The evolving challenge of Pneumocystis carinii

References

• Hughes WT. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. (Editorial) N Engl J Med 1987: 317(16): 1021–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, et al. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 1988: 334(6182): 519–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1981: 305(24): 1425–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1981: 305(24): 1431–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walzer PD, Perl DP, Krogstad DJ, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1974: 80(1): 83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs JA, Hiemenz JW, Macher AM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann Intern Med 1984: 100(5): 663–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopewell PC. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: diagnosis. J Infect Dis 1988: 157(6): 1115–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce JM, Clement MJ. Pulmonary diagnostic evaluation in patients suspected of having an HIV-related disease. Semin Respir Infect 1989: 4(2): 93–101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeLorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Maguire GP, et al. Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest 1987: 91(3): 323–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joe L, Gordin F, Parker RH. Spontaneous pneumothorax with Pneumocystis carinii infection: occurrence in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1986: 146(9): 1816–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bleiweiss IJ, Jagirdar JS, Klein MJ, et al. Granulomatous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in three patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Chest 1988: 94(3): 580–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsome GS, Ward DJ, Pierce PF. Spontaneous pneumothorax in AIDS patients on prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. Presented before Fifth International Conference on AIDS. Montreal: 1989 Jun 4–9 (Abstr MBP208)
   Google Scholar
• Masur H, Ognibene FP, Yarchoan R, et al. CD4 counts as predictors of opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1989: 111(3): 223–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DE, McLuckie A, Wyatt J, et al. Severe exercise hypoxaemia with normal or near normal X-rays: a feature of Pneumocystis carinii infection. Lancet 1988: 2(8619): 1049–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales CP, Murren JR, Torres RA, et al. Early predictors of in-hospital mortality for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1987: 147(8): 1413–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardner TD, Youle M, Hanson PJ, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Infect 1989: 18(2): 111–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garay SM, Greene J. Prognostic indicators in the initial presentation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1989: 95(4): 769–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman MK, White DA. Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: diagnostic and prognostic significance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988: 137(4): 796–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broaddus C, Dake MD, Stulbarg MS, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985: 102(6): 747–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien RF, Quinn JL, Miyahara BT, et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by induced sputum in a city with moderate incidence of AIDS. Chest 1989: 95(1): 136–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs JA, Ng VL, Masur H, et al. Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: improved detection in sputum with use of monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 1988: 318(10): 589–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman MK, Wooten OJ, Suprahmanya B, et al. Rapid noninvasive diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii from induced liquefied sputum. Ann Intern Med 1988: 109(1): 7–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng VL, Gartner I, Weymouth LA, et al. The use of mucolysed induced sputum for the identification of pulmonary pathogens associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989: 113(5): 488–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes MM, LaPook JD, Bar MH, et al. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1987: 18(3): 307–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter TR, Cooper PH, Petri WA Jr, et al. Pneumocystis carinii infection of the small intestine in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1988: 89(5): 679–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Sadr W, Sidhu G, Diamond G, et al. High-dose corticosteroids as adjunct therapy in severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS Res 1986: 2(4): 349–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montaner JS, Russell JA, Lawson L, et al. Acute respiratory failure secondary to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a potential role for systemic corticosteroids. Chest 1989: 95(4): 881–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walmsley S, Salit IE, Brunton J. The possible role of corticosteroid therapy for pneumocystic pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988: 1(4): 354–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett CL, Garfinkle JB, Greenfield S, et al. The relation between hospital experience and in-hospital mortality for patients with AIDS-related PCP. JAMA 1989: 261(20): 2975–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, La Voie L. Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. JAMA 1988: 259(8): 1185–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leoung GS, Montgomery AB, Abrams DA, et al. Aerosol pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP): a randomized trial of 439 patients. (Abstr) In: Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on AIDS. Stockholm: 1988 Jun 12–6 (Book 1, p 419)
   Google Scholar
• Feigal DW. A treatment IND for the use of aerosolized pentamidine in HIV-infected individuals at high risk for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Rosemont, IL: LyphoMed, 1989
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 1989: 38(Suppl 5): 1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarti GM. Aerosolized pentamidine in HIV: promising new treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Postgrad Med 1989: 86(2): 54–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar