Body mass index in early adulthood and transition to first birth: Racial/ethnic and sex differences in the United States NLSY79 Cohort

References

• Ajslev, Teresa Adeltoft, Lars Ängquist, Karri Silventoinen, Michael Gamborg, David B. Allison, Jennifer L. Baker, and Thorkild I. A. Sørensen. 2012. Assortative marriages by body mass index have increased simultaneously with the obesity epidemic, Frontiers in Genetics 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2012.00125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aughinbaugh, Alison, Charles R. Pierret, and Donna S. Rothstein. 2017. Attrition and Its Implications in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. JSM Proceedings. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
   Google Scholar
• Averett, Susan, Hope Corman, and Nancy E. Reichman. 2013. Effects of overweight on risky sexual behavior of adolescent girls, Economic Inquiry 51(1): 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00396.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barclay, Kieron, and Martin Kolk. 2020. The influence of health in early adulthood on male fertility, Population and Development Review 46(4): 757–785. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, Bruna de Siqueira, Maria Cristina Maria Caetano Kuschnir, Katia Vergetti Bloch, and Thiago Luiz Nogueira da Silva. 2019. ERICA: age at menarche and its association with nutritional status, Jornal de Pediatria 95: 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2017.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosire, Edna N., Emmanuel Cohen, Agnes Erzse, Susan J. Goldstein, Karen J. Hofman, and Shane A. Norris. 2020. ‘I’d say I’m fat, I’m not obese’: Obesity normalisation in urban-poor South Africa, Public Health Nutrition 23(9): 1515–1526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019004440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutari, Chrysoula, Panagiotis D. Pappas, Gesthimani Mintziori, Meletios P. Nigdelis, Loukas Athanasiadis, Dimitrios G. Goulis, and Christos S. Mantzoros. 2020. The effect of underweight on female and male reproduction, Metabolism 107: 154229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, Robert L. 1989. Racial differences in childlessness: A centennial review, Sociological Perspectives 32(2): 183–199. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewis, Alexandra, Cindi SturtzSreetharan, and Amber Wutich. 2018. Obesity stigma as a globalizing health challenge, Globalization and Health 14(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0337-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, Michael P., Sonya J. Jones, Edward A. Frongillo, Maryah S. Fram, Christine E. Blake, and Darcy A. Freedman. 2018. Severity of household food insecurity and lifetime racial discrimination among African-American households in South Carolina, Ethnicity & Health 23(3): 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2016.1263286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butovskaya, M., A. Sorokowska, M. Karwowski, A. Sabiniewicz, J. Fedenok, D. Dronova, M. Negasheva, et al. 2017. Waist-to-hip ratio, body-mass index, age and number of children in seven traditional societies, Scientific Reports 7(1): 1622. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01916-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cali, Anna M. G., and Sonia Caprio. 2008. Obesity in children and adolescents, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93(11_supplement_1): s31–s36. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos-Vazquez, Raymundo M., and Eva Gonzalez. 2020. Obesity and hiring discrimination, Economics & Human Biology 37: 100850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcante, Marcelo B., Manoel Sarno, Alberto B. Peixoto, Edward Araujo Junior, and Ricardo Barini. 2019. Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 45(1): 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheney, Ann M. 2011. “Most girls want to be skinny”: Body (dis)satisfaction among ethnically diverse women, Qualitative Health Research 21(10): 1347–1359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310392592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chithambo, Taona P., and Stanley J. Huey. 2013. Black/white differences in perceived weight and attractiveness among overweight women, Journal of Obesity 2013: e320326. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/320326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chudnovskaya, Margarita. 2019. Trends in childlessness among highly educated men in Sweden, European Journal of Population 35(5): 939–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-018-9511-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, Philippa, Patrick M. O’Malley, Lloyd D. Johnston, and John E. Schulenberg. 2009. Social disparities in BMI trajectories across adulthood by gender, race/ethnicity and lifetime socio-economic position: 1986–2004, International Journal of Epidemiology 38(2): 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E., A. Ndao, B. Faye, S. Ndiaye, E. H. M. Ndiaye, G. Ezan, L. Gueye, et al. 2018. Large body size as a socially valued factor determining excess weight and obesity in the context of the nutritional transition in Senegal, Bulletins et Mémoires de La Société D’Anthropologie de Paris 30(1–2): 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13219-017-0198-5
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Emmanuel, Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge, Amadou Ndao, Priscilla Duboz, Enguerran Macia, Lamine Gueye, Gilles Boëtsch, et al. 2019. Biocultural determinants of overweight and obesity in the context of nutrition transition in Senegal: A holistic anthropological approach, Journal of Biosocial Science 51(4): 469–490. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932018000287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corder, Kirsten, Eleanor M. Winpenny, Campbell Foubister, Justin M. Guagliano, Xenia M. Hartwig, Rebecca Love, Chloe Clifford Astbury, et al. 2020. Becoming a parent: A systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in BMI, diet, and physical activity, Obesity Reviews 21(4): e12959. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, James R., Timothy G. Jenkins, Douglas T. Carrell, and James M. Hotaling. 2017. Obesity, male infertility, and the sperm epigenome, Fertility and Sterility 107(4): 848–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.02.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crean, Angela J., and Alistair M. Senior. 2019. High-fat diets reduce male reproductive success in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Obesity Reviews 20(6): 921–933. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosnoe, Robert. 2007. Gender, obesity, and education, Sociology of Education 80(3): 241–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070708000303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darabi, K. F. and V. Ortiz. 1987. Childbearing among young Latino women in the United States, American Journal of Public Health 77(1): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.77.1.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbyshire, E. 2014. 19. Lower fertility associated with periconceptional obesity and underweight, in Human Health Handbooks: Vol. 7. Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Menstrual Cycle, Periconception and Fertility, Vol. 7, pp. 313–326. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-767-7_19
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, Brittany, Michelle-Marie Peña, and Elsie M. Taveras. 2012. Lifecourse approach to racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity, Advances in Nutrition 3(1): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizondo-Montemayor, Leticia, Claudia Hernández-Escobar, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Bianca Nieblas, and Merith Gómez-Carmona. 2017. Gynecologic and obstetric consequences of obesity in adolescent girls, Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 30(2): 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiori, Francesca, Francesca Rinesi, and Elspeth Graham. 2017. Choosing to remain childless? A comparative study of fertility intentions among women and men in Italy and Britain, European Journal of Population 33(3): 319–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-016-9404-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flint, Stuart W., Martin Čadek, Sonia C. Codreanu, Vanja Ivić, Colene Zomer, and Amalia Gomoiu. 2016. Obesity discrimination in the recruitment process: “You’re not hired!”, Frontiers in Psychology 7: 647. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, Kristin J., and Marian Fitzgibbon. 1998. Body images and obesity risk among black females: A review of the literature, Annals of Behavioral Medicine 20(1): 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02893804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzoi, Stephen L., and Zoua Chang. 2002. The body esteem of Hmong and Caucasian young adults, Psychology of Women Quarterly 26(1): 89–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frayon, Stéphane, Viren Swami, Guillaume Wattelez, Jennifer Todd, and Olivier Galy. 2021. Associations between weight status, body satisfaction, ethnic identity and self-esteem in Oceanian adolescents, Pediatric Obesity 16(12): e12824. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick, Carl B., Kaisa Snellman, and Robert D. Putnam. 2014. Increasing socioeconomic disparities in adolescent obesity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(4): 1338–1342. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321355110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frejka, Tomas. 2017. Childlessness in the United States, in Michaela Kreyenfeld and Dirk Konietzka (eds), Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, Causes, and Consequences, pp. 159–179. Retrieved from http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/29707
   Google Scholar
• Gabry, Jonah, and Tristan Mahr. 2017. bayesplot: Plotting for Bayesian models. R Package Version, 1.0.
   Google Scholar
• Gaskins, Audrey J., Janet W. Rich-Edwards, Stacey A. Missmer, Bernard Rosner, and Jorge E. Chavarro. 2015. Association of fecundity with changes in adult female weight, Obstetrics & Gynecology 126(4): 850–858. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gesink Law, D. C., Richard F. Maclehose, and Matthew P. Longnecker. 2006. Obesity and time to pregnancy, Human Reproduction 22(2): 414–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/del400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrich, Ben, Jonah Gabry, Imad Ali, and Sam Brilleman. 2020. rstanarm: Bayesian applied regression modeling via Stan. Retrieved from https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, Lonna P., Angela Diaz, Christine Soghomonian, Anne T. Nucci-Sack, Jocelyn M. Weiss, Howard D. Strickler, Robert D. Burk, et al. 2016. Increased body mass index associated with increased risky sexual behaviors, Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 29(1): 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe, Shelly, and Janet Shibley Hyde. 2006. Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction among women in the United States: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin 132(4): 622–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, James J., Kathryn Ford, and Lily M. Kelly. 1987. The prevalence of bulimia in a black college population, International Journal of Eating Disorders 6(6): 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198711)6:6<733::AID-EAT2260060606>3.0.CO;2-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayford, Sarah R. 2013. Marriage (still) matters: The contribution of demographic change to trends in childlessness in the United States, Demography 50(5): 1641–1661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0215-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, Howard, Deborah Perez, and William Bell. 2008. Who (Really) are the First Baby Boomers? 1009–1016. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association: Joint Statistical Meetings Proceedings, Social Statistics Section.
   Google Scholar
• Jokela, Markus, Marko Elovainio, and Mika Kivimäki. 2008. Lower fertility associated with obesity and underweight: The US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88(4): 886–893. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.4.886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokela, Markus, Mika Kivimäki, Marko Elovainio, Jorma Viikari, Olli T. Raitakari, and Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen. 2007. Body mass index in adolescence and number of children in adulthood, Epidemiology 18: 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181257158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallen, David, and Andrea Doughty. 1984. The relationship of weight, the self perception of weight and self esteem with courtship behavior, Marriage & Family Review 7(1–2): 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v07n01_09
   Google Scholar
• Kawwass, Jennifer F., Aniket D. Kulkarni, Heather S. Hipp, Sara Crawford, Dmitry M. Kissin, and Denise J. Jamieson. 2016. Extremities of body mass index and their association with pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization in the United States, Fertility and Sterility 106(7): 1742–1750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keizer, Renske, Pearl A. Dykstra, and Miranda D. Jansen. 2008. Pathways into childlessness: Evidence of gendered life course dynamics, Journal of Biosocial Science 40(6): 863–878. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932007002660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyenfeld, Michaela, and Dirk Konietzka. 2017. Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, Causes, and Consequences. Cham: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, Patrick M., Kate Coleman-Minahan, and Ronica N. Rooks. 2014. Race/ethnicity, nativity and trends in BMI among U.S. adults, Obesity 22(7): 1739–1746. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, Patrick M., and Eric N. Reither. 2015. Mind the gap: Race/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity, Current Diabetes Reports 15(11): 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0666-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, Samantha. 2009. Competing motivational discourses for weight loss: Means to ends and the nexus of beauty and health, Qualitative Health Research 19(9): 1223–1233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732309343952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rocque, Cherie L., and Jan Cioe. 2011. An evaluation of the relationship between body image and sexual avoidance, Journal of Sex Research 48(4): 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2010.499522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech, Tamara G. J., and Janice Johnson Dias. 2012. Risky sexual behavior: A race-specific social consequence of obesity, Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41(1): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9670-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, Barbara, Morton B. Brown, Stacey A. Missmer, Orhan Bukulmez, Richard Leach, and Judy E. Stern. 2011. The effect of increasing obesity on the response to and outcome of assisted reproductive technology: A national study, Fertility and Sterility 96(4): 820–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundquist, Jennifer Hickes, Michelle J. Budig, and Anna Curtis. 2009. Race and childlessness in America, 1988–2002, Journal of Marriage and Family 71(3): 741–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00630.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaCurdy, Thomas, Thomas Mroz, and R. Mark Gritz. 1998. An evaluation of the national longitudinal survey on youth, The Journal of Human Resources 33(2): 345–436. https://doi.org/10.2307/146435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makowski, Dominique, Mattan S. Ben-Shachar, and Daniel Lüdecke. 2019. Bayestestr: Describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework, Journal of Open Source Software 4(40): 1541. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01541
   Google Scholar
• McCreary, Donald R., and Doris K. Sasse. 2000. An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls, Journal of American College Health 48(6): 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480009596271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreary, Donald R., and Stanley W. Sadava. 2001. Gender differences in relationships among perceived attractiveness, life satisfaction, and health in adults as a function of body mass index and perceived weight, Psychology of Men & Masculinity 2(2): 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.2.2.108
   Google Scholar
• McCreary, Donald R. 2002. Gender and age differences in the relationship between body mass index and perceived weight: Exploring the paradox, International Journal of Men's Health 1(1): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0101.31
   Google Scholar
• McElreath, Richard. 2020. Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and STAN, 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Menigoz, Karen, Andrea Nathan, and Gavin Turrell. 2016. Ethnic differences in overweight and obesity and the influence of acculturation on immigrant bodyweight: Evidence from a national sample of Australian adults, BMC Public Health 16(1): 932. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3608-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller, Katherine J., David H. Gleaves, Tera G. Hirsch, Bradley A. Green, Alicia C. Snow, and Chanda C. Corbett. 2000. Comparisons of body image dimensions by race/ethnicity and gender in a university population, International Journal of Eating Disorders 27(3): 310–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200004)27:3<310::aid-eat8>3.0.co;2-q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz, Laurie B., and Susan Kashubeck. 1999. Body image and disordered eating among Asian American and Caucasian College students: An examination of race and gender differences, Psychology of Women Quarterly 23(4): 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00397.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradi, Sajjad, Atieh Mirzababaei, Hamed Mohammadi, Seyedeh Parisa Moosavian, Arman Arab, Behrooz Jannat, and Khadijeh Mirzaei. 2019. Food insecurity and the risk of undernutrition complications among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrition 62: 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musick, Kelly, Paula England, Sarah Edgington, and Nicole Kangas. 2009. Education differences in intended and unintended fertility, Social Forces 88(2): 543–572. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muth, Chelsea, Zita Oravecz, and Jonah Gabry. 2018. User-friendly Bayesian regression modeling: A tutorial with rstanarm and shinystan, The Quantitative Methods for Psychology 14(2): 99–119. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.14.2.p099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, Ana McCormick, and Matthew A. Painter. 2017. Food insecurity in the United States of America: An examination of race/ethnicity and nativity, Food Security 9(6): 1419–1432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0733-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, Linda J., Roger G. Sargent, Robert E. McKeown, Kirby L. Jackson, and Robert F. Valois. 1997. Black–White differences in body size perceptions and weight management practices among adolescent females, Journal of Adolescent Health 20(6): 459–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(96)00273-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, Ruby H. N., Allen J. Wilcox, Rolv Skjærven, and Donna D. Baird. 2007. Men’s body mass index and infertility, Human Reproduction 22(9): 2488–2493. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitsche, Natalie, and Sarah R. Hayford. 2020. Preferences, partners, and parenthood: Linking early fertility desires, marriage timing, and achieved fertility, Demography 57: 1975–2001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00927-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ombelet, W., and J. Goossens. 2017. Global reproductive health – Why do we persist in neglecting the undeniable problem of childlessness in resource-poor countries?, Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn 9(1): 1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali, Renato, Laura Patton, and Alessandra Gambineri. 2007. Obesity and infertility. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 14(6): 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f1d6cb
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearl, Rebecca L., Thomas A. Wadden, J. Shaw Tronieri, Ariana M. Chao, Naji Alamuddin, and Robert I. Berkowitz. 2018. Everyday discrimination in a racially diverse sample of patients with obesity, Clinical Obesity 8(2): 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, Andrea D., and Arnold S. Kahn. 1995. Racial differences in women’s desires to be thin, International Journal of Eating Disorders 17(2): 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199503)17:2<191::aid-eat2260170213>3.0.co;2-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, Rebecca, and Kelly D. Brownell. 2001. Bias, discrimination, and obesity, Obesity Research 9(12): 788–805. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raley, R. Kelly, Megan M. Sweeney, and Danielle Wondra. 2015. The growing racial and ethnic divide in U.S. marriage patterns, The Future of Children 25(2): 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2015.0014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramlau-Hansen, Cecilia H., Ane Marie Thulstrup, E. A. Nohr, Jens Peter Bonde, T. I. A. Sørensen, and Jørn Olsen. 2007. Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples, Human Reproduction 22(6): 1634–1637. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2021. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Rohrer, Julia M. 2018. Thinking clearly about correlations and causation: Graphical causal models for observational data, Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1(1): 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245917745629
   Google Scholar
• Rossen, Lauren M., and Kenneth C. Schoendorf. 2012. Measuring health disparities: Trends in racial−ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity among 2- to 18-year old youth in the United States, 2001–2010, Annals of Epidemiology 22(10): 698–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, Donna S., Deborah Carr, and Elizabeth Cooksey. 2019. Cohort profile: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), International Journal of Epidemiology 48(1): 22–22e. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarela, Jan and Vegard Skirbekk. 2020. Childlessness and union histories: Evidence from Finnish population register data, Journal of Biosocial Science 52(1): 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932019000257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sear, Rebecca and Frank W. Marlowe. 2009. How universal are human mate choices? Size does not matter when Hadza foragers are choosing a mate, Biology Letters 5(5): 606–609. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sermondade, N., C. Faure, L. Fezeu, A. G. Shayeb, J. P. Bonde, T. K. Jensen, M. Van Wely, et al. 2013. BMI in relation to sperm count: An updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis, Human Reproduction Update 19(3): 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dms050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smelser, Neil J., William Julius Wilson, and Faith Mitchell. 2001. America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sohn, Kitae. 2016. The fatter are happier in Indonesia, Quality of Life Research 2(26): 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1403-6
   Google Scholar
• Sotiriou, Elysia G. and Germine H. Awad. 2020. Cultural influences on body image and body esteem, in Diane F. Halpern and Fanny M. Cheung (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women, pp. 190–204. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-the-international-psychology-of-women/cultural-influences-on-body-image-and-body-esteem/131A8E030BA6DDA68F64DE625350F364
   Google Scholar
• Spahlholz, J., N. Baer, H.-H. König, S. G. Riedel-Heller, and C. Luck-Sikorski. 2016. Obesity and discrimination - A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, Obesity Reviews 17(1): 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulp, Gert, Rebecca Sear, Susan B. Schaffnit, Melinda C. Mills, and Louise Barrett. 2016. The reproductive ecology of industrial societies, part II, Human Nature 27(4): 445–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-016-9272-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swami, Viren. 2006. The influence of body weight and shape in determining female and male physical attractiveness. In Advances in Psychology Research Vol. 55, edited by A. Columbus, 195–220. Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Swami, Viren, Jan Smith, Athena Tsiokris, Chrissa Georgiades, Yolanda Sangareau, Martin J. Tovée, and Adrian Furnham. 2007. Male physical attractiveness in Britain and Greece: A cross-cultural study, The Journal of Social Psychology 147(1): 15–26. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.1.15-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, Megan M., and R. Kelly Raley. 2014. Race, ethnicity, and the changing context of childbearing in the United States, Annual Review of Sociology 40(1): 539–558. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talmor, Alon and Bruce Dunphy. 2015. Female obesity and infertility, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 29(4): 498–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Textor, Johannes, Benito van der Zander, Mark S. Gilthorpe, Maciej Liśkiewicz, and George T. H. Ellison. 2017. Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: The R package ‘dagitty’, International Journal of Epidemiology 45(6): 1887–1894. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres, Andrés F. Castro, and Emilio Alberto Parrado. 2022. Nativity differentials in first births in the United States: Patterns by race and ethnicity, Demographic Research 46: 37–64. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2022.46.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovée, Martin J., Douglas S. Maisey, Ellen L. E. Vale, and Piers L. Cornelissen. 1999. Characteristics of male attractiveness for women, The Lancet 353(9163): 1500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00438-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimarchi, Alessandra and Jan Van Bavel. 2017. Education and the transition to fatherhood: The role of selection into union, Demography 54(1): 119–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0533-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vehtari, Aki, Andrew Gelman, and Jonah Gabry. 2017. Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC, Statistics and Computing 27(5): 1413–1432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura, Stephanie J. and Christine A. Bachrach. 2000. Nonmarital childbearing in the United States, 1940-99. No. 48–16: 46. ERIC.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Yang Claire, Christine E. Walsh, Moira P. Johnson, Daniel W. Belsky, Max Reason, Patrick Curran, Allison E. Aiello, et al. 2021. Life-course trajectories of body mass index from adolescence to old age: Racial and educational disparities, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(17). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020167118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Żurawiecka, Martyna and Iwona Wronka. 2021. Association between age at menarche and body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and waist to height ratio in adult women, American Journal of Human Biology 33(6): e23523. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar