Chlorophyta) in area of industrial pollution of Vorkuta (Komi Republic). Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 40: 13–18.
  • Andreyeva V.M. & Chaplygina O. 2007. Terrestrial nonmotile green microalgae (Chlorophyta) of the Polar Urals. Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 41: 15–18.
  • Araújo R., Sousa-Pinto I., Bárbara I. & Quintino V. 2006. Macroalgal communities of intertidal rock pools in the northwest coast of Portugal. Acta Oecologica 30: 192–202.
  • Archibald P.A. 1975. Trebouxia de Pulmaly (Chlorophyceae, Chlorococcales) and Pseudotrebouxia gen. nov. (Chlorophyceae, Chlorosarcinales). Phycologia 14: 125–137.
  • Armaleo D., Müller O., Lutzoni F., Andrésson Ó.S., Blanc G., Bode H.B., Collart F.R., Dal Grande F., Dietrich F., Grigoriev I.V., et al. 2019. The lichen symbiosis re-viewed through the genomes of Cladonia grayi and its algal partner Asterochloris glomerata. BMC Genomics 20: 605.
  • Armstrong R.A. 1987. Dispersal in a population of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Environmental and Experimental Botany 27: 357–363.
  • Bakieva G.R., Khaibullina L.S., Gaisina L.A. & Kabirov R.R. 2012. Ecological-floristic analysis of soil algae and cyanobacteria on the Tra-Tau and Yurak-Tau mounts, Bashkiria. Eurasian Soil Science 45: 873–881.
  • Bakker M.E., De Jong Y.S.D.M. & Lokhorst G.M. 1997. The flagellar apparatus ultrastructure in Leptosira erumpens (Deason & Bold) Lukesová and its contribution to the understanding of phylogenese relationships within the Microthamniales (Chlorophyta). Archiv für Protistenkunde 148: 17–31.
  • Barberousse H., Lombardo R.J., Tell G. & Couté A. 2006. Factors involved in the colonisation of building façades by algae and cyanobacteria in France. Biofouling 22: 69–77.
  • Beck A. 1999. Photobiont inventory of a lichen community growing on heavy-metal-rich rock. The Lichenologist 31: 501–510.
  • Beck A. 2002. Selektivität der symbionten schwermetalltoleranter flechten. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. 194 pp.
  • Beck A., Bechteler J., Casanova-Katny A. & Dzhilyanova I. 2019. The pioneer lichen Placopsis in maritime Antarctica: genetic diversity of their mycobionts and green algal symbionts, and their correlation with deglaciation time. Symbiosis 79: 1–24.
  • Borchhardt N., Schiefelbein U., Abarca N., Boy J., Mikhailyuk T., Sipman H.J.M. & Karsten U. 2017. Diversity of algae and lichens in biological soil crusts of Ardley and King George islands, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 29: 229–237.
  • Broady P.A. 1984. Taxonomic and ecological investigations of algae on steam-warmed soil on Mt Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica. Phycologia 23: 257–271.
  • Broady P.A. 1989. The distribution of Prasiola calophylla (Carmich.) Menegh. (Chlorophyta) in Antarctic freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Antarctic Science 1: 109–118.
  • Brooks F., Rindi F., Suto S., Ohtani S. & Green M. 2015. The Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta): an unusual algal order and its novel plant pathogen, Cephaleuros. Plant Disease 99: 740–753.
  • Bubrick P., Galun M. & Frebsdorff A. 1984. Observation on free-living Trebouxia de Puymaly and Pseudotrebouxia Archibald, and evidence that both symbionts from Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. can be found free-living in nature. New Phytologist 97: 455–462.
  • Büdel B., Darienko T., Deutschewitz K., Dojani S., Friedl T., Mohr K.I., Salisch M., Reisser W. & Weber B. 2009. Southern african biological soil crusts are ubiquitous and highly diverse in drylands, being restricted by rainfall frequency. Microbial Ecology 57: 229–247.
  • Cameron R.E. 1960. Communities of soil algae occurring in the Sonoran din Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 1: 85–88.
  • del Campo E.M., del Hoyo A., Royo C., Casano L.M., Álvarez R. & Barreno E. 2010. A single primer pair gives a specific ortholog amplicon in a wide range of Cyanobacteria and plastid-bearing organisms: applicability in inventory of reference material from collections and phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 1323–1328.
  • Carson J. & Brown R. 1976. The correlation of soil algae, airborne algae, and fern spores with meteorological conditions on the island of Hawaii. Pacific Science 30: 197–205.
  • Cavacini P. 2001. Soil algae from northern Victoria Land (Antarctica). Polar Bioscience 14: 45–60.
  • Černajová I., Schiefelbein U. & Škaloud P. 2022. Lichens from the littoral zone host diverse Ulvophycean photobionts. Journal of Phycology 58: 267–280.
  • Chodat R. 1913. Monographie d’algues en culture pure. Matériaux por la Flore Cryptogamique Suisse [Beiträge zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz] 4: 1–226.
  • Chu W.L., Tneh S.Y. & Ambu S. 2013. A survey of airborne algae and cyanobacteria within the indoor environment of an office building in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Grana 52: 207–220.
  • Czerwik J. & Mrozinska T. 2000. Some aerophytic algae in the „Mokry Bór” reserve. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Botanica 15: 245–255.
  • Dal Grande F., Beck A., Cornejo C., Singh G., Cheenacharoen S., Nelsen M.P. & Scheidegger C. 2014. Molecular phylogeny and symbiotic selectivity of the green algal genus Dictyochloropsis s. l. (Trebouxiophyceae): a polyphyletic and widespread group forming photobiont-mediated guilds in the lichen family Lobariaceae. New Phytologist 202: 455–470.
  • Darienko T. 2008. SAG 2050 Halofilum ramosum. Department Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (EPSAG), University of Göttingen. Image under Creative Commons License CC BY-SA 4.0: http://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=2050; searched on 16 April 2023
  • Darienko T. 2016a. SAG 23.92 Paulbroadya prostrata. Department Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (EPSAG), University of Göttingen. Image under Creative Commons License CC BY-SA 4.0: http://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=23.92; searched on 16 April 2023
  • Darienko T. 2016b. SAG 2038 Lithotrichon pulchrum. Department Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (EPSAG), University of Göttingen. Image under Creative Commons License CC BY-SA 4.0: http://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=2038; searched on 16 April 2023
  • Darienko T. 2017. SAG 42.85 Cephaleuros virescens. Department Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (EPSAG), University of Göttingen. Image under Creative Commons License CC BY-SA 4.0: http://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=42.85; searched on 16 April 2023
  • Darienko T. & Hoffmann L. 2010. Subaerial algae and cyanobacteria from the archaeological remains of Carthage (Tunisia), including the record of a species of Cyanidium (Rhodophyta). Algological Studies 135: 41–60.
  • Darienko T. & Pröschold T. 2017. Toward a monograph of non-marine Ulvophyceae using an integrative approach (Molecular phylogeny and systematics of terrestrial Ulvophyceae II.). Phytotaxa 324: 1–41.
  • Darienko T. & Pröschold T. 2019. The genus Jaagichlorella Reisigl (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) and its close relatives: an evolutionary puzzle. Phytotaxa 388: 47–68.
  • Darienko T., Gustavs L., Mudimu O., Menendez C.R., Schumann R., Karsten U., Friedl T. & Pröschold T. 2010. Chloroidium, a common terrestrial coccoid green alga previously assigned to Chlorella (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). European Journal of Phycology 45: 79–95.
  • Darienko T., Gustavs L., Eggert A., Wolf W. & Pröschold T. 2015. Evaluating the species boundaries of green microalgae (Coccomyxa, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) using integrative taxonomy and DNA barcoding with further implications for the species identification in environmental samples. PLoS ONE 10: 1–31.
  • Darienko T., Gustavs L. & Pröschold T. 2016. Species concept and nomenclatural changes within the genera Elliptochloris and Pseudochlorella (Trebouxiophyceae) based on an integrative approach. Journal of Phycology 52: 1125–1145.
  • Darienko T., Lukešová A. & Pröschold T. 2018. The polyphasic approach revealed new species of Chloroidium (Trebouxiophyceae, chlorophyta). Phytotaxa 372: 51–66.
  • Del Cortona A., Jackson C.J., Bucchini F., Van Bel M., D’hondt S., Škaloud P., Delwiche C.F., Knoll A.H., Raven J.A., Verbruggen H., et al. 2020. Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117: 2551–2559.
  • Dirborne C.M. & Ramanujam P. 2017. Diversity and ecology of soil algae in broadleaf sacred grove and pine forest in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. Nelumbo 59: 195.
  • Durrell L.W. 1964. Algae in tropical soils. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 83: 79–85.
  • Elshobary M.E., Osman M.E.H., Abushady A.M. & Piercey-Normore M.D. 2015. Comparison of lichen-forming cyanobacterial and green algal photobionts with free-living algae. Cryptogamie, Algologie 36: 81–100.
  • Elster J., Lukešová A., Svoboda J., Kopecky J. & Kanda H. 1999. Diversity and abundance of soil algae in the polar desert, Sverdrup Pass, central Ellesmere Island. Polar Record 35: 231–254.
  • Ettl H. & Gärtner G. 2013. Syllabus der Boden-, Luft-, und Flechtenalgen, 2nd Ed. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. 773 pp.
  • Farrar J.F. 1976. The lichen as an ecosystem: observation and experiment. In: Lichenology: progress and problems (Ed. by Brown D.H., Hawksworth D.L., Bailey R.H.), pp 385–406. London: Academic Press.
  • Fathi A. & Zaki F. 2003. Preliminary survey of edaphic algae in El-Minia region, Nile valley, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Phycology 4: 131–148.
  • Flechtner V.R., Johansen J.R. & Clark W.H. 1998. Algal composition of microbiotic crusts from the Central Desert of Raja California, Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 58: 295–311.
  • Flechtner V.R., Johansen J.R. & Belnap J. 2008. The biological soil crusts of the San Nicolas Island: Enigmatic algae from a geographically isolated ecosystem. Western North American Naturalist 68: 405–436.
  • Freystein K., Salisch M. & Reisser W. 2008. Algal biofilms on tree bark to monitor airborne pollutants. Biologia 63: 866–872.
  • Friedl T. 1995. Inferring taxonomic positions and testing genus level assignments in coccoid green lichen algae, a phylogenetic analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA sequences from Dictyochloropsis reticulata and from members of the genus Myrmecia (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae. Journal of Phycology 31: 632–639.
  • Friedl T. 1996. Evolution of the polyphyletic genus Pleurastrum (Chlorophyta): Inferences from nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA sequences and motile cell ultrastructure. Phycologia 35: 456–469.
  • Friedmann I., Lipkin Y. & Ocampo-Paus R. 1967. Desert algae of the Negev (Israel). Phycologia 6: 185–200.
  • Fučíková K., Lewis P.O. & Lewis L.A. 2014. Putting incertae sedis taxa in their place: a proposal for ten new families and three new genera in Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 50: 14–25.
  • Fučíková K., Lewis P.O., Neupane S., Karol K.G. & Lewis L.A. 2019. Order, please! Uncertainty in the ordinal level classification of Chlorophyceae. PeerJ 7: 2–22.
  • Fuentes J.L., Huss V.A.R., Montero Z., Torronteras R., Cuaresma M., Garbayo I. & Vílchez C. 2016. Phylogenetic characterization and morphological and physiological aspects of a novel acidotolerant and halotolerant microalga Coccomyxa onubensis sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Journal of Applied Phycology 28: 3269–3279.
  • Gallardo T., Pérez-Ruzafa I.M., Flores-Moya A. & Conde F. 1999. New collections of benthic marine algae from Livingston and Deception Islands (South Shetland Islands) and Trinity Island (Bransfield Strait) Antarctica. Botanica Marina 42: 61–69.
  • Garraza G.G., Mataloni G., Fermani P. & Vinocur A. 2011. Ecology of algal communities of different soil types from Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology 34: 339–351.
  • Garrido-Benavent I., Pérez-Ortega S. & de los Ríos, A. 2017. From Alaska to Antarctica: Species boundaries and genetic diversity of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae), a foliose chlorophyte associated with the bipolar lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107: 117–131.
  • Garrido-Benavent I., de los Ríos A., Fernández-Mendoza F. & Pérez-Ortega S. 2018. No need for stepping stones: Direct, joint dispersal of the lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata (Ascomycota) and its photobiont explains their bipolar distribution. Journal of Biogeography 45: 213–224.
  • Gärtner G. 1985. Die Gattung Trebouxia Puymaly (Chlorellales, Chlorophyceae). Algological Studies Supp. Vol. 41: 495–548.
  • Gärtner G. & Ernet D. 1993. Über ein Massenvorkommen der Grünalge Coccomyxa confluens (Kütz.) Fott (Ordnung Chlorellales, Fam. Radiococcaceae) in Wutschdorf bei St. Ulrich am Waasen, Steiermark (Österreich). Mitt. Abt. Botanik Landesmuseum Joanneum Graz 21/22: 33–40.
  • Gärtner G. & Stoyneva M.P. 2003. First study of aerophytic cryptogams on monuments in Bulgaria. Berichte-Naturwissenschaftlich Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 90: 73–82.
  • Gasulla F., Guéra A., de los Riós A. & Pérez-Ortega S. 2019. Differential responses to salt concentrations of lichen photobiont strains isolated from lichens occurring in different littoral zones. Plant and Fungal Systematics 64: 149–162.
  • Genitsaris S., Moustaka-Gouni M. & Kormas K.A. 2011. Airborne microeukaryote colonists in experimental water containers, diversity, succession, life histories and established food webs. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 62: 139–152.
  • Getsen M.V., Stenina A.S. & Patova E.N. 1994. Algoflora Bolshezemelskyj tundry v usloviyakh antropogennogo vozdeystviy. Ekaterinburg. 150 pp.
  • Glaser K., Baumann K., Leinweber P., Mikhailyuk T. & Karsten U. 2018. Algal richness in BSCs in forests under different management intensity with some implications for P cycling. Biogeosciences 15: 4181–4192.
  • Grondin A.E. & Johansen J.R. 1993. Microbial spatial heterogenity in microbiotic crusts in Colorado National Monument I. Algae. The Great Basin Naturalist 53: 24–30.
  • Grube M., Cardinale M., De Castro J.V., Müller H. & Berg G. 2009. Species-specific structural and functional diversity of bacterial communities in lichen symbioses. ISME Journal 3: 1105–1115.
  • Guiry M.D. & Guiry G.M. 2022. AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway: https://www.algaebase.org; accessed on 10 November 2022.
  • Gulbrandsen Ø.S., Andresen I.J., Krabberød A.K., Bråte J. & Shalchian-Tabrizi K. 2021. Phylogenomic analysis restructures the Ulvophyceae. Journal of Phycology 57: 1223–1233.
  • Gupta R.K. 2008. Bark algae of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah. Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India 50: 119–128.
  • Hallmann C., Stannek L., Fritzlar D., Hause-Reitner D., Friedl T. & Hoppert M. 2013. Molecular diversity of phototrophic biofilms on building stone. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 84: 355–372.
  • Hallmann C., Hoppert M., Mudimu O. & Friedl T. 2016. Biodiversity of green algae covering artificial hard substrate surfaces in a suburban environment: a case study using molecular approaches. Journal of Phycology 52: 732–744.
  • Hametner C., Stocker-Wörgötter E. & Grube M. 2014. New insights into diversity and selectivity of trentepohlialean lichen photobionts from the extratropics. Symbiosis 63: 31–40.
  • Handa S., Nakahara M., Tsubota H., Deguchi H. & Nakano T. 2003. A new aerial alga, Stichococcus ampulliformis sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) from Japan. Phycological Research 53: 203–210.
  • Hanic L.A. 2005. Taxonomy, gamete morphology and mating types of Urospora (Ulotrichales, Chlorophyta) in North America. Phycologia 44: 183–193.
  • Harmata K. & Olech M. 1991. Transect for aerobiological studies from Antarctica to Poland. Grana 30: 458–463.
  • Hayden H.S. & Waaland J.R. 2002. Phylogenetic systematics of the Ulvaceae (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) using chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Journal of Phycology 38: 1200–1212.
  • Heesch S., Sutherland J.E. & Nelson W.A. 2012. Marine Prasiolales (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) from New Zealand and the Balleny Islands, with descriptions of Prasiola novaezelandiae sp. nov. and Rosenvingiella australis sp. nov. Phycologia 51: 217–227.
  • Hirooka S., Higuchi S., Uzuka A., Nozaki H. & Miyagishima S.Y. 2014. Acidophilic green alga Pseudochlorella sp. YKT1 accumulates high amount of lipid droplets under a nitrogen-depleted condition at a low-pH. PLoS ONE 9: 3–9.
  • Hodač L., Hallmann C., Spitzer K., Elster J., Faßhauer F., Brinkmann N., Lepka D., Diwan V. & Friedl T. 2016. Widespread green algae Chlorella and Stichococcus exhibit polar-temperate and tropical-temperate biogeography. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92: fiw122.
  • Hodkinson B.P., Moncada B. & Lücking R. 2014. Lepidostromatales, a new order of lichenized fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes), with two new genera, Ertzia and Sulzbacheromyces, and one new species, Lepidostroma winklerianum. Fungal Diversity 64: 165–179.
  • Hofbauer W.K. 2007 Aerophytische Organismen an Bauteiloberflächen. Thesis, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck. 436 pp.
  • Hofbauer W.K. & Gärtner G. 2021. Microbial Life on Facades. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum, 323 pp.
  • Hoffmann L. & Darienko T. 2005. Algal biodiversity on sandstone in Luxembourg. Ferrantia 44: 99–100.
  • Hoffmann L., Ector L. & Kostikov I. 2007. Algal flora from limed and unlimed forest soils in the Ardenne (Belgium). Systematics and Geography of Plants 77: 15–90.
  • Honegger R. 1998. The lichen symbiosis - What is so spectacular about it? Lichenologist 30: 193–212.
  • Honegger R. 2000. Simon Schwendener (1829–1919) and the Dual Hypothesis of Lichens. The Bryologist 103: 307–313.
  • Hruby T. & Norton T.A. 1979. Algal colonization on rocky shores in the Firth of Clyde. Journal of Ecology 67: 65–77.
  • Huss V.A.R., Frank C., Hartmann E.C., Hirmer M., Kloboucek A., Seidel B.M., Wenzeler P. & Kessler E. 1999. Biochemical taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of the genus Chlorella sensu lato (Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 35: 587–598.
  • Ilchibaeva K.V., Kunsbaeva D.F., Allaguvatova R.Z., Fazlutdinova A.A., Polokhin O.V., Sibirina L.A., Gontcharov A.A., Singh P. & Gaysina L.A. 2018. Preliminary data about algae and cyanobacteria of volcanic soils on Kuril Islands. Theoretical and Applied Ecology 4: 119–126.
  • Irisarri I., Darienko T., Pröschold T., Fürst-Jansen J.M.R., Jamy M. & De Vries J. 2021. Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 288: 20212168.
  • Ismail A., Mokhtar N.A., Pardi F., Ikhsan N.A.K., Mahddin H., Radzun K.A. & Farinordin F.A. 2019. Diversity and species composition of epiphytic terrestrial algae exposed to sulphur dioxide emissions released from power plant station. In: 21st PATTAYA International Conference on Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences (Ed. by Maeda K., Bulsara H.K.P., Yingthawornsuk T.), pp 60–64. Pattaya.
  • Jiang S.H., Hawksworth D.L., Lücking R. & Wei J.C. 2020. A new genus and species of foliicolous lichen in a new family of Strigulales (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes) reveals remarkable class-level homoplasy. IMA Fungus 11: 1.
  • Johansen J.R., Ashley J. & Rayburn W.R. 1993. Effects of range fire on soil algal crusts in semiarid shrub-steppe of the Lower Columbia Basin and their subsequent recovery. The Great Basin Naturalist 53: 73–88.
  • Johansen J.R., Lowe R.L., Carty S., Fučíková K., Olsen C.E., Fitzpatrick M.H., Ress J.A. & Furey P.C. 2007. New algal species records for Great Smoky Mountains National Park, with an annotated checklist of all reported algal taxa for the park. Southeastern Naturalist 6: 99–134.
  • Kaasalainen U., Tuovinen V., Mwachala G., Pellikka P. & Rikkinen J. 2021. Complex interaction networks among cyanolichens of a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Frontiers in Microbiology 12: 672333.
  • Kalina T. & Punčochářová M. 1987. Taxonomy of the subfamily Scotiellocystoideae Fott 1976 (Chlorellaceae, Chlorophyceae). Algological Studies 45: 473–521.
  • Kharkongor D. & Ramanujam P. 2014. Diversity and species composition of subaerial algal communities in forested areas of Meghalaya, India. International Journal of Biodiversity 2014: 456202.
  • Khaybullina L.S., Gaysina L.A., Johansen J.R. & Krautová M. 2010. Examination of the terrestrial algae of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Fottea 10: 201–215.
  • Klochkova T.A., Klochkova N.G. & Kim G.H. 2017. Molecular phylogeny of the marine Prasiola and Rosenvingiella species (Chlorophyta, Prasiolales) from southeastern Kamchatka. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 43: 34–41.
  • Kohlmeyer J. & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B. 1998. Mycophycias, a new genus for the mycobionts of Apophlaea, Ascophyllum and Pelvetia. Systema Ascomycetum 16: 1–7.
  • Kosecka M., Jabłońska A., Flakus A., Rodriguez-Flakus P., Kukwa M. & Guzow-Krzemińska B. 2020. Trentepohlialean algae (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) show preference to selected mycobiont lineages in lichen symbioses. Journal of Phycology 56: 979–993.
  • Kosecka M., Guzow-Krzemińska B., Černajová I., Škaloud P., Jabłońska A. & Kukwa M. 2021. New lineages of photobionts in Bolivian lichens expand our knowledge on habitat preferences and distribution of Asterochloris algae. Scientific Reports 11: 8701.
  • Kováčik L. & Pereira A.B. 2001. Green alga Prasiola crispa and its lichenized form Mastodia tesselata in Antarctic environment: General aspects. Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte 123: 465–478.
  • Kroken S. & Taylor J.W. 2000. Phylogenetic species, reproductive mode and specificity of the green alga Trebouxia forming lichens with the fungal genus Letharia. The Bryologist 103: 645–660.
  • Kulichová J., Škaloud P. & Neustupa J. 2014. Molecular diversity of green corticolous microalgae from two sub-Mediterranean European localities. European Journal of Phycology 49: 345–355.
  • Kwon D.R., Nam H.J., Jo B.Y. & Nam S.W. 2022. New records of two ulvophycean freshwater species, Lithotrichon pulchrum (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) and Tupiella speciosa ( Ulotrichales, Ulvophyceae). Journal of Species Research 11: 79–88.
  • Leebens-Mack J.H., Barker M.S., Carpenter E.J., Deyholos M.K., Gitzendanner, M.A., Graham S.W., Grosse I., Li Z., Melkonian M., Mirarab S. et al. 2019. One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative. One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants. Nature 574: 679–685.
  • Leliaert F., Smith D.R., Moreau H., Herron M.D., Verbruggen H., Delwiche C.F. & De Clerck O. 2012. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31: 1–46.
  • Lemieux C., Otis C. & Turmel M. 2014. Chloroplast phylogenomic analysis resolves deep-level relationships within the green algal class Trebouxiophyceae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 211.
  • Lemieux C., Vincent A.T., Labarre A., Otis C. & Turmel M. 2015. Chloroplast phylogenomic analysis of chlorophyte green algae identifies a novel lineage sister to the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: 264.
  • Li S., Tan H., Liu B., Zhu H. & Hu Z. 2021. Watanabeales ord. nov. and twelve novel species of Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 57: 1167–1186.
  • Lindgren H., Moncada B., Lücking R., Magain N., Simon A., Goffinet B., Sérusiaux E., Nelsen M.P., Mercado-Díaz J.A., Widhelm T.J., et al. 2020. Cophylogenetic patterns in algal symbionts correlate with repeated symbiont switches during diversification and geographic expansion of lichen-forming fungi in the genus Sticta (Ascomycota, Peltigeraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 150: 106860.
  • Liu B., Wang Q., Li S., Fang J., Liu G. & Hu Z. 2019. Taxonomic transfer of Gongrosira fluminensis Fritsch (Chaetophorales, chlorophyceae) to Lithotrichon Darienko et Pröschold (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) based on morphological observation and phylogenetic analyses. Fottea 19: 25–32.
  • Lorenz M. 2016. SAG 16.97 Coccobotrys verrucariae. Department Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (EPSAG), University of Göttingen. Image under Creative Commons License CC BY-SA 4.0: http://sagdb.uni-goettingen.de/detailedList.php?str_number=16.97; searched on 16 April 2023
  • Lukešová A. 2001. Soil algae in brown coal and lignite post-mining areas in Central Europe (Czech Republic and Germany). Restoration Ecology 9: 341–350.
  • Lukešová A. & Hoffmann L. 1996. Soil algae from acid rain impacted forest areas of the Krušné hory Mts. 1. Algal communities. Vegetatio 125: 123–136.
  • Lukešová A. & Komárek J. 1987. Succession of soil algae on dumps from strip coal-mining in the Most region (Czechoslovakia). Folia Geobotanica and Phytotaxonomica 22: 355–362.
  • Macentee F.J. 1970. A preliminary investigation of the soil algae of northeastern Pennsylvania. Soil Science 110: 313–317.
  • Macentee F.J., Schreckenberg G. & Bold H.C. 1972. Some observations on the distribution of edaphic algae. Soil Science 114: 171–179.
  • Malavasi V. & Škaloud P. 2022. A taxonomic note on the genus Rindifilum Malavasi, Klimešová, Lukešová & Škaloud (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae). Notulae Algarum 245.
  • Malavasi V., Škaloud P., Rindi F., Tempesta S., Paoletti M. & Pasqualetti M. 2016. DNA-based taxonomy in ecologically versatile microalgae: A re-evaluation of the species concept within the coccoid green algal genus Coccomyxa (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). PLoS ONE 11: e0151137.
  • Malavasi V., Soru S. & Cao G. 2020. Extremophile microalgae: the potential for biotechnological application. Journal of Phycology 56: 559–573.
  • Malavasi V., Klimešová M., Lukešová A. & Škaloud P. 2022. Rindifilum ramosum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new freshwater genus within the Ulvales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta). Cryptogamie, Algologie 43: 125–133.
  • Maltsev Y. & Maltseva I. 2018. The influence of forest-forming tree species on diversity and spatial distribution of algae in forest litter. Folia Oecologica 45: 72–91.
  • Masumoto H. 2020. Taxonomic studies on lichenized basidiomycetes and their photobionts in Japan: towards the establishment of a model co-culture system of lichen symbiosis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Tsukuba. 158 pp.
  • Mataloni G., Tell G. & Wynn-Williams D.D. 2000. Structure and diversity of soil algal communities from Cierva Point (Antarctic Peninsula). Polar Biology 23: 205–211.
  • Metz S., Singer D., Domaizon I., Unrein F. & Lara E. 2019. Global distribution of Trebouxiophyceae diversity explored by high-throughput sequencing and phylogenetic approaches. Environmental Microbiology 21: 3885–3895.
  • Míguez F., Schiefelbein U., Karsten U., García-Plazaola J.I. & Gustavs L. 2017. Unraveling the photoprotective response of lichenized and free-living green algae (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) to photochilling stress. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 1144.
  • Mikhailyuk T.I. 2008. Terrestrial lithophilic algae in a granite canyon of the Teteriv River (Ukraine). Biologia 63: 824–830.
  • Mikhailyuk T.I. 2013. Terrestrial algae from the granite outcrops of river valleys of the Ukraine. International Journal on Algae 15: 311–330.
  • Mikhailyuk T.I., Demchenko E.M. & Kondratyuk S.Y. 2003. Algae of granite outcrops from the left bank of the river Pivdennyi Bug (Ukraine). Biologia 58: 589–601.
  • Mikhailyuk T.I., Sluiman H.J., Massalski A., Mudimu O., Demchenko E.M., Kondratyuk S.Y. & Friedl T. 2008. New streptophyte green algae from terrestrial habitats and an assessment of the genus Interfilum (Klebsormidiophyceae, Streptophyta). Journal of Phycology 44: 1586–1603.
  • Mikhailyuk T.I., Vinogradova O., Glaser K., Demchenko E. & Karsten U. 2018a. Diversity of terrestrial algae of Cape Kazantip (the Sea of Azov, Ukraine) and some remarks on their phylogeny and ecology. Algologia 20: 313–338.
  • Mikhailyuk T.I., Lukešová A., Glaser K., Holzinger A., Obwegeser S., Nyporko S., Friedl T. & Karsten U. 2018b. New taxa of streptophyte algae (Streptophyta) from terrestrial habitats revealed using an integrative approach. Protist 169: 406–431.
  • Mikhailyuk T.I., Holzinger A., Tsarenko P., Glaser K., Demchenko E. & Karsten U. 2020. Dictyosphaerium-like morphotype in terrestrial algae: what is Xerochlorella (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)? Journal of Phycology 56: 671–686.
  • Moestrup Ø. 1978. On the phylogenetic validity of the flagellar apparatus in green algae and other chlorophyll a and b containing plants. Biosystems 10: 117–144.
  • Moore E.J. & Korf R.P. 1963. The genus Pyronema. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 90: 33–42.
  • Morillas L., Roales J., Cruz C. & Munzi S. 2022. Lichen as multipartner symbiotic relationships. Encyclopedia 2: 1421–1431.
  • Moya P., Molins A., Martinez-Alberola F., Muggia L. & Barreno E. 2017. Unexpected associated microalgal diversity in the lichen Ramalina farinacea is uncovered by pyrosequencing analyses. PLoS ONE 12: e0175091.
  • Moya P., Chiva S., Molins A., Jadrná I., Škaloud P., Peksa O. & Barreno E. 2018. Myrmecia israeliensis as the primary symbiotic microalga in squamulose lichens growing in European and Canary Island terricolous communities. Fottea 18: 72–85.
  • Moya P., Molins A., Chiva S., Bastida J. & Barreno E. 2020. Symbiotic microalgal diversity within lichenicolous lichens and crustose hosts on Iberian Peninsula gypsum biocrusts. Scientific Reports 10: 14060.
  • Muggia L., Baloch E., Stabentheiner E., Grube M. & Wedin M. 2011. Photobiont association and genetic diversity of the optionally lichenized fungus Schizoxylon albescens. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75: 255–272.
  • Muggia L., Vančurová L., Škaloud P., Peksa O., Wedin M. & Grube M. 2013. The symbiotic playground of lichen thalli - a highly flexible photobiont association in rock-inhabiting lichens. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 85: 313–323.
  • Muggia L., Leavitt S. & Barreno E. 2018. The hidden diversity of lichenised Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta). Phycologia 57: 503–524.
  • Muggia L., Nelsen M.P., Kirika P.M., Barreno E., Beck A., Lindgren H., Lumbsch H.T. & Leavitt S.D. 2020. Formally described species woefully underrepresent phylogenetic diversity in the common lichen photobiont genus Trebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): An impetus for developing an integrated taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 149: 106821.
  • Mukhtar A., Garty J. & Galun M. 1994. Does the lichen alga Trebouxia occur free-living in nature: further immunological evidence. Symbiosis 17: 247–253.
  • Munda I.M. 1978. Salinity dependent distribution of benthic algae in estuarine areas of icelandic fjords. Botanica Marina 21: 451–468.
  • Nash T.H. 2008. Lichen Biology, Ed. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 486 pp.
  • Nelsen M.P., Plata E.R., Andrew C.J., Lücking R. & Lumbsch H.T. 2011. Phylogenetic diversity of trentepohlialean algae associated with lichen-forming fungi. Journal of Phycology 47: 282–290.
  • Neustupa J. 2001. Soil algae from marlstone-based biotopes in the Nature park Džbán (Central Bohemia, Czech Republic) with special attention to the natural treeless localities. Algological Studies 101: 109–120.
  • Neustupa J 2015. Division Chlorophyta. In Frey W. ( series Ed.), Syllabus of Plant Families: 2/1 Photoautotrophic Eukaryotic Algae. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp 191–247.
  • Neustupa J. & Albrechtová J. 2003. Aerial algae on spruce needles in the Krušné Hory Mts., Czech Republic. Czech Phycology 3: 161–167.
  • Neustupa J. & Škaloud P. 2005. Contribution to the knowledge of soil algae of two abandoned industrial sedimentation basins in eastern Bohemia. In Kovář P. (Ed.), Natural recovery of human-made deposits in landscape. Prague: Academia, 194–199.
  • Neustupa J. & Škaloud P. 2010. Diversity of subaerial algae and cyanobacteria growing on bark and wood in the lowland tropical forests of Singapore. Plant Ecology and Evolution 143: 51–62.
  • Neustupa J. & Štifterová A. 2013. Distribution patterns of subaerial corticolous microalgae in two European regions. Plant Ecology and Evolution 146: 279–289.
  • Neustupa J., Nováková S., Šejnohová L., Škaloud P. & Řezáčová M. 2002. Algae from aquatic, peat bog, and aerial biotopes in the catchment area of the River Křemelná in Šumava National Park. Czech Phycology 2: 47–60.
  • North B.A. & Davis J.S. 1988. Airborne algae from north-central Florida. Florida Scientist 51: 92–99.
  • Novakovskaya I.V. & Patova E.N. 2013. Algae of mountain tundra soils in the north end Polar Urals. Byulleten’ Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody 118: 57–66.
  • Novakovskaya I.V., Patova E.N. & Shabalina Y.N. 2012. Soil algae of mountain tundra communities of Subpolar Urals (National park «Yugydva»). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 97: 305–320.
  • Novakovskaya I.V., Dubrovskiy Y.A., Patova E.N., Novakovskiy A.B. & Sterlyagova I.N. 2020. Influence of ecological factors on soil algae in different types of mountain tundra and sparse forests in the Northern Urals. Phycologia 59: 320–329.
  • Nowicka-Krawczyk P., Zelazna-Wieczorek J., Otlewska A., Koziróg A., Rajkowska K., Piotrowska M., Gutarowska B. & Zydzik-Białek A. 2014. Diversity of an aerial phototrophic coating of historic buildings in the former Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration camp. Science of the Total Environment 493: 116–123.
  • Nyati S., Beck A. & Honegger R. (2007) Fine structure and phylogeny of green algal photobionts in the microfilamentous genus Psoroglaena (Verrucariaceae, lichen-forming ascomycetes). Plant Biology 9: 390–399.
  • Olivieri G., Marzocchella A., Andreozzi R., Pinto G. & Pollio A. 2011. Biodiesel production from Stichococcus strains at laboratory scale. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 86: 776–783.
  • Parrando R.T. & Davis J.S. 1972. Some Airborne Algae from North Central Florida. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 35: 232–238.
  • Patova E.N. & Novakovskaya I.V. 2018. Soil algae of the Northeastern European Russia. Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii 52: 311–353.
  • Peksa O. & Škaloud P. 2008. Changes in chloroplast structure in lichenized algae. Symbiosis 46: 153–160.
  • Peksa O., Gebouská T., Škvorová Z., Vančurová L. & Škaloud P. 2022. The guilds in green algal lichens - An insight into the life of terrestrial symbiotic communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 98: fiac008.
  • Pérez-Ortega S., Miller K.A. & de los Ríos A. 2018. Challenging the lichen concept: Turgidosculum ulvae (Verrucariaceae) represents an independent photobiont shift to a multicellular blade-like alga. Lichenologist 50: 341–356.
  • Peršoh, D., Beck, A. & Rambold, G. 2004. The distribution of ascus types and photobiontal selection in Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) against the background of a revised SSU nrDNA phylogeny. Mycological Progress 3: 103–121.
  • Pickett-Heaps J.D. 1975. Green algae: Structure, reproduction and evolution in selected genera. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
  • Plessl A. 1963. Über die Beziehungen von Haustorientypus und Organisationshöhe bei Flechten. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 110: 194–269.
  • Polderman P.J.G. 1975. The algal communities of the northeastern part of the saltmarsh “De Mok” on Texel (The Netherlands). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 24: 361–378.
  • Popović S., Nikolić N., Jovanović J., Predojević D., Trbojević I., Manić L. & Simić G.S. 2019. Cyanobacterial and algal abundance and biomass in cave biofilms and relation to environmental and biofilm parameters. International Journal of Speleology 48: 49–61.
  • Pröschold T. & Darienko T. 2020. The green puzzle Stichococcus (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): New generic and species concept among this widely distributed genus. Phytotaxa 441: 113–142.
  • Pröschold T., Marin B., Schlösser U.G. & Melkonian M. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta). I. Emendation of Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg and Chloromonas Gobi, and description of Oogamochlamys gen. nov. and Lobochlamys gen. nov. Protist 152: 265–300.
  • Purbani D.C., Putri A.L. & Habibi M. 2020. Epilithic microalgae isolated from biofilm on Borobudur temple stone. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5: 239–246.
  • Rambold G. & Triebel D. 1992. The inter-lecanoralean associations. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 48: 1–210.
  • Rifón-Lastra A. & Noguerol-Seoane Á. 2001. Green algae associated with the granite walls of monuments in Galicia (NW Spain). Cryptogamie, Algologie 22: 305–326.
  • Rikkinen J. 2003. Ecological and evolutionary role of photobiont-mediated guilds in lichens. Symbiosis 34: 99–110.
  • Rindi F. & Guiry M.D. 2003. Composition and distribution of subaerial algal assemblages in Galway City, western Ireland. Cryptogamie, Algologie 24: 245–267.
  • Rindi F. & Guiry M.D. 2004. Composition and spatial variability of terrestrial algal assemblages occurring at the bases of urban walls in Europe. Phycologia 43: 225–235.
  • Rindi F., Menéndez J.L., Guiry M.D. & Rico J.M. 2004. The taxonomy and distribution of Phycopeltis (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) in Europe. Cryptogamie, Algologie 25: 3–17.
  • Rindi F., McIvor L., Sherwood A.R., Friedl T., Guiry M.D. & Sheath R.G. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of the green algal order Prasiolales (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 43: 811–822.
  • Rindi F., Lam D.W. & López-Bautista J.M. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships and species circumscription in Trentepohlia and Printzina (Trentepohliales, Chlorophyta). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 329–339.
  • Rindi F., Mikhailyuk T.I., Sluiman H.J., Friedl T. & López-Bautista J.M. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships in Interfilum and Klebsormidium (Klebsormidiophyceae, Streptophyta). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58: 218–231.
  • Rivasseau C., Farhi E., Atteia A., Couté A., Gromova M., Saint Cyr D.G.G., Boisson A.M., Féret A.S., Compagnon E. & Bligny R. 2013. An extremely radioresistant green eukaryote for radionuclide bio-decontamination in the nuclear industry. Energy and Environmental Science 6: 1230–1239.
  • Rodríguez F., Feist S.W., Guillou L., Harkestad L.S., Bateman K., Renault T. & Mortensen S. 2008. Phylogenetic and morphological characterisation of the green algae infesting blue mussel Mytilus edulis in the North and South Atlantic oceans. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 81: 231–240.
  • Roldán M. & Hernández-Mariné M. 2009. Exploring the secrets of the three-dimensional architecture of phototrophic biofilms in caves. International Journal of Speleology 38: 41–53.
  • Roldán M., Clavero E., Canals T., Gómez-Bolea A., Ariño X. & Hernández-Mariné M. 2004. Distribution of phototrophic biofilms in cavities (Garraf, Spain). Nova Hedwigia 78: 329–351.
  • Ruprecht U., Brunauer G. & Printzen C. 2012. Genetic diversity of photobionts in Antarctic lecideoid lichens from an ecological view point. The Lichenologist 44: 661–678.
  • Samolov E., Baumann K., Büdel B., Jung P., Leinweber P., Mikhailyuk T., Karsten U. & Glaser K. 2020. Biodiversity of algae and cyanobacteria in biological soil crusts collected along a climatic gradient in Chile using an integrative approach. Microorganisms 8: 1047.
  • Sanders W.B. 2001. Preliminary light microscope observations of fungal and algal colonization and lichen thallus initiation on glass slides placed near foliicolous lichen communities within a lowland tropical forest. Symbiosis 31: 85–94.
  • Sanders W.B. 2005. Observing microscopic phases of lichen life cycles on transparent substrata placed in situ. Lichenologist 37: 373–382.
  • Sanders W.B. 2014. Complete life cycle of the lichen fungus Calopadia puiggarii (Pilocarpaceae, Ascomycetes) documented in situ: propagule dispersal, establishment of symbiosis, thallus development, and formation of sexual and asexual reproductive structures. American Journal of Botany 101: 1836–1848.
  • Sanders W.B. & Lücking R. 2002. Reproductive strategies, relichenization and thallus development observed in situ in leaf-dwelling lichen communities. New Phytologist 155: 425–435.
  • Sanders W.B. & Masumoto H. 2021. Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses. The Lichenologist 53: 347–393.
  • Sanders W.B., Moe R.L. & Ascaso C. 2004. The intertidal marine lichen formed by the pyrenomycete fungus Verrucaria tavaresiae (Ascomycotina) and the brown alga Petroderma maculiforme (Phaeophyceae): Thallus organization and symbiont interaction. American Journal of Botany 91: 511–522.
  • Sanders W.B., Pérez-Ortega S., Nelsen M.P., Lücking R. & de los Ríos A. 2016. Heveochlorella (Trebouxiophyceae), a little-known genus of unicellular green algae outside the Trebouxiales emerges unexpectedly as a major clade of lichen photobionts in foliicolous communities. Journal of Phycology 52: 840–853.
  • Schlichting H.H.E. 1975. Some subaerial algae from Ireland. British Phycological Journal 10: 257–261.
  • Schmidle W. 1901. Über drei Algengenera. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 19: 10–24.
  • Schmidtová J. 2022. Let’s meet in the littoral: Diversity of symbiosis in the Verrucariaceae lichens. MSc thesis, Charles University. 69 pp.
  • Schulz K., Mikhailyuk T., Dreßler M., Leinweber P. & Karsten U. 2016. Biological soil crusts from coastal dunes at the Baltic Sea, cyanobacterial and algal biodiversity and related soil properties. Microbial Ecology 71: 178–193.
  • Schwendener S. 1869. Die Algentypen der Flechtengonidien. Basel: Universitaetsbuchdruckerei von C. Schultze. 60 pp.
  • Sciuto K., Baldan B., Marcato S. & Moro I. 2019. Coccomyxa cimbrica sp. nov., a green microalga found in association with carnivorous plants of the genus Drosera L. European Journal of Phycology 54: 531–547.
  • Singh H.W., Wade R.M. & Sherwood A.R. 2018. Diurnal patterns of airborne algae in the Hawaiian Islands: a preliminary study. Aerobiologia 34: 363–373.
  • Škaloud P. 2009. Species composition and diversity of aero-terrestrial algae and cyanobacteria of the Boreč Hill ventaroles. Fottea 9: 65–80.
  • Škaloud P. & Peksa O. 2010. Evolutionary inferences based on ITS rDNA and actin sequences reveal extensive diversity of the common lichen alga Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 36–46.
  • Škaloud P. & Rindi F. 2013. Ecological differentiation of cryptic species within an asexual protist morphospecies: A case study of filamentous green alga Klebsormidium (Streptophyta). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 60: 350–362.
  • Škaloud P., Friedl T. & Neustupa J. 2007. Morphology, molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of green algal genera Aerosphaera and Dictyochloropsis (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). European Journal of Phycology 42: 107–108.
  • Škaloud P., Neustupa J. & Škaloudová M. 2008a. Species composition and diversity of algae on anthropogenic substrata. Novitates Botanicae Universitatis Carolinae 19: 33–37.
  • Škaloud P., Pažoutová M., Veselá J. & Neustupa J. 2008b. Species composition of algae and cyanobacteria in biological soil crusts on natural substrata. Novitates Botanicae Universitatis Carolinae 19: 15–18.
  • Škaloud P., Steinová J., Řídká T., Vančurová L. & Peksa O. 2015. Assembling the challenging puzzle of algal biodiversity: Species delimitation within the genus Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 51: 507–527.
  • Škaloud P., Friedl T., Hallmann C., Beck A. & Dal Grande F. 2016. Taxonomic revision and species delimitation of coccoid green algae currently assigned to the genus Dictyochloropsis (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Journal of phycology 52: 599–617.
  • Škaloud P., Rindi F., Boedeker C. & Leliaert F. 2018. Freshwater Flora of Central Europe, Vol 13, Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae (Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 13, Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 288 pp.
  • Skuja H. 1943. Ein Fall von fakultativer Symbiose zwischen opcrculatem Discomycet und einer Chlamydomonade. Archiv für Protistenkunde 96: 365–376.
  • Smith T.E. & Stephenson S.L. 2010. The aerophytic algae of La Malinche National Park and Cofre de Perote National Park, Mexico. International Journal on Algae 12: 57–63.
  • Sommer V., Karsten U. & Glaser K. 2020. Halophilic algal communities in biological soil crusts isolated from potash tailings pile areas. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8: 46.
  • Spribille T., Tuovinen V., Resl P., Vanderpool D., Wolinski H., Aime M.C., Schneider K., Stabentheiner E., Toome-Heller M., Thor G., et al. 2016. Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science 353: 488–492.
  • Steinhagen S., Karez, R. & Weinberger F. 2019. Cryptic, alien and lost species: molecular diversity of Ulva sensu lato along the German coasts of the North and Baltic Seas. European Journal of Phycology 54: 466–483.
  • Steinhagen S., Düsedau L. & Weinberger F. 2021. DNA barcoding of the German green supralittoral zone indicates the distribution and phenotypic plasticity of Blidingia species and reveals Blidingia cornuta sp. nov. Taxon 70: 229–245.
  • Stewart A., Rioux D., Boyer F., Gielly L., Pompanon F., Saillard A., Thuiller W., Valay J.-G., Maréchal E. & Coissac E. 2021. Altitudinal zonation of green algae biodiversity in the French Alps. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 679428
  • Štifterová A. & Neustupa J. 2015. Community structure of corticolous microalgae within a single forest stand: Evaluating the effects of bark surface pH and tree species. Fottea 15: 113–122.
  • Štifterová A. & Neustupa J. 2017. Small-scale variation of corticolous microalgal covers: Effects of microhabitat, season, and space. Phycological Research 65: 299–311.
  • Stoyneva M.P. & Gärtner G. 2009. Remarkable and newly recorded aeroterrestric cyanoprokaryotes and algae in Bulgaria. In Ivanova D. (Ed.), Plant, fungal and habitat diversity investigation and conservation. Proceedings of IV Balkan Botanical Congress. Sofia: Institute of Botany, Sofia, pp 122–127.
  • Stoyneva M.P., Uzunov B.A. & Gärtner G. 2014. Aerophytic green algae, epimycotic on Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx. Annual of Sofia University 99: 19–25.
  • Sutherland J.E., Miyata M., Ishikawa M. & Nelson W.A. 2016. Prasiola (Prasiolales, Trebouxiophyceae) in Japan: A survey of freshwater populations and new records of marine taxa. Phycological Research 64: 110–117.
  • Suto Y. & Ohtani S. 2009. Morphology and taxonomy of five Cephaleuros species (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Japan, including three new species. Phycologia 48: 213–236.
  • Suutari M., Majaneva M., Fewer D.P., Voirin B., Aiello A., Friedl T., Chiarello A.G. & Blomster J. 2010. Molecular evidence for a diverse green algal community growing in the hair of sloths and a specific association with Trichophilus welckeri (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 86.
  • Takeshita S., Tokizawa M., Handa S. & Okamoto T. 2010. A report of the photobiont isolated from Multiclavula clara (Berk. and Curt.) R. H. Peterson (Clavariaceae, lichenized Basidiomycetes). Hikobia 15: 493–497.
  • Temraleeva A.D., Dronova S.A., Moskalenko S.V., Vagapov I.M. & Ovchinnikov A.Y. 2015. Additions to the algaflora (Chlorophyta) of gray forest soil. Новости Систематики Низших Растений 49: 92–109.
  • Thom R.M. 1984. Composition, habitats, seasonal changes and productivity of macroalgae in Grays Harbor Estuary, Washington. Estuaries 7: 51–60.
  • Thüs H., Muggia L., Pérez-Ortega S., Favero-Longo S.E., Joneson S., O’Brien H., Nelsen M.P., Duque-Thüs R., Grube M., Friedl T., et al. 2011. Revisiting photobiont diversity in the lichen family Verrucariaceae (Ascomycota). European Journal of Phycology 46: 399–415.
  • Tschermak L. 1941. Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und Morphologie der Protococcale Trochiscia granulata. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 90: 67–73.
  • Tschermak-Woess E. 1978. Myrmecia reticulata as a phycobiont and free-living – free-living Trebouxia – the problem of Stenocybe septata. The Lichenologist 10: 69–79.
  • Tschermak-Woess E. 1988. The algal partner. In Galun M (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Lichenology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp 39–92.
  • Tschermak-Woess E. 1989. Developmental studies in trebouxioid algae and taxonomical consequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 164: 161–195.
  • Trémouillax-Guiller J. & Huss V.A.R. 2007. A cryptic intracellular green alga in Ginkgo biloba: ribosomal markers reveal worldwide distribution. Planta 226: 553–557.
  • U’Ren J.M., Lutzoni F., Miadlikowska J., Laetsch A.D. & Elizabeth A.E. 2012. Host and geographic structure of endophytic and endolichenic fungi at a continental scale. American Journal of Botany 99: 898–914.
  • Ueno R., Hanagata N., Urano N. & Suzuki M. 2005. Molecular phylogeny and phenotypic variation in the heterotrophic green algal genus Prototheca (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 41: 1268–1280.
  • Uher B. 2008. Spatial distribution of cyanobacteria and algae from the tombstone in a historic cemetery in Bratislava, Slovakia. Fottea 9: 81–92.
  • Vančurová L. 2012. Photobiont diversity in the lichen genus Stereocaulon (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). MSc thesis, Charles University. 72 pp.
  • Vančurová L., Peksa O., Němcová Y. & Škaloud P. 2015. Vulcanochloris (Trebouxiales, Trebouxiophyceae), a new genus of lichen photobiont from La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. Phytotaxa 219: 118–132.
  • Vančurová L., Muggia L., Peksa O., Řídká T. & Škaloud P. 2018. The complexity of symbiotic interactions influences the ecological amplitude of the host: A case study in Stereocaulon (lichenized Ascomycota). Molecular Ecology 27: 3016–3033.
  • Vančurová L., Malíček J., Steinová J. & Škaloud P. 2021. Choosing the right life partner: Ecological drivers of lichen symbiosis. Frontiers in Microbiology 12: 769304.
  • Vázquez-Nion D., Rodríguez-Castro J., López-Rodríguez M.C., Fernández-Silva I. & Prieto B. 2016. Subaerial biofilms on granitic historic buildings: microbial diversity and development of phototrophic multi-species cultures. Biofouling 32: 657–669.
  • Venter A., Levanets A., Siebert S. & Rajakaruna N. 2015. A preliminary survey of the diversity of soil algae and cyanoprokaryotes on mafic and ultramafic substrates in South Africa. Australian Journal of Botany 63: 341–352.
  • Videv P.V., Gärtner G., Uzunov B.A., Dimitrova P.H. & Stoyneva-Gärtner M.P. 2017. Epimycotic algae on the medicinal fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd. International Journal of Advanced Research in Botany 3: 18–26.
  • Vinogradova O.N. & Mikhailyuk T.I. 2009. Algal flora of the caves and grottoes of the National Nature Park ‘Podilsky Tovtry’ (Ukraine). International Journal on Algae 11: 289–304.
  • Vinogradova O.N., Kovalenko O.V., Levanets A.A., Nevo E. & Wasser S. 2004. Epilithic algal communities of dry rocks of the Negev desert, Israel. Ukrainian Botanical Journal 61: 7–20.
  • Vinogradova O.N., Nevo E. & Wasser S.P. 2009. Algae of the Sefunim Cave (Israel): Species diversity affected by light, humidity and rock stresses. International Journal on Algae 11: 99–116.
  • Vischer W. 1960. Reproduktion und systematische Stellung einiger Rinden- und Bodenalgen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie 22: 330–349.
  • Vishnivetskaya T.A. 2009. Viable cyanobacteria and green algae from the permafrost darkness. In Margesin R. (Ed.), Permafrost soils, Soil Biology 16. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp 73–84.
  • Vojtková H. 2017. Algae and their biodegradation effects on building materials in the Ostrava industrial agglomeration. IOP Conference Series, Earth and Environmental Science 92.
  • Voytsekhovich A., Dymytrova L. & Nadyeina O. 2011. Photobiont composition of some taxa of the genera Micarea and Placynthiella (Lecanoromycetes, lichenized Ascomycota) from Ukraine. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 48: 135–148.
  • van Vuuren S.J., du Preez G., Levanets A. & Maree L. 2019. Epilithic cyanobacteria and algae in two geologically distinct caves in South Africa. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 81: 254–263.
  • Ward M.H. 1884. On the structure, development, and life-history of a tropical epiphyllous lichen (Strigula complanate, Fée, fide, Rev. J. M. Crombie). Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2: 87–119.
  • Wasserbauer R., Rácová Z., Loušová I. & Lecák M. 2014. The occurrence of cyanobacteria and green algae on facades of historical sacral buildings. Advanced Materials Research 1000: 243–246.
  • Watanabe S., Nakano T. & Deguchi H. 1997. Photobionts isolated from maritime lichens. Oceanographic Literature Review 12: 1506.
  • Wylie P.A. & Schlichting H.E. 1973. A floristic survey of corticolous subaerial algae in North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 89: 179–183.
  • Zahradníková M., Andersen H.L., Tønsberg T. & Beck A. 2017. Molecular evidence of Apatococcus, including A. fuscideae sp. nov., as photobiont in the genus Fuscidea. Protist 168: 425–438.
  • Zancan S., Trevisan R. & Paoletti M.G. 2006. Soil algae composition under different agro-ecosystems in North-Eastern Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 112: 1–12.
  • Zavada M.S. & Simoes P. 2001. The possible demi-lichenization of the basidiocarps of Trametes Versicolor (L.: Fries) Pilat (Polyporaceae). Northeastern Naturalist 8: 101–112.
  • Zeitler I. 1954. Untersuchungen über die Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Systematik von Flechtengonidien. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 101: 453–487.
  • Zhang Q., Zheng L., Li T., Liu G. & Song L. 2018. Morphology and phylogeny of three planktonic Radiococcaceae sensu lato species (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae) from China, including the description of a new species Planktosphaeria hubeiensis sp. nov. Fottea 18: 243–255.
  • Zhu H., Hu Z. & Liu G. 2017. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) from China. European Journal of Phycology 52: 330–341.
  • Zhu H., Li S., Hu Z. & Liu G. 2018. Molecular characterization of eukaryotic algal communities in the tropical phyllosphere based on real-time sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene. BMC Plant Biology 18: 365.
  • Zimonina N.M. 1998. Pochvennye vodorosli neftezagryaznennykh zemel [Soil algae of the oil contaminated land]. Kirov, 170 p.