References
- Calkins BM, Mendelhoff AI. The epidemiology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Kirsner JB, Shorter RG, eds. Inflammatory bowel disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1995: 31–68
- Calkins BM. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34(12): 1841–54
- Sutherland LR, Ramcharan S, Bryant H, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 98(5 Pt 1): 1123–8
- Both H, Torp-Pedersen K, Kreiner S, et al. Clinical appearance at diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in a regional patient group. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983; 18(7): 987–91
- Rankin GB. Extraintestinal and systemic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Med Clin North Am 1990; 74(1): 39–50
- Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extraintestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976; 55(5): 401–12
- Schorr-Lesnick B, Brandt LJ. Selected rheumatologic and dermatologic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83(3): 216–23
- Rabinovitz M, Gavaler JS, Schade RR, et al. Does primary sclerosing cholangitis occurring in association with inflammatory bowel disease differ from that occurring in the absence of inflammatory bowel disease? Hepatology 1990; 11(1): 7–11
- Hanauer SB. Medical therapy in ulcerative colitis. In: Kirsner, Shorter, eds,1 pp 664–94
- Adler DJ, Korelitz BI. The therapuetic efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine in refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85(6): 717–22
- Kirk AP, Lennard-Jones JE. Controlled trial of azathioprine in chronic ulcerative colitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 284(6325): 1291–2
- Riddell RH. Pathology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Kirsner, Shorter, eds,1 pp 517–52
- Sutherland L, Singleton J, Sessions J, et al. Double blind placebo-controlled trial of metronidazole in Crohn's disease. Gut 1991; 32(9): 1071–5
- Brandt LJ, Bernstein LH, Boley SJ, et al. Metronidazole therapy for perianal Crohn's disease: a follow up study. Gastroenterology 1982; 83(2): 383–7
- Present DH, Korelitz BI, Wisch N, et al. Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine: a long-term randomized double blind study. N Engl J Med 1980; 302(18): 981–7
- Ewe K, Press AG, Singe CC, et al. Azathioprine combined with prednisolone or monotherapy with prednisolone in active Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1993; 105(2): 367–72
- Gorbach SL. Infectious diarrhea and bacterial food poisoning. In: Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS, eds. Gastrointestinal disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993: 1128–61
- Blaser MJ, Reller LB. Campylobacter enteritis. N Engl J Med 1981; 305(24): 1444–52
- Griffin PM, Ostroff SM, Tauxe RV, et al. Illnesses associated with Escherichia coli 0157: H7 infections: a broad clinical spectrum. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109(9): 705–12
- Brandt LJ, Boley SJ. Ischemic and vascular lesions of the bowel. In: Sleisenger, Fordtran, eds,17 pp 1927–56
- Den Hartos-Jager FC, Cohen P, Van Haastert M. Late radiation injury of the rectum and sigmoid colon: barium enema findings in 92 patients. Br J Radiol 1989; 62(741): 807–12
- Womack NR, Williams NS, Holmfield JM, et al. Pressure and prolapse: the cause of solitary rectal ulceration. Gut 1987: 28(10): 1228–33
- Levine DS. “Solitary” rectal ulcer syndrome and localized colitis cystica profunda analogous syndromes caused by rectal prolapse? Gastroenterology 1987; 92(1): 243–53