References
- Burstein R, Polychronakos C, Toews CJ, et al. Acute reversal of the enhanced insulin action in trained athletes: association with insulin receptor changes. Diabetes 1985: 34(Aug): 756–60
- Rauramaa R. Relationship of physical activity, glucose tolerance, and weight management. Prev Med 1984: 13(1): 37–46
- West KM. Epidemiology of diabetes and its vascular complications. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1978
- Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Albright TE, et al. Lower prevalence of diabetes in female former college athletes compared with nonathletes. Diabetes 1986: 35(Oct): 1101–5
- Taylor R, Ram P, Zimmet P, et al. Physical activity and prevalence of diabetes in Melanesian and Indian men in Fiji. Diabetologia 1984: 27(6): 578–82
- Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, et al. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991: 325(3): 147–52
- Horton ES. Role and management of exercise in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1988: 11(2): 201–11
- National Institutes of Health. Consensus Development Conference on Diet and Exercise in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1987: 10(5): 639–44
- Zavaroni I, Dall'Aglio E, Alpi O, et al. Evidence for an independent relationship between plasma insulin and concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. Atherosclerosis 1985: 55(3): 259–66
- Horton ES. Prescription for exercise. Diabetes Spectrum 1991: 4(5): 250–7
- Krotkiewski M, Mandroukas K, Sjöström L, et al. Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 1979: 28(6): 650–8
- Namey TC. Adaptive bicycling. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990: 16(4): 871–85
- Rodin J, Plante T. The psychological effects of exercise. In: Williams RS, Wallace AG, eds. Biological effects of physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books, 1989: 127–38 (HKP Sport Science monograph series, vol 2)
- Bell DS. Exercise guidelines for the diabetic. Sports Med 1985: 5(Sep/Oct): 31–3
- Clements RS, Bell DS. Diagnostic, pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of diabetic neuropathy. In: Cohen MP, ed. Special topics in endocrinology. Vol 3. New York: Alan R Liss, 1982: 1–43
- Nesto RW, Phillips RT, Kett KG, et al. Angina and exertional myocardial ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: assessment by exercise thallium scintigraphy. Ann Intern Med 1988: 108(2): 170–5 [erratum, Ann Intern Med 1988: 108(4): 646]
- Viberti GC, Jarrett RJ, McCartney M, et al. Increased glomerular permeability to albumin induced by exercise in diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1978: 14(5): 293–300
- Bell DS. Diabetic nephropathy: changing concepts of pathogenesis and treatment. Am J MedSci 1991: 301(3): 195–200
- Clarke BF, Campbell IW, Ewing DJ. Prognosis in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Horm Metab Res Suppl 1980: 9: 101–4
- Clarke BF, Ewing DJ, Campbell IW. Clinical features of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Horm Metab Res Suppl 1980: 9: 50–60
- Storstein L, Jervell J. Response to bicycle exercise testing of long-standing juvenile diabetes. Acta Med Scand 1979: 205(3): 227–30
- Rubier S. Asymptomatic diabetic females: exercise testing. NY State J Med 1981: 81(8): 1185–91
- Horton ES. Exercise in diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 1988: 72(6): 1301–21
- Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hargarten ME, et al. Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1990: 81(2): 602–9
- Bell DS. Lower limb problems in diabetic patients: what are the causes? what are the remedies? Postgrad Med 1991: 89(8): 237–44
- Murray FT, Zinman B, McClean PA, et al. The metabolic response to moderate exercise in diabetic man receiving intravenous and subcutaneous insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977: 44(4): 708–20
- MacDonald MJ. Postexercise late-onset hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1987: 10(5): 584–8
- Bogardus C, Thuillez P, Ravmsin E, et al. Effect of muscle glycogen depletion on in vivo insulin action in man. J Clin Invest 1983: 72(Nov): 1605–10
- Galbo H, Holst JJ, Christensen NJ. Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man. J Appl Physiol 1975: 38(1): 70–5
- Berger M, Berchtold P, Cuppers HJ, et al. Metabolic and hormonal effects of muscular exercise in juvenile type diabetics. Diabetologia 1977: 13(4): 355–65
- Fery F, deMaertelaer V, Balasse EO. Mechanisms of the hyperketonemic effect of prolonged exercise in insulin deprived type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1987: 30(5): 298–304
- Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JC. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984: 16(6): 539–43
- Yki-Jarvinen H, Koivisto VA. Effects of body composition on insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 1983: 32(Oct): 965–9
- Goldberg AP. Aerobic and resistive exercise modify risk factors for coronary heart disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989: 21(6): 669–74
- Stern JS, Titchenal CA, Johnson PR. Obesity: does exercise make a difference? In: Berry EM, ed. Recent advances in obesity research. London: Libby, 1987: 337–49
- Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr, Nichaman MZ. Leisure time physical activity and coronary heart disease death: the US Railroad Study. Circulation 1989: 79(2): 304–11
- Schneider SH, Khachadurian AK, Amorosa LF, et al. Abnormal glucoregulation during exercise in type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Metabolism 1986: 36(12): 1161–6
- Ruderman NB, Schneider S. Exercise and the insulin-dependent diabetic. Hosp Pract 1986: 21(May 30): 41–51
- Technical review: exercise and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1990: 13(7): 785–95.