The claim that China's fertility restrictions contributed to the use of prenatal sex selection: A sceptical reappraisal

References

• Aird, John S. 1978. Fertility decline and birth control in the People's Republic of China, Population and Development Review 4(2): 225–253. doi: 10.2307/1972279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aird, John S. 1990. Slaughter of the Innocents: Coercive Birth Control in China. Washington, DC: The American Enterprise Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aird, John S. 1993. Family planning, human rights, and the population establishment. Population Research Institute. September 1.
   Google Scholar
• Almond, Douglas, Li Hongbin, and Shuang Zhang. 2013. Land reform and sex selection in China, NBER Working paper no. 19153.
   Google Scholar
• Attané, Isabel. 2009. The determinants of discrimination against daughters in China: Evidence from a provincial-level analysis, Population Studies 63(1): 87–102. doi: 10.1080/00324720802535023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attané, Isabel and Christophe Guilmoto (eds). 2007. Watering the Neighbour's Garden. The Growing Female Deficit in Asia. Paris: CICRED.
   Google Scholar
• Banister, Judith. 1987. China's Changing Population. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Banister, Judith. 2004. Shortage of girls in China today, Journal of Population Research 21(1): 19–45. doi: 10.1007/BF03032209
   Google Scholar
• Basten, Stuart and Quangbao Jiang. 2015. Fertility in China: An uncertain future, Population Studies 69(Supplement): S97–S105. doi: 10.1080/00324728.2014.982898
   Google Scholar
• Basten, Stuart and G. Verropoulou. 2013. ‘Maternity migration’ and the increased sex ratio at birth in Hong Kong SAR, Population Studies 67(3): 323–334. doi: 10.1080/00324728.2013.826372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat, P.N. Mari and Francis Zavier. 2003. Fertility decline and gender bias in Northern India, Demography 40(4): 637–657. doi: 10.2307/1515201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, Yong. 2010. Social forces behind China's below replacement fertility: Government policy or socioeconomic development? Population and Development Review 36(3): 419–440. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00341.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, Yong and William Lavely. 2003. China's missing girls: Numerical estimates and effects on population growth, The China Review 3: 13–29.
   Google Scholar
• The China Daily. 2010. Is a Tigress too hard to handle? February 12.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, Junhong. 2001. Prenatal sex determination and sex-selective abortion in rural central China, Population and Development Review 27(2): 259–281. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00259.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, Woojin Chung, and Monica Das Gupta. 2007. The decline of son preference in South Korea: The roles of development and public policy, Population and Development Review 33(4): 757–783. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00196.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coale, Ansley J. and Judith Banister. 1994. Four decades of missing females in China, Demography 31(3): 459–480. doi: 10.2307/2061752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs, C., L. Coombs, and G. McClelland. 1975. Preference scales for number and sex of children, Population Studies 29(2): 273–298. doi: 10.1080/00324728.1975.10410204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das Gupta, Monica and P. N. Mari Bhat. 1997. Fertility decline and increased manifestation of sex bias in India, Population Studies 51(3): 307–315. doi: 10.1080/0032472031000150076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton, Frank T. and Byron G. Spencer. 2014 Exploring the population implications of male preference when the sex probabilities at birth can be altered, Demographic Research 31(25): 757–778. doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenstein, Avraham. 2010. The ‘missing girls’ of China and the unintended consequences of the One Child Policy, Journal of Human Resources 45(1): 87–115. doi: 10.1353/jhr.2010.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenstein, Avraham. 2011. Estimating a dynamic model of sex selection in China, Demography 48(2): 783–811. doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0030-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund, Lena, Li Hongbin, Yi JunJian, and Zhang Junsen. 2013. Sex ratios and crime: Evidence from China, The Review of Eonomics and Statistics 95(5): 1520–1534. doi: 10.1162/REST_a_00356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, Venessa L. 2002. China's one-child policy and the empowerment of urban daughters, American Anthropologist 104(4): 1098–1109. doi: 10.1525/aa.2002.104.4.1098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, Venessa L. 2004. Only Hope: Coming of Age under China's One-Child Policy. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gammeltoft, Tine and Hanh Thi Tuy Nguyen. 2007. The commodification of obstetric ultrasound scanning in Hanoi, Viet Nam, Reproductive Health Matters 15(29): 163–171. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(06)29280-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golley, Jane and Rod Tyers. 2012. China's Gender Imbalance and its Economic Performance. Centre for China in the World. Australian Center on China and the World. Canberra: Australian National University.
   Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 1991. Creating new traditions in modern Chinese populations: Aiming for birth in the Year of the Dragon, Population and Development Review 17(4): 663–686. doi: 10.2307/1973601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 1993. New Zodiacal influences on Chinese family formation: Taiwan, 1976, Demography 30(2): 127–142.
   Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 1995. Vietnam's one or two child policy in action, Population and Development Review 21(1): 85–111. doi: 10.2307/2137414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 1996a. On substituting sex preference strategies in East Asia: Does prenatal sex selection reduce postnatal discrimination, Population and Development Review 22(1): 111–126. doi: 10.2307/2137689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 1996b. Chinese lunar birth timing in Singapore: New concerns for child quality amidst multi-cultural modernity, Journal of Marriage and the Family 58(3): 784–795. doi: 10.2307/353736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 1999. Should prenatal sex selection be restricted? Ethical questions and their implications for research and policy, Population Studies 53(1): 49–61. doi: 10.1080/00324720308069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 2004. China's missing children: The 2000 census underreporting surprise, Population Studies 58(1): 281–295. doi: 10.1080/0032472042000272348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 2011. Child underreporting, fertility, and sex imbalance in China, Demography 48(1): 291–316. doi: 10.1007/s13524-010-0007-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 2012. Review of Susan Greenhalgh's Cultivating Global Citizens: Population in the Rise of China, (2010) Population Studies 66(3): 353–355. doi: 10.1080/00324728.2012.719720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 2013. Zodiacal Birth Timing Cycles in East Asia: An Update. Brownbag presentation at the Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park. Sept. 16.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, Susan. 1986. Shifts in China's population policy, 1984–1986: Views from the central, provincial and local levels, Population and Development Review 12(3): 491–515. doi: 10.2307/1973220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, Susan. 1990. The evolution of the One-Child policy in Shaanxi, 1979–88, The China Quarterly 122(June): 191–229. doi: 10.1017/S0305741000008766
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, Susan. 1993. The peasantization of population policy in Shaanxi, in Deborah Davis and Stevan Harrell (eds.), Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 219–250.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, Susan. 2010. Cultivating Global Citizens: Population in the Rise of China. The Edwin O. Reischauer Lectures 2008. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, Susan. 2013. Patriarchal demographics? China's sex ratio reconsidered. Population and Development Review 38(s1): 130–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00556.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, Susan and Jiali Li. 1995. Engendering reproductive policy and practice in peasant China: For a feminist demography of reproduction, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 20(3): 601–641. doi: 10.1086/495002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, Susan, Chuzhu Zhu, and Nan Li. 1994. Restraining population growth in three rural Chinese villages, 1988–93, Population and Development Review 20(2): 365–395. doi: 10.2307/2137523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Baochang. 2010. A Journey of Eight Years: A Study of China's Fertility Policy. Presented in Session 37: China's One Child Policy after 30 Years— Time for a Change? Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
   Google Scholar
• Gu, Baochang and Wang Feng (eds). 2009. An Experiment of Eight Million People (in Chinese). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gu, Baochang and Krishna Roy. 1995. Sex ratio at birth in China with reference to other areas in East Asia: What we know, Asia-Pacific Population Journal 10(3): 17–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu, Baochang, Wang Feng, Guo Zhigang, and Zhang Erli. 2007. China's local and national fertility policies at the end of the twentieth century, Population and Development Review 33(1): 129–148. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00161.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, Christophe. 2009. The sex ratio transition in Asia, Population and Development Review 35(3): 519–549. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00295.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, Christophe Z., Xuyen Hoang, and Toan Ngo Van. 2009. Recent increase in sex ratio at birth in Vietnam. PLOS One. 4(2): e4624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Zhigang. 2005. An analysis on fertility by regions implementing different policies in China based on the 2000 census data, in Reports of the Research Progress on 2000 Census Data Analysis. Beijing: National Bureau of Statistics of China 2000 Census Office (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Zhen, Monica Das Gupta, and Li Shuzhuo. 2014. Missing girls in China and India: Trends and policy challenges. Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. Boston. May 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Hardee-Cleaveland, Karen and Judith Banister. 1988. Fertility policy and implementation in China, 1986–88. Population and Development Review 14(2): 245–286.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, Valerie M. and Andrea M. den Boer. 2004. Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hull, Terence. 1990. Recent trends in sex ratios at birth in China, Population and Development Review 16(1): 63–83. doi: 10.2307/1972529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hvistendahl, Mara. 2010. Has China outgrown the one-child policy? Science 329(5998): 1458–1461. 17 September. doi: 10.1126/science.329.5998.1458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janelli, Roger L. and Dawnhee Yim Janelli. 1982. Ancestor Workshop and Korean Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, Sten and Ola Nygren. 1991. The missing girls of China: A new demographic account. Population and Development Review 17(1): 35–51. doi: 10.2307/1972351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Kay Ann. 2004. Wanting a Daughter, Needing a Son: Abandonment, Adoption, and Orphanage Care in China. St. Paul: Yeong and Yeong Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Klasen, Stephen. 2008. Hepatitis B and missing women: The rise and decline of a finding, Vox— Research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists, 30 August 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lavely, William and Ronald Freedman. 1990. The origins of the Chinese fertility decline, Demography 27(3): 357–367. doi: 10.2307/2061373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Jungmin and Myungho Paik. 2006. Sex preferences and fertility in South Korea during the Year of the Horse, Demography 43(2): 269–292. doi: 10.1353/dem.2006.0015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Shuzhuo. 2007. Imbalanced sex ratio at birth and comprehensive intervention in China, paper presented at the 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights. Hyderabad, India, October 29–31.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Hongbin, Junjian Yi, and Junsen Zhang. 2011. Estimating the effect of the one-child policy on the sex ratio imbalance in China: Identification based on the difference-in-differences, Demography 48(4): 1535–1557. doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0055-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Ming-Jen, Jin-Tan Liu, and Nancy Qian. 2014. More missing women, fewer dying girls: The impact of sex selective abortion on sex at birth and relative female mortality in Taiwan, Journal of the European Economic Association 12(4): 899–926. doi: 10.1111/jeea.12091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh, Charis and Elizabeth J. Remick. 2015. China's skewed sex ratio and the one-child policy, The China Quarterly 222(June): 295–319. doi: 10.1017/S0305741015000375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, Ian. 2008. Vietnam plans return to two-child policy to tackle population growth, The Guardian, November 21 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Merli, Giovanna. 1998. Underreporting of births and infant deaths in rural China: Evidence from field research in one county of Northern China, The China Quarterly 155: 637–655. doi: 10.1017/S0305741000050025
   Google Scholar
• Merli, Giovanna and Adrian Raftery. 2000. Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China's population policies, Demography 37(1): 109–126. doi: 10.2307/2648100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merli, Giovanna and Herbert L. Smith. 2002. Has the Chinese family planning program been successful in changing fertility preferences? Evidence from linked records in four counties in rural northern China, Demography 39(3): 557–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelson, Ethan. 2010. Family planning enforcement in rural China: Enduring state-society conflict? in J. C. Oi, S. Rozelle, and X. Zhou (eds.), Growing Pains: Tensions and Opportunities in China's Transformation. Stanford: Shorenstein Asia Pacific Research Center, Distributed by Brooking Institution Press, pp. 189–226.
   Google Scholar
• Mirsky, Jonathan. 2011. Book review: China's dreams of superior children. Opinion Asia, The Wall Street Journal. January 2, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, Rachel. 2003. Fertility and distorted sex ratios in a rural Chinese county: Culture, state, and policy, Population and Development Review 29(4): 595–626. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2003.00595.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen, Alexa. 2012. China think tank urges Gov't to end 1-child policy, AP News. October 31 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Oster, Emily, Gang Chen, Xinsen Yu, and Wenyao Lin. 2008. Hepatitis B does not explain male-biased sex ratios in China. 2008. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. w13971.
   Google Scholar
• Poston, Dudley L. and Peter A. Morrison. 2005. China: bachelor bomb, International Herald Tribune, September 14.
   Google Scholar
• Qu, Jianding and Hesketh Therese. 2006. Family size, fertility preferences, and sex ratio in China in the era of the one child family policy: results from national family planning and reproductive health survey, British Medical Journal 333(7564): 371–373. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38775.672662.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuters. 2015. China says its gender imbalance ‘most serious’ in the world, January 21 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, Nancy. 2004. China's Population: New Trends and Challenges. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Scharping, Thomas. 2003. Birth Control in China: Population Policy and Demographic Development. London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
   Google Scholar
• Short, Susan E., Fengying Zhai, Siyuan Xu, and Mingliang Yang. 2001. China's one-child policy and the care of children: an analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, Social Forces 79(3): 913–943. doi: 10.1353/sof.2001.0025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Herbert, Ping Tu, Giovanna Merli, and Mark Hereward. 1997. Implementation of a demographic and contraceptive surveillance system in four counties in north China, Population Research and Policy Review 16(4): 289–314. doi: 10.1023/A:1005780526018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien, H. Y. 1991. China's Strategic Demographic Initiative. New York: Prager.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). 2012. Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current Trends, Consequences, and Policy Implications. Bangkok: UNFPA Asia and the Pacific Regional Office.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Feng. 2005. Can China afford to continue its One-Child Policy? Asia Pacific Issues 77 (March). Hawaii: East-West Center (EWC).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Feng. 2010. China's looming demographic crisis: Causes, prospects, and policy options. Presented in Session 37: China's One Child Policy after 30 Years— Time for a Change? Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Feng. 2013. Bringing an end to a senseless policy: China's ‘One-child’ rule should be scrapped, The New York Times (The Opinion Pages), November 19 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Feng, Yong Cai, and Gu Baochang. 2013. Population, policy, and politics: How will history judge China's one-child policy? Population and Development Review 38s: 115–129.
   Google Scholar
• White, Tyrene. 1992. The population factor: China's family planning policy in the 1990s, in William A. Joseph (ed.), China Briefing. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 97–117.
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua. 1991. Decision on stepping up family planning work. Translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service: FBIS-CHI-91-119: 33–36.
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua. 2013. China formally allows more couples to have second child. December 28.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, Yi. 1989. Is the Chinese family planning Program “Tightening Up”? Population and Development Review 15(2): 333–337. doi: 10.2307/1973708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, Yi. 2007. Options for fertility policy transition in China, Population and Development Review 33(2): 215–246. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00168.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, Yi, Ping Tu, Baochang Gu, Yi Xu, Bohua Li, and Yongping Li. 1993. Causes and implications of the recent increase in the reported sex ratio at birth in China, Population and Development Review 19(2): 283–302. doi: 10.2307/2938438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Zhenzhen. 2007. Interventions to balance sex ratio at birth in rural China, in Isabel Attané and Christophe Guilmoto (eds.), Watering the Neighbour's Garden. The Growing Female Deficit in Asia. Paris: CICRED, pp. 327–346.
   Google Scholar