References
- Babones, S. J. 2008. Income inequality and population health: correlation and causality, Social Science & Medicine 66(7): 1614–1626. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.012
- Backlund, E., G. Rowe, J. Lynch, M. C. Wolfson, G. A. Kaplan, and P. D. Sorlie. 2007. Income inequality and mortality: a multilevel prospective study of 521,248 individuals in 50 US states, International Journal of Epidemiology 36(3): 590–596. doi:10.1093/ije/dym012
- Baltagi, B. H., and P. X. Wu. 1999. Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR(1) disturbances, Econometric Theory 15(6): 814–823. doi:10.1017/S0266466699156020
- Beckfield, J. 2004. Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence, Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45(3): 231–248. doi:10.1177/002214650404500301
- Biggs, B., L. King, S. Basu, and D. Stuckler. 2010. Is wealthier always healthier? The impact of national income level, inequality, and poverty on public health in Latin America, Social Science & Medicine 71(2): 266–273. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.002
- Bobak, M., H. Pikhart, R. Rose, C. Hertzman, and M. Marmot. 2000. Socioeconomic factors, material inequalities, and perceived control in self-rated health: cross-sectional data from seven post-communist countries, Social Science & Medicine 51(9): 1343–1350. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00096-4
- Bowles, S., and Y. Park. 2005. Emulation, inequality, and work hours: was Thorsten Veblen right?, The Economic Journal 115(507): F397–F412. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.01042.x
- Collison, D., C. Dey, G. Hannah, and L. Stevenson. 2007. Income inequality and child mortality in wealthy nations, Journal of Public Health 29(2): 114–117. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdm009
- Courtenay, W. H. 2000. Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health, Social Science & Medicine 50(10): 1385–1401. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1
- Davey Smith, G., C. Hart, D. Blane, C. Gillis, and V. Hawthorne. 1997. Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study, British Medical Journal 314 (7080): 547–552. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7080.547
- De Vogli, R., R. Mistry, R. Gnesotto, and G. A. Cornia. 2005. Has the relation between income inequality and life expectancy disappeared? Evidence from Italy and top industrialized countries, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59(2): 158–162. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.020651
- Dorling, D., R. Mitchell, and J. Pearce. 2007. The global impact of income inequality on health by age: an observational study, British Medical Journal 335(7625): 873. doi:10.1136/bmj.39349.507315.DE
- Ferrini, R. L., and E. Barrett-Connor. 1998. Sex hormones and age: a cross-sectional study of testosterone and estradiol and their bioavailable fractions in community-dwelling men, American Journal of Epidemiology 147(8): 750–754. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009519
- Förster, M., and M. Mira d'Ercole. 2005. Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries in the second half of the 1990s, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 22. Paris: OECD Publications.
- Gravelle, H., J. Wildman, and M. Sutton. 2002. Income, income inequality and health: what can we learn from aggregate data?, Social Science & Medicine 54(4): 577–589. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00053-3
- Hales, S., P. Howden-Chapman, C. Salmond, A. Woodward, and J. Mackenbach. 1999. National infant mortality rates in relation to gross national product and distribution of income, Lancet 354(9195): 2047–2047. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03763-0
- Hildebrand, V., and P. Van Kerm. 2005. Income inequality and self-rated health status: evidence from the European Community Household Panel, Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population Research Papers 127, McMaster University.
- Human Mortality Database. (2010). University of California, Berkeley (USA) and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Available http://www.mortality.org/ (accessed: March 2010).
- Iacoviello, M. (2008). Household debt and income inequality, 1963–2003, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 40(5): 929–965. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00142.x
- Idrovo, A. J., M. Ruiz-Rodriguez, and A. P. Manzano-Patino. 2010. Beyond the income inequality hypothesis and human health: a worldwide exploration, Revista de Saude Publica 44(4): 695–702. doi:10.1590/S0034-89102010005000020
- Jen, M. H., K. Jones, and R. Johnston. 2009. Global variations in health: evaluating Wilkinson's income inequality hypothesis using the World Values Survey, Social Science & Medicine 68(4): 643–653. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.11.026
- Jones, R. S. 2007. Income inequality, poverty and social spending in Japan, OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 556. Paris: OECD Publications.
- Judge, K. 1995. Income distribution and life expectancy: a critical appraisal, British Medical Journal 311(7015): 1282–1285. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7015.1282
- Judge, K., J.-A. Mulligan, and M. Benzeval. 1998. Income inequality and population health, Social Science & Medicine 46(4–5): 567–579. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00204-9
- Kaplan, G., E. Pamuk, J. Lynch, and J. Balfour. 1996. Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways, British Medical Journal 312(7037): 999–1003. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7037.999
- Karlsson, M., T. Nilsson, C. H. Lyttkens, and G. Leeson. 2009. Income inequality and health: importance of a cross-country perspective, Social Science & Medicine 70(6): 875–885. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.056
- Kawachi, I., and B. P. Kennedy. 1997. The relationship of income inequality to mortality: does the choice of indicator matter?, Social Science & Medicine 45(7): 1121–1127. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00044-0
- Kawachi, I., and B. P. Kennedy. 1999. Income inequality and health: pathways and mechanisms, Health Services research 34(1 Pt 2): 215–227.
- Kondo, N., G. Sembajwe, I. Kawachi, R. M. van Dam, S. V. Subramanian, and Z. Yamagata. 2009. Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: meta-analysis of multilevel studies, British Medical Journal 339:b4471. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4471
- Kruger, D. J. 2010. Socio-demographic factors intensifying male mating competition exacerbate male mortality rates, Evolutionary Psychology 8(2): 194–204.
- Lundberg, O., M. A. Yngwe, M. K. Stjärne, J. I. Elstad, T. Ferrarini, O. Kangas, T. Norström, J. Palme, J. Fritzell, and NEWS Nordic Expert Group. 2008. The role of welfare state principles and generosity in social policy programmes for public health: an international comparative study, Lancet 372(9650): 1633–1640. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61686-4
- Lynch, J., and G. D. Smith. 2002. Commentary: income inequality and health: the end of the story?, International Journal of Epidemiology 31(3): 549–551. doi:10.1093/ije/31.3.549
- Lynch, J., G. D. Smith, S. Harper, M. Hillemeier, N. Ross, G. A. Kaplan, and M. Wolfson. 2004. Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review, The Milbank Quarterly 82(1): 5–99. doi:10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00302.x
- Lynch, J., G. D. Smith, M. Hillemeier, M. Shaw, T. Raghunathan, and G. Kaplan. 2001. Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations, Lancet 358(9277): 194–200. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05407-1
- Macinko, J. A., L. Shi, B. Starfield, and J. T. Wulu, Jr. 2003. Income inequality and health: a critical review of the literature, Medical Care Research and Review 60(4): 407–452. doi:10.1177/1077558703257169
- Marmot, M. G. 2003. Understanding social inequalities in health, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46(3): S9–S23. doi:10.1353/pbm.2003.0056
- McIsaac, S. J., and R. G. Wilkinson. 1997. Income distribution and cause-specific mortality, European Journal of Public Health 7(1): 45–53. doi:10.1093/eurpub/7.1.45
- Mellor, J. M., and J. Milyo. 2001. Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health, Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law 26(3): 487–522. doi:10.1215/03616878-26-3-487
- Moore, S. 2006. Peripherality, income inequality, and life expectancy: revisiting the income inequality hypothesis, International Journal of Epidemiology 35(3): 623–632. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl026
- OECD.Stat. 2008. Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. Available http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?r=242437 (Accessed: March 2010).
- Pampel, F. C., and C. Zimmer. 1989. Female labour force activity and the sex differential in mortality: comparisons across developed nations, 1950–1980, European Journal of Population/Revue européenne de Démographie 5(3): 281–304. doi:10.1007/BF01796820
- Pickett, K. E., and R. G. Wilkinson. 2007. Child wellbeing and income inequality in rich societies: ecological cross sectional study, British Medical Journal 335(7629): 1080. doi:10.1136/bmj.39377.580162.55
- Raleigh, V., and V. Kiri. 1997. Life expectancy in England: variations and trends by gender, health authority, and level of deprivation, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 51: 649–658. doi:10.1136/jech.51.6.649
- Ram, R. 2006. Further examination of the cross-country association between income inequality and population health, Social Science & Medicine 62(3): 779–791. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.034
- Regidor, E., M. E. Calle, P. Navarro, and V. Dominguez. 2003. Trends in the association between average income, poverty and income inequality and life expectancy in Spain, Social Science and Medicine 56, 961–971. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00107-7
- Rodgers, G. B. 1979. Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: an international cross-section analysis, Population Studies 33(2): 343–351.
- Shkolnikov, V., E. M. Andreev, Z. Zhang, J. Oeppen, and J. W. Vaupel. 2009. Losses of expected lifetime in the US and other developed countries: methods and empirical analyses, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Working Paper. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.
- Shmueli, A. 2004. Population health and income inequality: new evidence from Israeli time-series analysis, International Journal of Epidemiology 33(2): 311–317. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh035
- Solt, Frederick. 2009. Standardizing the world income inequality database, Social Science Quarterly 90:231–242. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00614.x
- Stuckler, D., L. King, and M. McKee. 2009. Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis, Lancet 373(9661): 399–407. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60005-2
- UNU-WIDER World Income Inequality Database, Version 2.0c. 2008. United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research. Available http://www.wider.unu.edu/research/Database/en_GB/database/ (Accessed: March 2010).
- Wagstaff, A., and E. van Doorslaer. 2000. Income inequality and health: what does the literature tell us?, Annual Review of Public Health 21: 543–567. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.543
- Waldmann, R. J. 1992. Income distribution and infant mortality, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(4): 1283–1302. doi:10.2307/2118389
- Wennemo, I. 1993. Infant mortality, public policy and inequality: a comparison of 18 industrialised countries 1950–85, Sociology of Health & Illness 15(4): 429–446. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11372773
- Wilkinson, R. G. 1992. Income distribution and life expectancy, British Medical Journal 304(6820): 165–168. doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6820.165
- Wilkinson, R. G. 1999. Two pathways, but how much do they diverge?, British Medical Journal 319(7215): 956–957.
- Wilkinson, R. G., and K. E. Pickett. 2006. Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence, Social Science & Medicine 62(7): 1768–1784. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.036
- Wilkinson, R. G., and K. E. Pickett. 2009. Income inequality and social dysfunction, Annual Review of Sociology 35(1): 493–511. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115926
- Wilson, M., M. Daly, and N. Pound. 2002. An evolutionary psychological perspective on the modulation of competitive confrontation and risk taking, Hormones, Brain and Behavior 5: 381–408.
- Wolfson, M., G. Kaplan, J. Lynch, N. Ross, E. Backlund, H. Gravelle, and R. G. Wilkinson. 1999. Relation between income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstration • diminishing returns to aggregate level studies • two pathways, but how much do they diverge?, British Medical Journal 319(7215): 953–957. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.953
- Wooldridge, J. 2001. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- World Economic Outlook Database. 2008. International Monetary Fund. Available https://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 (Accessed March 2010).