References
- Mirchandani A, Saleeb M, Sinatra R. Acute and chronic mechanisms of pain. New York (NY): Springer Science and Business Media; 2011.
- Bonica JJ. The management of pain. Philadelphia (PA): Lea & Febiger; 1953.
- Treede R-D, Rief W, Barke A, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156:1003–1007.
- The Institute of Medicine. Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education and research. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2011.
- Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2012 [cited 2015 Nov 23]. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012
- Schiller JS, Lucas JW, Ward BW, et al. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2010. Vital Health Stat. 2012;10:1–207. Data from the National Health Survey.
- Health, United States, 2011: with special feature on socioeconomic status and health. National Center for Health Statistics; 2012 [cited 2015 Nov 23]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus11.pdf
- Nahin RL. Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012. J Pain. 2015;16:769–780.
- The National Pain Strategy. National Institutes of Health [Last accessed 2016 Mar 23]. Available from: http://iprcc.nih.gov/docs/HHSNational_Pain_Strategy.pdf
- Mezei L, Murinson BB. Pain education in North American medical schools. J Pain. 2011;12:1199–1208.
- O’Rorke JE, Chen I, Genao I, et al. Physicians’ comfort in caring for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333:93–100.
- McCarberg BH. Pain management in primary care: strategies to mitigate opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion. Postgrad Med. 2011;123:119–130.
- Center for Disease Control. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2013;62:234.
- National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 2013. U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services [cited 2015 Dec 14]. Available from: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf
- Americans talk about pain. Peter D. Hart Research Associates; 2003 [cited 2015 Dec 14]. Available from: http://www.researchamerica.org/sites/default/files/uploads/poll2003pain.pdf
- Harle CA, Bauer SE, Hoang HQ, et al. Decision support for chronic pain care: how do primary care physicians decide when to prescribe opioids? A qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16:48.
- Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr., et al. American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;2016(68):1–26.
- Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and rehabilitation. Neurology. 2011;76:1758–1765.
- Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Audette J, et al. Recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain: an overview and literature update. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:S3–S14.
- Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1113–e88.
- Carville SF, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bliddal H, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:536–541.
- Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Goldenberg DL, et al. Canadian Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Res Manag. 2012;2013(18):119–126.
- Berry PH, Chapman CR, Covington EC, et al. Pain: current understanding of assessment, management, and treatments [cited 2015 Dec 15]. Available from: http://www.npcnow.org/system/files/research/download/Pain-Current-Understanding-of-Assessment-Management-and-Treatments.pdf
- Turk DC. Remember the distinction between malignant and benign pain? Well, forget it. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:75–76.
- Fillingim RB, Dworkin RH, Turk DC. The ACTTION-APS pain taxonomy initiative: response to Henriques et al. J Pain. 2014;15:1201–1202.
- Woolf CJ. What is this thing called pain? J Clin Invest. 2010;120:3742–3744.
- Franklin GM. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2014;83:1277–1284.
- Painter JT, Crofford LJ. Chronic opioid use in fibromyalgia syndrome: a clinical review. J Clin Rheumatol. 2013;19:72–77.
- Schaible H-G, Ebersberger A, Natura G. Update on peripheral mechanisms of pain: beyond prostaglandins and cytokines. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:210.
- IASP Pain Taxonomy. International Association for the study of pain [cited 2015 Dec 14]. Available from: http://www.iasp-pain.org/Taxonomy
- Jay GW, Barkin RL. Neuropathic pain: etiology, pathophysiology, mechanisms, and evaluations. Dis Mon. 2014;60:6–47.
- Clauw DJ, Crofford LJ. Chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: what we know, and what we need to know. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17:685–701.
- Yunus MB. Central sensitivity syndromes: a new paradigm and group nosology for fibromyalgia and overlapping conditions, and the related issue of disease versus illness. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008;37:339–352.
- Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011;152:S2–S15.
- Arnold LM, Clauw DJ, McCarberg BH. Improving the recognition and diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:457–464.
- Phillips K, Clauw DJ. Central pain mechanisms in chronic pain states–maybe it is all in their head. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011;25:141–154.
- Wilbarger JL, Cook DB. Multisensory hypersensitivity in women with fibromyalgia: implications for well being and intervention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:653–656.
- Geisser ME, Glass JM, Rajcevska LD, et al. A psychophysical study of auditory and pressure sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. J Pain. 2008;9:417–422.
- Jay GW, Barkin RL. Fibromyalgia. Dis Mon. 2015;61:66–111.
- Petersel DL, Dror V, Cheung R. Central amplification and fibromyalgia: disorder of pain processing. J Neurosci Res. 2011;89:29–34.
- Clauw DJ, Arnold LM, McCarberg BH, et al. The science of fibromyalgia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:907–911.
- Harris RE, Clauw DJ. How do we know that the pain in fibromyalgia is “real”? Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2006;10:403–407.
- Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengård B, et al. Chronic widespread pain and its comorbidities: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1649–1654.
- Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311:1547–1555.
- Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengård B, et al. A population-based twin study of functional somatic syndromes. Psychol Med. 2009;39:497–505.
- Watson NF, Buchwald D, Goldberg J, et al. Neurologic signs and symptoms in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2839–2844.
- Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia and related conditions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90:680–692.
- NIH workshop on chronic overlappin pain condition. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [cited 2015 Dec 14]. Available from: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/news_and_events/events/meeting-summary-chronic-pain.htm
- Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, et al. pain DETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1911–1920.
- Markman JD, Kress BT, Frazer M, et al. Screening for neuropathic characteristics in failed back surgery syndromes: challenges for guiding treatment. Pain Med. 2015;16:520–530.
- Hochman JR, Gagliese L, Davis AM, et al. Neuropathic pain symptoms in a community knee OA cohort. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011;19:647–654.
- Brummett CM, Goesling J, Tsodikov A, et al. Prevalence of the fibromyalgia phenotype in patients with spine pain presenting to a tertiary care pain clinic and the potential treatment implications. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:3285–3292.
- Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles M-A, et al. Fibromyalgia criteria and severity scales for clinical and epidemiological studies: a modification of the ACR Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1113–1122.
- Wolfe F, Michaud K. Anemia and renal function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1516–1522.
- Mease PJ, Hanna S, Frakes EP, et al. Pain mechanisms in osteoarthritis: understanding the role of central pain and current approaches to its treatment. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:1546–1551.
- Meeus M, Vervisch S, De Clerck LS, et al. Central sensitization in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41:556–567.
- Hawker GA, French MR, Waugh EJ, et al. The multidimensionality of sleep quality and its relationship to fatigue in older adults with painful osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18:1365–1371.
- Yunus MB. The prevalence of fibromyalgia in other chronic pain conditions. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:584573.
- Ruger LJ, Irnich D, Abahji TN, et al. Characteristics of chronic ischemic pain in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Pain. 2008;139:201–208.
- Rockett M. Diagnosis, mechanisms and treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27:494–500.
- Dansie EJ, Turk DC. Assessment of patients with chronic pain. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:19–25.
- Buenaver LF, Smith MT. Sleep in rheumatic diseases and other painful conditions. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2007;9:325–336.
- Nicholson B, Verma S. Comorbidities in chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Med. 2004;5(s1):S9–S27.
- McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain. 2003;106:127–133.
- Smith MT, Haythornthwaite JA. How do sleep disturbance and chronic pain inter-relate? Insights from the longitudinal and cognitive-behavioral clinical trials literature. Sleep Med Rev. 2004;8:119–132.
- Roehrs T, Roth T. Sleep and pain: interaction of two vital functions. Semin Neurol. 2005;25:106–116.
- Goesling J, Clauw DJ, Hassett AL. Pain and depression: an integrative review of neurobiological and psychological factors. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15:421.
- Jordan KD, Okifuji A. Anxiety disorders: differential diagnosis and their relationship to chronic pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2011;25:231–245.
- Turk DC, Melzack R. Handbook of pain assessment. New York (NY): The Guilford Press; 2011.
- Zhang W, Doherty M, Peat G, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:483–489.
- Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:600–610.
- Universal precautions in opioid prescribing for chronic pain: the time has come [cited 2015 Dec 14]. Available from: http://rethinkopioids.com/applying-universal-precautions
- Management of opioid therapy for chronic pain [cited 2016 Jan 11]. Available from: http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/COT_312_Full-er.pdf
- Washington State Interagency Guideline on Prescribing Opioids for Pain [cited 2016 Jan 11]. Available from: http://www.agencymeddirectors.wa.gov/Files/2015AMDGOpioidGuideline.pdf
- Stanos SP, Bruckenthal P, Barkin RL. Strategies to reduce the tampering and subsequent abuse of long-acting opioids: Potential risks and benefits of formulations with physical or pharmacologic deterrents to tampering. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87:683–694.
- Rolfs RT, Johnson E, Williams NJ, et al. Utah clinical guidelines on prescribing opioids for treatment of pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2010;24:219–235.
- Hooten WM, Timming R, Belgrade M, et al., Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. 2013. Assessment and management of chronic pain [ updated 2013; cited 2016 Jan 11]. Available from: https://www.icsi.org/_asset/bw798b/ChronicPain.pdf
- Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:465–474.
- Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: 2002 Update. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:328–346.
- Epstein JB, Wilkie DJ, Fischer DJ, et al. Neuropathic and nociceptive pain in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Head Neck Oncol. 2009;1:26.
- Gilron I, Watson CP, Cahill CM, et al. Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician. CMAJ. 2006;175:265–275.
- Gulati A, Loh J. Assessment of pain: complete patient evaluation. New York (NY): Springer; 2011.
- Arnold LM, Clauw DJ, Dunegan LJ, et al. A framework for fibromyalgia management for primary care providers. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87:488–496.
- Portenoy R. Development and testing of a neuropathic pain screening questionnaire: ID Pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1555–1565.
- Janda AM, As-Sanie S, Rajala B, et al. Fibromyalgia survey criteria are associated with increased postoperative opioid consumption in women undergoing hysterectomy. Anesthesiology. 2015;122:1103–1111.
- Brummett CM, Janda AM, Schueller CM, et al. Survey criteria for fibromyalgia independently predict increased postoperative opioid consumption after lower-extremity joint arthroplasty: a prospective, observational cohort study. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:1434–1443.
- Brummett CM, Urquhart AG, Hassett AL, et al. Characteristics of fibromyalgia independently predict poorer long-term analgesic outcomes following total knee and hip arthroplasty. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1386–1394.
- Barkin RL, Beckerman M, Blum SL, et al. Should nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) be prescribed to the older adult? Drugs Aging. 2010;27:775–789.
- Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:162–173.
- Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M, et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007;132:237–251.
- Salsitz EA. Chronic pain, chronic opioid addiction: a complex nexus. J Med Toxicol. 2016;12:54–57.
- Nadeau SE. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: to prescribe or not to prescribe-what is the question? Neurology. 2015;85:646–651.
- Argoff CE, Viscusi ER. The use of opioid analgesics for chronic pain: minimizing the risk for harm. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;2:3–8.
- Katz MH. Mitigating the dangers of opioids. JAMA Inter Med. 2015;175:616–16.
- Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain-United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(1):1–49.
- Starrels JL, Becker WC, Weiner MG, et al. Low use of opioid risk reduction strategies in primary care even for high risk patients with chronic pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26:958–964.
- Brown J, Setnik B, Lee K, et al. Assessment, stratification, and monitoring of the risk for prescription opioid misuse and abuse in the primary care setting. J Opioid Manag. 2011;7:467–483.
- Turk DC, Swanson KS, Gatchel RJ. Predicting opioid misuse by chronic pain patients: a systematic review and literature synthesis. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:497–508.
- Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Universal precautions revisited: managing the inherited pain patient. Pain Med. 2009;10(S2):S115–S123.
- Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: part 2–guidance. Pain Phys. 2012;15:S67–S116.
- Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, et al. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain. J Pain. 2009;10:113–130.e22.
- Peng X, Robinson RL, Mease P, et al. Long-term evaluation of opioid treatment in fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain. 2015;31:7–13.
- Chu LF, Angst MS, Clark D. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans: molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:479–496.
- Becker WC, Sullivan LE, Tetrault JM, et al. Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on prescription opioids among U.S. adults: psychiatric, medical and substance use correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;94:38–47.
- Barkhuizen A. Rational and targeted pharmacologic treatment of fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2002;28:261–290.
- Wang D, Teichtahl H. Opioids, sleep architecture and sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11:35–46.
- ACPA Resource Guide to Chronic Pain Medication and Treatment. American Chronic Pain Association; 2015 [cited 2015 Dec 14]. Available from: http://www.theacpa.org/uploads/documents/ACPA_Resource_Guide_2015_Final%20edited%20(3).pdf
- Eccleston C, Williams AC, Morley S. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2:CD007407.
- Hoffman BM, Papas RK, Chatkoff DK, et al. Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Health Psychol. 2007;26:1–9.
- Jensen MP. Psychosocial approaches to pain management: an organizational framework. Pain. 2011;152:717–725.
- Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, et al. Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain. 1999;80:329–339.
- Roditi D, Robinson ME. The role of psychological interventions in the management of patients with chronic pain. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2011;4:41–49.
- Keefe FJ, Shelby RA, Somers TJ. Catastrophizing and pain coping: moving forward. Pain. 2010;149:165–166.
- Jackson T, Wang Y, Fan H. Self-efficacy and chronic pain outcomes: a meta-analytic review. J Pain. 2014;15:800–814.
- Cheatle MD, Shmuts R. The risk and benefit of benzodiazepine use in patients with chronic pain. Pain Med. 2015;16:219–221.
- Neubauer DN. New and emerging pharmacotherapeutic approaches for insomnia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26:214–224.
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health website [cited 2015 Dec 15]. Available from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/pain/chronic.htm
- Stanos SP, Galluzzi KE. Topical therapies in the management of chronic pain. Postgrad Med. 2013;125:25–33.
- Anitescu M, Benzon HT, Argoff CE. Advances in topical analgesics. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2013;26:555–561.
- Moody ML. Topical medications in the treatment of pain. Pain Med News. 2010;8:15–21.
- Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Kent J, et al. Interventional management of neuropathic pain: NeuPSIG recommendations. Pain. 2013;154:2249–2261.
- Turk DC, Stanos SP, Palmero TM, et al. Interdisciplinary pain management white paper [cited 2015 Dec 14]. Available from: http://americanpainsociety.org/uploads/about/position-statements/interdisciplinary-white-paper.pdf
- Peppin JF, Cheatle MD, Kirsh KL, et al. The complexity model: a novel approach to improve chronic pain care. Pain Med. 2015;16:653–666.
- Kroenke K, Krebs E, Wu J, et al. Stepped Care to Optimize Pain care Effectiveness (SCOPE) trial study design and sample characteristics. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013;34:270–281.
- Coyne K, Currie B, Donevan S, et al. Psychometric validation of the electronic chronic pain questions in a primary care setting. Postgrad Med. 2015;127:S49.