472
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

Augmentation of restless leg syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease) during long-term dopaminergic treatment

, , &
Pages 716-725 | Received 27 Apr 2015, Accepted 01 Jun 2015, Published online: 16 Jun 2015

References

  • Trenkwalder C , Paulus W . Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2010;6:337–46
  • Allen RP , Walters AS , Montplaisir J , Hening W , Myers A , Bell TJ , Ferini-Strambi L . Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study. Arch Int Med 2005;165:1286–92
  • Earley CJ , Silber MH . Restless legs syndrome: understanding its consequences and the need for better treatment. Sleep Med 2010;11:807–15
  • Partinen M . Challenging issues: sleep-wake, augmentation and quality of life. Sleep Med 2007;8:S19–24
  • Hening W , Walters AS , Allen RP , Montplaisir J , Myers A , Ferini-Strambi L . Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a primary care population: the REST (RLS epidemiology, symptoms, and treatment) primary care study. Sleep Med 2004;5:237–46
  • Tzonova D , Larrosa O , Calvo E , Granizo JJ , Williams AM , de la Llave Y , García-Borreguero D . Breakthrough symptoms during the daytime in patients with restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). Sleep Med 2012;13:151–5
  • Allen RP , Bharmal M , Calloway M . Prevalence and disease burden of primary restless legs syndrome: results of a general population survey in the United States. Mov Disord 2011;26:114–20
  • Ulfberg J , Bjorvatn B , Leissner L , Gyring J , Karlsborg M , Regeur L , et al. Comorbidity in restless legs syndrome among a sample of Swedish adults. Sleep Med 2007;8:768–72
  • Szentkiralyi A , Volzke H , Hoffmann W , Baune BT , Berger K . The relationship between depressive symptoms and restless legs syndrome in two prospective cohort studies. Psychosom Med 2013;75:359–65
  • Ferini-Strambi L , Walters AS , Sica D . The relationship among restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. J Neurol 2013;261:1051–68
  • Innes KE , Selfe TK , Agarwal P . Restless legs syndrome and conditions associated with metabolic dysregulation, sympathoadrenal dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2012;16:309–39
  • Garcia-Borreguero D , Kohnen R , Silber MH , Winkelman JW , Earley CJ , Högl B , et al. The long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease: evidence-based guidelines and clinical consensus best practice guidance: a report from the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Sleep Med 2013;14:675–84
  • Garcia-Borreguero D , Allen RP , Kohnen R , Högl B , Trenkwalder C , Oertel W , et al. Diagnostic standards for dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome: report from a World Association of Sleep Medicine-International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group consensus conference at the Max Planck Institute. Sleep Med 2007;8:520–30
  • Garcia-Borreguero D , Williams AM . Dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2010;14:339–46
  • Trenkwalder C . Augmentation und tagsüber auftretende Symptome beim Restless-Legs-Syndrom. Thieme-Refresher Neurol 2012;R1–R12
  • Allen RP , Picchietti DL , Garcia-Borreguero D , Ondo WG , Walters AS , Winkelman JW , et al. Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated international restless legs syndrome study group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria - history, rationale, description, and significance. Sleep Med 2014;15:860–73
  • International Restless legs Syndrome Study Group . Revised IRLSSG diagnostic criteria for RLS. Secondary revised IRLSSG diagnostic criteria for RLS 2012. Available from http://irlssg.org/diagnostic-criteria/
  • Hening WA , Walters AS , Wagner M , Rosen R , Chen V , Kim S , et al. Circadian rhythm of motor restlessness and sensory symptoms in the idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1999;22:901–12
  • Trenkwalder C , Hening WA , Walters AS , Campbell SS , Rahman K , Chokroverty S . Circadian rhythm of periodic limb movements and sensory symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1999;14:102–10
  • Benes H , Walters AS , Allen RP , Hening WA , Kohnen R . Definition of restless legs syndrome, how to diagnose it, and how to differentiate it from RLS mimics. Mov Disord 2007;22:S401–8
  • Rye DB , Trotti LM . Restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements of sleep. Neurol Clin 2012;30:1137–66
  • Winkelmann J , Czamara D , Schormair B , Knauf F , Schulte EC , Trenkwalder C , et al. Genome-wide association study identifies novel restless legs syndrome susceptibility loci on 2p14 and 16q12.1. PLoS Genet 2011;7:e1002171
  • Winkelmann J , Schormair B , Lichtner P , Ripke S , Xiong L , Jalilzadeh S , et al. Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nat Genet 2007;39:1000–6
  • Xiong L , Montplaisir J , Desautels A , Barhdadi A , Turecki G , Levchenko A , et al. Family study of restless legs syndrome in Quebec, Canada: clinical characterization of 671 familial cases. Arch Neurol 2010;67:617–22
  • Earley CJ , Allen RP , Hening W . Restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements in sleep. Handb Clin Neurol 2011;99:913–48
  • Garcia-Borreguero D , Kohnen R , Boothby L , Tzonova D , Larrosa O , Dunkl E . Validation of the multiple suggested immobilization test: a test for the assessment of severity of restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease). Sleep 2013;36:1101–9
  • Trotti LM , Bliwise DL , Greer SA , Sigurdsson AP , Gudmundsdóttir GB , Wessel T , et al. Correlates of PLMs variability over multiple nights and impact upon RLS diagnosis. Sleep Med 2009;10:668–71
  • Kobayashi M , Namba K , Ito E , Nishida S , Nakamura M , Ueki Y , et al. The validity of the PAM-RL device for evaluating periodic limb movements in sleep and an investigation on night-to-night variability of periodic limb movements during sleep in patients with restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder using this system. Sleep Med 2014;15:138–43
  • Allen RP , Earley CJ . Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep 1996;19:205–13
  • Maestri M , Fulda S , Ferini-Strambi L , Zucconi M , Marelli S , Staedler C , et al. Polysomnographic record and successful management of augmentation in restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease. Sleep Med 2014;15:570–5
  • Williams AM , Garcia-Borreguero D . Management of restless legs syndrome augmentation. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2009;11:327–32
  • Allen RP , Ondo WG , Ball E , Calloway MO , Manjunath R , Higbie RL , et al. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) augmentation associated with dopamine agonist and levodopa usage in a community sample. Sleep Med 2011;12:431–9
  • Trenkwalder C , Hogl B , Benes H , Kohnen R . Augmentation in restless legs syndrome is associated with low ferritin. Sleep Med 2008;9:572–4
  • Garcia-Borreguero D , Kohnen R , Hogl B , Ferini-Strambi L , Hadjigeorgiou GM , Hornyak M , et al. Validation of the Augmentation Severity Rating Scale (ASRS): A multicentric, prospective study with levodopa on restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2007;8:455–63
  • Winkelman JW , Johnston L . Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2004;5:9–14
  • Hornyak M , Trenkwalder C , Kohnen R , Scholz H . Efficacy and safety of dopamine agonists in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2012;13:228–36
  • Allen RP , Picchietti D , Hening WA , Trenkwalder C , Walters AS , Montplaisi J , et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003;4:101–19
  • Kohnen R , Bosse B , Hopp J , Winkelmann J , Allen R , Trenkwalder C . No augmentation during opioid treatment in restless legs syndrome – Results from a 1 year long-term trial. Sleep Med 2013;14S:e172
  • Allen RP , Chen C , Garcia-Borreguero D , Polo O , DuBrava S , Miceli J , et al. Comparison of pregabalin with pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. N Eng J Med 2014;370:621–31
  • Hogl B , Garcia-Borreguero D , Kohnen R , Ferini-Strambi L , Hadjigeorgiou G , Hornyak M , et al. Progressive development of augmentation during long-term treatment with levodopa in restless legs syndrome: results of a prospective multi-center study. J Neurol 2010;257:230–7
  • Hogl B , Garcia-Borreguero D , Trenkwalder C , Ferini-Strambi L , Hening W , Poewe W , et al. Efficacy and augmentation during 6 months of double-blind pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2011;12:351–60
  • Garcia-Borreguero D , Hogl B , Ferini-Strambi L , Winkelman J , Hill-Zabala C , Asgharian A , Allen R . Systematic evaluation of augmentation during treatment with ropinirole in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease): Results from a prospective, multicenter study over 66 weeks. Mov Disord 2012;27:277–83
  • Benes H , Garcia-Borreguero D , Ferini-Strambi L , Schollmayer E , Fichtner A , Kohnen R . Augmentation in the treatment of restless legs syndrome with transdermal rotigotine. Sleep Med 2012;13:589–97
  • Oertel W , Trenkwalder C , Benes H , Ferini-Strambi L , Högl B , Poewe W , et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch for moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a 5-year open-label extension study. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:710–20
  • Vetrugno R , La Morgia C , D’Angelo R , Loi D , Provini F , Plazzi G , Montagna P . Augmentation of restless legs syndrome with long-term tramadol treatment. Mov Disord 2007;22:424–7
  • Inoue Y , Hirata K , Uchimura N , Kuroda K , Hattori N , Takeuchi M . Gabapentin enacarbil in Japanese patients with restless legs syndrome: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Cur Med Res Opin 2013;29:13–21
  • Allen RP , Earley CJ . The role of iron in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2007;22:S440–8
  • Allen RP , Auerbach S , Bahrain H , Auerbach M , Earley CJ . The prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome on patients with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Hematol 2013;88:261–4
  • Beard JL , Chen Q , Connor J , Jones BC . Altered monamine metabolism in caudate-putamen of iron-deficient rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994;48:621–4
  • Nelson C , Erikson K , Pinero DJ , Beard JL . In vivo dopamine metabolism is altered in iron-deficient anemic rats. J Nutr 1997;127:2282–8
  • Erikson KM , Jones BC , Beard JL . Iron deficiency alters dopamine transporter functioning in rat striatum. J Nutr 2000;130:2831–7
  • Erikson KM , Jones BC , Hess EJ , Zhang Q , Beard JL . Iron deficiency decreases dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001;69:409–18
  • Unger EL , Wiesinger JA , Hao L , Beard JL . Dopamine D2 receptor expression is altered by changes in cellular iron levels in PC12 cells and rat brain tissue. J Nutr 2008;138:2487–94
  • Connor JR , Boyer PJ , Menzies SL , Dellinger B , Allen RP , Ondo WG , Earley CJ . Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2003;61:304–9
  • Connor JR , Wang XS , Patton SM , Menzies SL , Troncoso JC , Earley CJ , Allen RP . Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2004;62:1563–7
  • Earley CJ , Kuwabara H , Wong DF , Gamaldo C , Salas R , Brasic J , et al. The dopamine transporter is decreased in the striatum of subjects with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2011;34:341–7
  • Allen RP , Barker PB , Wehrl F , Song HK , Earley CJ . MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2001;56:263–5
  • Astrakas LG , Konitsiotis S , Margariti P , Tsouli S , Tzarouhi L , Argyropoulou MI. T 2 relaxometry and fMRI of the brain in late-onset restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2008;71:911–16
  • Earley CJ , P BB , Horska A , Allen RP . MRI-determined regional brain iron concentrations in early- and late-onset restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2006;7:458–61
  • Godau J , Klose U , Di Santo A , Schweitzer K , Berg D . Multiregional brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2008;23:1184–7
  • Godau J , Schweitzer KJ , Liepelt I , Gerloff C , Berg D . Substantia nigra hypoechogenicity: definition and findings in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2007;22:187–92
  • Earley CJ , Kuwabara H , Wong DF , Gamaldo C , Salas RE , Brašić JR , et al. Increased synaptic dopamine in the putamen in restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2013;36:51–7
  • Paulus W , Trenkwalder C . Less is more: pathophysiology of dopaminergic-therapy-related augmentation in restless legs syndrome. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:878–86
  • Jenner P , McCreary AC , Scheller DK . Continuous drug delivery in early- and late-stage Parkinson’s disease as a strategy for avoiding dyskinesia induction and expression. J Neural Transm 2011;118:1691–702
  • Frauscher B , Gschliesser V , Brandauer E , El-Demerdash E , Kaneider M , Rücker L , et al. The severity range of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and augmentation in a prospective patient cohort: association with ferritin levels. Sleep Med 2009;10:611–15
  • Silver N , Allen RP , Senerth J , Earley CJ . A 10-year, longitudinal assessment of dopamine agonists and methadone in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2011;12:440–4
  • García-Borreguero D , Beneš H , Ferini-Strambi L . Augmentation of restless legs syndrome (RLS) under rotigotine: Results from a 5-year prospective, multinational, open-label study. Neurology 2011;76:A370–A70
  • Godau J , Berg D . Rotigotine in the long-term treatment of severe RLS with augmentation: a series of 28 cases. Sleep Disord 2011;468952
  • Trenkwalder C , Benes H , Grote L , Happe S , Högl B , Mathis J , et al. Cabergoline compared to levodopa in the treatment of patients with severe restless legs syndrome: results from a multi-center, randomized, active controlled trial. Mov Disord 2007;22:696–703
  • Trenkwalder C , Benes H , Poewe W , Oertel WH , Garcia-Borreguero D , de Weerd AW , et al. Efficacy of rotigotine for treatment of moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:595–604
  • Hening WA , Allen RP , Ondo WG , Walters AS , Winkelman JW , Becker P , et al. Rotigotine improves restless legs syndrome: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States. Mov Disord 2010;25:1675–83
  • Cano N , Bayarri P , Chilet R , Plaza G , Carrasco A , Ibanez J . Evolution of safety profile of different therapeutic alternatives in restless legs syndrome (rls). Sleep Med 2013;14S:e88
  • Inoue Y , Hirata K , Hayashida K , Hattori N , Tomida T ; Garcia-Borreguero D ; Rotigotine Study Group . Efficacy, safety and risk of augmentation of rotigotine for treating restless legs syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013;40:326–33
  • Miranda C . Transdermal Rotigotine in the treatment of restless legs patients who develop augmentation of symptoms. Rev Méd Chile 2013;141:407–8
  • Montplaisir J , Karrasch J , Haan J , Volc D . Ropinirole is effective in the long-term management of restless legs syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord 2006;21:1627–35
  • Garcia-Borreguero D , Grunstein R , Sridhar G , Dreykluft T , Montagna P , Dom R , et al. A 52-week open-label study of the long-term safety of ropinirole in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2007;8:742–52
  • Montplaisir J , Denesle R , Petit D . Pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: a follow-up study. Eur J Neurol 2000;7(Suppl):27–31
  • Ferini-Strambi L . Restless legs syndrome augmentation and pramipexole treatment. Sleep Med 2002;3(Suppl):S23–5
  • Silber MH , Girish M , Izurieta R . Pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep 2003;26:819–21
  • Trenkwalder C , Stiasny-Kolster K , Kupsch A , Oertel WH , Koester J , Reess J . Controlled withdrawal of pramipexole after 6 months of open-label treatment in patients with restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2006;21:1404–10
  • Inoue Y , Kuroda K , Hirata K , Uchimura N , Kagimura T , Shimizu T . Long-term open-label study of pramipexole in patients with primary restless legs syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2010;294:62–6
  • Montagna P , Hornyak M , Ulfberg J , Hong SB , Koester J , Crespi G , Albrecht S . Randomized trial of pramipexole for patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) and RLS-related impairment of mood. Sleep Med 2011;12:34–40
  • Lipford MC , Silber MH . Long-term use of pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2012;13:1280–5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.