Age-specific sex ratios: Examining rural–urban variation within low- and middle-income countries

References

• Abel, Guy and Nikola Sander. 2014. Quantifying global international migration flows, Science 343(6178): 1520–1522. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adepoju, Aderanti. 2002. Fostering free movement of persons in West Africa: Achievements, constraints, and prospects for intraregional migration, International Migration 40(2): 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, Jesús Adrián, José Manuel Aburto, and Vladimir Canudas-Romo. 2020. Latin American convergence and divergence towards the mortality profiles of developed countries, Population Studies 74(1): 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2019.1614651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aminu, M., R. Unkels, M. Mdegela, B. Utz, S. Adaji, and N. van den Broek. 2014. Causes of and factors associated with stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic literature review, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 121: 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amuedo-Dorantes, C. and Shoshana Grossbard. 2007. Cohort-level sex ratio effects on women’s labor force participation, Review of Economics of the Household 5(3): 249–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-007-9014-1
   Google Scholar
• Amuna, Paul and Francis B. Zotor. 2008. Epidemiological and nutrition transition in developing countries: Impact on human health and development, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67(1): 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665108006058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. and D. Ray. 2010. Missing women: Age and disease, Review of Economic Studies 77(4): 1262–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2010.00609.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist, Josh. 2002. How do sex ratios affect marriage and labor markets? Evidence from America’s second generation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(3): 997–1038. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, Fred, Sunita Kishor, and T. K. Roy. 2002. Sex-selective abortions in India, Population and Development Review 28(4): 759–785. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00759.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awumbila, Mariama. 2015. Women moving within borders: Gender and internal migration dynamics in Ghana, Ghana Journal of Geography 7(2): 132–145.
   Google Scholar
• Awumbila, Mariama, Joseph Kofi Teye, and Joseph Awetori Yaro. 2017. Social networks, migration trajectories and livelihood strategies of migrant domestic and construction workers in Accra, Ghana, Journal of Asian and African Studies 52(7): 982–996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909616634743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baochang, Gu, Wang Feng, Guo Zhigang, and Zhang Erli. 2007. China’s local and national fertility policies at the end of the twentieth century, Population and Development Review 33(1): 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00161.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchemin, Cris. 2011. Rural–urban migration in West Africa: Towards a reversal? Migration trends and economic situation in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire, Population, Space and Place 17: 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beegle, Kathleen and Michelle Poulin. 2013. Migration and the transition to adulthood in contemporary Malawi, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 648(1): 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213481329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bélanger, Danièle. 2002. Son preference in a rural village in north Vietnam, Studies in Family Planning 33(4): 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2002.00321.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, Aude, Martin Bell, and Elin Charles-Edwards. 2014. Life-course transitions and the age profile of internal migration, Population and Development Review 40(2): 213–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00671.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocquier, Philippe. 2004. Analyzing urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa, in Anthony Champion and Graeme Hugo (eds), New Forms of Urbanisation: Beyond Rural-Urban Dichotomy. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 133–150.
   Google Scholar
• Bocquier, Philippe. 2005. World urbanization prospects: An alternative to the UN model of projection compatible with the mobility transition theory, Demographic Research 12: 197–236. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briceño-León, Roberto, Andrés Villaveces, and Alberto Concha-Eastman. 2008. Understanding the uneven distribution of the incidence of homicide in Latin America, International Journal of Epidemiology 37(4): 751–757. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buettner, Thomas. 2015. Urban estimates and projections at the United Nations : The strengths, weaknesses, and underpinnings of the World Urbanization Prospects, Spatial Demography 3: 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-015-0004-2
   Google Scholar
• Chant, Sylvia. 1998. Households, gender and rural-urban migration: Reflections on linkages and considerations for policy, Households, Gender and Migration 10(1): 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789801000117
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Nancy, Paolo Valente, and Hania Zlotnik. 1998. What do we know about recent trends in urbanisation?, in Richard E. Bilsborrow (ed), Migration, Urbanisation and Development: New Directions and Issues. Norwell, Massachusetts: United Nations Population Fund and Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 59–88.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Yuyu, Hongbin Li, and Lingsheng Meng. 2013. Prenatal sex selection and missing girls in China: Evidence from the diffusion of diagnostic ultrasound, Journal of Human Resources 48(1): 36–70. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2013.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, Woojin and Monica Das Gupta. 2007. The decline of son preference in South Korea: The roles of development and public policy, Population and Development Review 33(4): 757–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00196.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, Samuel J., Mark A. Collinson, Kathleen Kahn, Kyle Drullinger, and Stephen M. Tollman. 2007. Returning home to die: Circular labour migration and mortality in South Africa, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35(69_suppl): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/14034950701355619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coale, Ansley J. 1991. Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes in the population: An estimate of the number of “missing females”, Population and Development Review 17(3): 517–523. https://doi.org/10.2307/1971953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Barney. 2004. Urban growth in developing countries: A review of current trends and a caution regarding existing forecasts, World Development 32(1): 23–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes, Patricia. 2015. The feminization of international migration and its effects on the children left behind: Evidence from the Philippines, World Development 65: 62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshingkar, Priya and Sven Grimm. 2005. Internal Migration and Development: A Global Perspective. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. IOM Migration Research Series, no. 19.
   Google Scholar
• Dunsire, M. and S. Baldwin. 1999. Urban-rural comparisons of drink-driving behaviour among late teens: A preliminary investigation, Alcohol and Alcoholism 34(1): 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/34.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthé, Géraldine, France Meslé, Jacques Vallin, Irina Badurashvili, and Karine Kuyumjyan. 2012. High sex ratios at birth in the Caucasus: Modern technology to satisfy old desires, Population and Development Review 38(3): 487–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00513.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson, Tim. 2011. The role of the demographic transition in the process of urbanization, Population and Development Review 37(Suppl 1): 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00377.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson, Tim. 2012. Causes and consequences of skewed sex ratios, Annual Review of Sociology 38(1): 443–461. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, J. and B. Masquelier. 2020. Demogsurv, demographic analysis of DHS and other household surveys (package under development). https://github.com/mrc-ide/demogsurv
   Google Scholar
• Erskine, Sally, Ravi Maheswaran, Tim Pearson, and Dermot Gleeson. 2010. Socioeconomic deprivation, urban-rural location and alcohol-related mortality in England and Wales, BMC Public Health 10(1): 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, Cindy C. and Youqin Huang. 1998. Waves of rural brides: Female marriage migration in China, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88(2): 227–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, Melanie Dawn, Mahesh Puri, and Peter Richard Andrew Hinde. 2013. Falling sex ratios and emerging evidence of sex-selective abortion in Nepal: Evidence from nationally representative survey data, BMJ Open 3(5): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuse, Kana. 2010. Variations in attitudinal gender preferences for children across 50 less-developed countries, Demographic Research 23(36): 1031–1048. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.36
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, Jenny. 2020. Urban-rural differentials in Latin American infant mortality, Demographic Research 42(8): 203–244. https://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2020.42.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garenne, Michel. 2002. Sex ratios at birth in African populations: A review of survey data, Human Biology 74(6): 889–900. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2003.0003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garenne, Michel. 2017. Persistent high fertility in rural Africa, N-IUSSP, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, Joshua R. 2011. A secular trend toward earlier male sexual maturity: Evidence from shifting ages of male young adult mortality, PLoS ONE 6(8): e14826. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind, Daniel. 1996. On substituting sex preference strategies in East Asia: Does prenatal sex selection reduce postnatal discrimination?, Population and Development Review 22(1): 111–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugler, Josef and Gudrun Ludwar-Ene. 1995. Gender and migration in Africa south of the Sahara, in Jonathan Baker and Tade Akin Aina (eds), The Migration Experience in Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, pp. 257–268.
   Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, Christophe Z. 2009. The sex ratio transition in Asia, Population and Development Review 35(3): 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00295.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, Christophe Z. 2012. Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current Trends, Consequences and Policy Implications, Bangkok: UNFPA Asia Pacific Regional Office (APRO).
   Google Scholar
• Guilmoto, Christophe Z., Xuyên Hoàng, and Toan Van Ngo. 2009. Recent increase in sex ratio at birth in Viet Nam, PLoS ONE 4(2): e4624. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, Monica Das. 1987. Selective discrimination against female children in rural Punjab, India, Population and Development Review 13(1): 77–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, Monica Das. 2005. Explaining Asia's "missing women": A new look at the data, Population and Development Review 31(3): 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00082.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, Monica Das. 2010. Family systems, political systems and Asia’s ‘missing girls’, Asian Population Studies 6(2): 123–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2010.494437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannerz, H. 2001. Manhood trials and the law of mortality, Demographic Research 4(7): 185–202. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2001.4.7
   Google Scholar
• Heligman, I. and J. H. Pollard. 1980. The age pattern of mortality, Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 107: 49–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020268100040257
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, Erin Trouth and Cynthia J. Buckley. 2013. Global changes and gendered responses: The feminization of migration from Georgia, International Migration Review 47(3): 508–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, Margaret C., Kyle J. Foreman, Mohsen Naghavi, Stephanie Y. Ahn, Mengru Wang, Susanna M. Makela, Alan D. Lopez, et al. 2010. Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: A systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5, The Lancet 375(9726): 1609–1623. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60518-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshaus, Mike, Rebecca Utz, Ryan Schacht, and Ken R. Smith. 2019. Sex ratios and life tables: Historical demography of the age at which women outnumber men in seven countries, 1850–2016, Historical Methods 52(4): 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2019.1605863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICF International. 2021. Demographic and Health Surveys. 2021. https://dhsprogram.com/
   Google Scholar
• Isiugo-Abanihe, Uche C. 1985. Child fosterage in West Africa, Population and Development Review 11(1): 53–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/1973378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha, Prabhat, Rajesh Kumar, Priya Vasa, Neeraj Dhingra, Deva Thiruchelvam, and Rahim Moineddin. 2006. Low male-to-female sex ratio of children born in India: National survey of 1·1 million households, The Lancet 367(9506): 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67930-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorashadi, Ahmad, Debbie Niemeier, Venky Shankar, and Fred Mannering. 2005. Differences in rural and urban driver-injury severities in accidents involving large-trucks: An exploratory analysis, Accident Analysis & Prevention 37(5): 910–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishore, J., A. Singh, Indu Grewal, Sushma R. Singh, and K. Roy. 1999. Risk behaviour in an urban and a rural male adolescent population, National Medical Journal of India 12(3): 107–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolčić, Ivana. 2012. Double burden of malnutrition: A silent driver of double burden of disease in low– and middle–income countries, Journal of Global Health 2(2). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.02.020303
   Google Scholar
• Lankoandé, Bruno, Géraldine Duthé, Abdramane Soura, and Gilles Pison. 2018. Returning home to die or leaving home to seek health care? Location of death of urban and rural residents in Burkina Faso and Senegal, Global Health Action 11(1): 1475040. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1475040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerch, Mathias. 2017. Urban and rural fertility transitions in the developing world: A cohort perspective, WP 2017-011. Vol. 49. MPIDR Working Paper. http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2017-011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lerch, Mathias. 2020. International migration and city growth in the global South: An analysis of IPUMS data for seven countries, 1992–2013, Population and Development Review 46(3): 557–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levira, Francis, Jim Todd, and Honorati Masanja. 2014. Coming home to die? The association between migration and mortality in rural Tanzania before and after ART scale-up, Global Health Action 7(Suppl. 1): 22956. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.22956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, Juan, Li Dai, Jun Zhu, Xiaohong Li, Weiyue Zeng, He Wang, Qi Li, et al. 2011. Preventable maternal mortality: Geographic/rural-urban differences and associated factors from the population-based maternal mortality surveillance system in China, BMC Public Health 11(17). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Mao Mei. 2013. Migrant networks and international migration: Testing weak ties, Demography 50(4): 1243–1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0213-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, Wolfgang, Vegard Skirbekk, and Maria Rita Testa. 2006. The low-fertility trap hypothesis: Forces that may lead to further postponement and fewer births in Europe, Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, March: 167–192.
   Google Scholar
• Madan, Kamlesh and Martijn H. Breuning. 2014. Impact of prenatal technologies on the sex ratio in India: An overview, Genetics in Medicine 16(6): 425–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2013.172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco-Gracia, Francisco J. and Johan Fourie. 2022. The missing boys: Understanding the unbalanced sex ratio in South Africa, 1894–2011, Economic History of Developing Regions 37(2): 128–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2021.1987212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menashe-Oren, Ashira and Philippe Bocquier. 2021. Urbanization is no longer driven by migration in low- and middle-income countries (1985–2015), Population and Development Review 47(3): 639–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menashe-Oren, Ashira and Bruno Masquelier. 2022. The shifting rural–urban gap in mortality over the life course in low- and middle-income countries, Population Studies 76(1): 37–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2021.2020326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menashe-Oren, Ashira and Guy Stecklov. 2018. Rural/urban population age and sex composition in sub-Saharan Africa 1980-2015, Population and Development Review 44(1): 7–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milkman, Ruth. 1987. Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, B. D. 2001. Female-selective abortion in Asia: Patterns, policies, and debates, American Anthropologist 103(4): 1083–1095. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, Vinod, T. K. Roy, and Robert D. Retherford. 2004. Sex differentials in childhood feeding, health care, and nutritional status in India, Population and Development Review 30(2): 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.013_1.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, Mark R., Richard Stren, Barney Cohen, and Holly E. Reed. 2003. Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and Its Implications in the Developing World. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muhuri, Pradip K. and Samuel H. Preston. 1991. Effects of family composition on mortality differentials by sex among children in Matlab, Bangladesh, Population and Development Review 17(3): 415–434. https://doi.org/10.2307/1971948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, Sonali. 2013. Skewed sex ratio and migrant brides in Haryana: Reflections from the field, Social Change 43(1): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085713475725
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, Rachel, Ran Tao, and Xi Lu. 2011. Son preference in rural China: Patrilineal families and socioeconomic change, Population and Development Review 37(4): 665–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00452.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, Christopher J. L. and Alan D. Lopez. 1997. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study, The Lancet 349(9061): 1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07493-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksuzyan, Anna, Knud Juel, James W. Vaupel, and Kaare Christensen. 2008. Men: Good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 20(2): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oster, Emily. 2009. Proximate sources of population sex imbalance in India, Demography 46(2): 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pande, Rohini P. 2003. Selective gender differences in childhood nutrition and immunization in rural India: The role of siblings, Demography 40(3): 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2003.0029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, George C., Carolyn Coffey, Susan M. Sawyer, Russell M. Viner, Dagmar M. Haller, Krishna Bose, Theo Vos, et al. 2009. Global patterns of mortality in young people: A systematic analysis of population health data, The Lancet 374(9693): 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60741-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pebley, Anne R. and Sajeda Amin. 1991. The impact of a public-health intervention on sex differentials in childhood mortality in rural Punjab, India, Health Transition Review 1(2): 143–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piscoya-Díaz, Mario E., and Bernardo L. Queiroz. 2010. What do we know about adult mortality and data quality in Peru? Mortality coverage levels and trends from recent decades, Papeles De Población 63: 219–241.
   Google Scholar
• Poston, Dudley L. and Li Zhang. 2009. China’s unbalanced sex ratio at birth: How many surplus boys have been born in China since the 1980s?, in Joseph Tucker, Dudley L Poston, Qiang Ren, Baochang Gu, Xiaoying Zheng, Stephanie Wang and Chris Russel (eds), Gender Policy and HIV in China. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 57–69.
   Google Scholar
• Potts, Deborah. 2017. Conflict and collisions in sub-Saharan African urban definitions: Interpreting recent urbanization data from Kenya, World Development 97: 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, Samuel H. 1979. Urban growth in developing countries: A demographic reappraisal, Population and Development Review 5(2): 195–215. https://doi.org/10.2307/1971823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, Samuel H., Patrick Heuveline, and Michel Guillot. 2001. Demography: Measuring and Modelling Population Processes. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Raymer, James and Andrei Rogers. 2006. Applying model migration schedules to represent age-specific migration flows. POP2006-03. Population Program. http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/47431/
   Google Scholar
• Rees, Philip, Martin Bell, Marek Kupiszewski, Dorota Kupiszewska, Philipp Ueffing, Aude Bernard, Elin Charles-Edwards, and John Stillwell. 2017. The impact of internal migration on population redistribution: An international comparison, Population, Space and Place 23(6): e2036. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Vignoli, Jorge and Francisco Rowe. 2018. How is internal migration reshaping metropolitan populations in Latin America? A new method and new evidence, Population Studies 72(2): 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1416155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, A. and L. J. Castro. 1981. Model migration schedules. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Research Report. Vol. 81–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/1532474
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, Andrei, Luis J. Castro, and Megan Lea. 2005. Model migration schedules: Three alternative linear parameter estimation methods, Mathematical Population Studies 12(1): 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/08898480590902145
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, Richard G., Bethany G. Everett, Jarron M. Saint Onge, and Patrick M. Krueger. 2010. Social, behavioral, and biological factors, and sex differences in mortality, Demography 47(3): 555–578. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterthwaite, David. 2010. Urban Myths and the Mis-Use of Data That Underpin Them. UN Working Paper, 2010/28.
   Google Scholar
• Schweitzer, Mary M. 1980. World War II and female labor force participation rates, The Journal of Economic History 40(1): 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700104577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, Amartya. 1992. Missing women: Social inequality outweighs women’s survival advantage in Asia and north Africa, BMJ 304(6827): 587–588. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6827.587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, David and Tesfayi Gebreselassie. 2008. Fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa: Falling and stalling, African Population Studies 23(1): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.11564/23-1-310
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, David and O. Tambashe. 1999. Fertility Transition in Urban and Rural Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University. http://www.econ.psu.edu/~dshapiro/Chaire_Quetelet_paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Skeldon, Ronald. 2008. International migration as a tool in development policy: A passing phase?, Population and Development Review 34: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00203.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stecklov, Guy. 2008. The Components of Urban Growth in Developing Countries, United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Tabutin, Dominique and Bruno Masquelier. 2017. Mortality inequalities and trends in low- and middle-income countries, 1990-2015, Population 72(2): 221–296. https://doi.org/10.3917/popu.1702.0227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafuro, Sara. 2020. An economic framework for persisting son preference: Rethinking the role of intergenerational support, Population Research and Policy Review 39(6): 983–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09594-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafuro, Sara and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. 2020. Skewed sex ratios at birth: A review of global trends, Early Human Development 141: 104868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum, Michael S. 1970. Factors affecting the sex ratio in large populations, Journal of Biosocial Science 2(S2): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932000023476
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, Arland. 2001. The developmental paradigm, Reading history sideways, and family change, Demography 38(4): 449–465. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulizzi, L. and L. A. Zonta. 1995. Factors affecting the sex ratio in humans: Multivariate analysis of the Italian population, Human Biology 67(1): 59–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2011. Sex Differentials in Childhood Mortality. New York: United Nations Publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/314.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. 2014a. Methodological Note: Estimates of the Urban and Rural Population by Age and Sex, 1980-2015. New York: United Nations Publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/361.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2014b. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Methodology. New York: United Nations, ESA/P/WP.238.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. 2017. World Population Prospects. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=PopDiv&f=variableID%3A54
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2018. World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2018 Revision. New York: United Nations, ST/ESA/SER.A/420.
   Google Scholar
• Visaria, Leela. 2007. Deficit of girls in India: Can it be attributed to female selective abortion, in Tulsi Patel (ed), Sex-Selective Abortion in India: Gender, Society and New Reproductive Technologies. New Delhi: Charman Enterprises, pp. 61–80.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, Susan J. 1983. Marriage migration, a neglected form of long-term mobility: A case study from Ilorin, Nigeria, International Migration Review 17(4): 682–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838301700406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, Inbar and Guy Stecklov. 2020. Assimilation and ethnic marriage-squeeze in early 20th century America: A gender perspective, Demographic Research 42(January): 99–132. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.42.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, Margo and Martin Daly. 1985. Competitiveness, risk taking, and violence: The young male syndrome, Ethology and Sociobiology 6(1): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(85)90041-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingard, Deborah, Barbara Cohn, George Kaplan, Piera Cirillo, and Richard Cohen. 1989. Sex differentials in morbidity and mortality risks examined by age and cause in the same cohort, American Journal of Epidemiology 130(3): 601–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinsky, Wilbur. 1971. The hypothesis of the mobility transition, Geographical Review 61(2): 219–249. https://doi.org/10.2307/213996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar