A ‘health message’ on sustainable physical and mental health for the prolonged COVID-19 and other pandemics

References

• Cunningham C, R OS, Caserotti P, et al. Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: a systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(5):816–827. DOI:10.1111/sms.13616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt M, Ramirez Varela A, Salvo D, et al. Attacking the pandemic of physical inactivity: what is holding us back? Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(13):760–762. DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozemek C, Lavie CJ, Rognmo O. Global physical activity levels - need for intervention. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62(2):102–107. DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl HW 3rd, Craig CL, Lambert EV. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):294–305. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: Author; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Glossary of terms. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/physical-activity.htm [cited 2021 Sept 25].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1 [cited 2021 Sept 25].
   Google Scholar
• Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, et al. Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(4):1351–1402. DOI:10.1152/physrev.00019.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, et al. SBRN terminology consensus project participants. sedentary behavior research network (SBRN) - terminology consensus project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):75. DOI:10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. 433021. 1985;100(2):126–131.
   Google Scholar
• Szychlinska MA, Castrogiovanni P, Trovato FM, et al. Physical activity and mediterranean diet based on olive tree phenolic compounds from two different geographical areas have protective effects on early osteoarthritis, muscle atrophy and hepatic steatosis. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(2):565–581. DOI:10.1007/s00394-018-1632-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musumeci G. Physical activity for health—an overview and an update of the physical activity guidelines of the Italian ministry of health. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2016;1(3):269–275. DOI:10.3390/jfmk1030269.
   Google Scholar
• Maugeri G, Musumeci G. Adapted physical activity to ensure the physical and psychological well-being of COVID-19 patients. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021;6(1):13. DOI:10.3390/jfmk6010013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maugeri G, Castrogiovanni P, Battaglia G, et al. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon. 2020;6(6):e04315. DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So B, Kwon KH. The impact of physical activity on well-being, lifestyle and health promotion in an era of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 variant. Postgrad Med. 2022;134(4):349–358. DOI:10.1080/00325481.2022.2052467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World health organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451–1462. DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020–2028. DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.14854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Physical activity. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity [cited 2022 Jun 27]
   Google Scholar
• Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group, Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–229. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017;32(5):541–556. DOI:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Cmaj. 2006;174(6):801–809. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.051351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekelund U, Tarp J, Steene-Johannessen J, et al. Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4570. DOI:10.1136/bmj.l4570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol. 2012;2(2):1143–1211. DOI:10.1002/cphy.c110025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XY, Han LH, Zhang JH, et al. The influence of physical activity, sedentary behavior on health-related quality of life among the general population of children and adolescents: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187668. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0187668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, et al. Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Circ Res. 2019;124(5):799–815. DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González K, Fuentes J, Márquez JL. Physical inactivity, sedentary behavior and chronic diseases. Korean J Fam Med. 2017;38(3):111–115. DOI:10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaetano A. Relationship between physical inactivity and effects on individual health status. J Phys Educ Sport. 2016;16(2):1069–1074. DOI:10.7752/jpes.2016.s2170.
   Google Scholar
• Knight JA. Physical inactivity: associated diseases and disorders. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2012;42(3):320–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Blanco C, Rodríguez-Almagro J, Onieva-Zafra MD, et al. Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in university students: changes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6567. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17186567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockwell S, Trott M, Tully M, et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021;7(1):e000960. DOI:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koohsari MJ, Nakaya T, McCormack GR, et al. Changes in workers’ sedentary and physical activity behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and their relationships with fatigue: longitudinal online study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2021;7(3):e26293. DOI:10.2196/26293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinto AJ, Dunstan DW, Owen N, et al. Combating physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(7):347–348. DOI:10.1038/s41584-020-0427-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Cocchi C, et al. Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(9):1409–1417. DOI:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang M, Zhang Z, Kuwahara K. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(4):531–532. DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubertin-Leheudre M, Rolland Y. The Importance of physical activity to care for frail older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 7;21(7):973–976. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.04.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frahsa A TAAD, Altmeier D, Frahsa A, et al. Saving lives through life-threatening measures? The COVID-19 paradox of infection prevention in long-term care facilities. Eur Rev Aging Phys Activity. 2021;18(1):11. DOI:10.1186/s11556-021-00265-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roschel H, Artioli GG, Gualano B. Risk of increased physical inactivity during COVID-19 outbreak in older people: a call for actions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(6):1126–1128. DOI:10.1111/jgs.16550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béland D, Marier P. COVID-19 and long-term care policy for older people in Canada. J Aging Soc Policy. 2020;32(4–5):358–364. DOI:10.1080/08959420.2020.1764319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XY, Peng S, Yang T, et al. Changing trends of mental and behavioral responses and associations during the COVID-19 epidemic in China: a panel study. Health Educ Res. 2021;36(2):151–158. DOI:10.1093/her/cyab012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoangelos K, Economou M, Papageorgiou C. Mental health effects of covid-19 pandemia: a review of clinical and psychological traits. Psychiatry Investig. 2020;17(6):491–505. DOI:10.30773/pi.2020.0161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro T, Paoli A. When COVID-19 affects muscle: effects of quarantine in older adults. Eur J Transl Myol. 2020;30(2):9069. DOI:10.4081/ejtm.2019.9069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention Control. Risk assessment: risk related to spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the EU/EEA. Available online at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-risk-assessment-spread-new-sars-cov-2-variants-eueea [cited 2020 Dec 29].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Strategic preparedness, readiness and response plan to end the global COVID-19 emergency in 2022 (Geneva: WHO 2022 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-WHE-SPP-2022.1). No. WHO/WHE/SPP/2022.1). 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, et al. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science. 2020;368(6493):860–868. DOI:10.1126/science.abb5793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers J , et al. When will life return to ‘pre-COVID normal’? World economic forum. 2021 27 Jun 2022. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/normal-pre-covid-post-pandemic/. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2020. https://covid19.who.int/ [cited 2022 Jun 27]
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:1–72. DOI:10.1111/sms.12581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, et al. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9(2):103–104. DOI:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell JP, Turner JE. Debunking the myth of exercise-induced immune suppression: redefining the impact of exercise on immunological health across the lifespan. Front Immunol. 2018;9:648. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI. Effects of exercise to improve cardiovascular health. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019;6:69. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall G, Laddu DR, Phillips SA, et al. A tale of two pandemics: how will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;64:108–110. DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena R, Hall G, Laddu DR, et al. A tale of two pandemics revisited: physical inactivity, sedentary behavior and poor Covid-19 outcomes reside in the same syndemic city. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;71:69–71. DOI:10.1016/j.pcad.2021.11.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(6):e1000097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, et al. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(10):e1077–e1086. DOI:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, et al. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):23–35. DOI:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cvecka J, Tirpakova V, Sedliak M, et al. Physical Activity in Elderly. Eur J Transl Myol. 2015;25(4):249–252. DOI:10.4081/ejtm.2015.5280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto Barreto P D, Demougeot L, Vellas B, et al. How much exercise are older adults living in nursing homes doing in daily life? A cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(2):116–124. DOI:10.1080/02640414.2014.928828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JL, Webber AP, Alam T, et al. Daytime sleeping, sleep disturbance, and circadian rhythms in the nursing home. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(2):121–129. DOI:10.1097/01.JGP.0000192483.35555.a3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli AV, Ballerini Puviani M. Lifestyle at time of COVID-19: how could quarantine affect cardiovascular risk. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2020;14(3):240–242. DOI:10.1177/1559827620918808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–920. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow DD, Arnold-Nedimala NA, Jordan LS, et al. The mental health benefits of physical activity in older adults survive the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(10):1046–1057. DOI:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer J, McDowell C, Lansing J, et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in response to COVID-19 and their associations with mental health in 3052 US adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6469. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17186469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki S, Sato A, Tanabe Y, et al. Associations between socioeconomic status, social participation, and physical activity in older people during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a cross-sectional study in a Northern Japanese City. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1477. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18041477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pombo A, Luz C, Rodrigues LP, et al. Correction to: effects of COVID-19 confinement on the household routines of children in Portugal. J Child Fam Stud. 2022;31(2):433. DOI:10.1007/s10826-021-02216-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tison GH, Avram R, Kuhar P, et al. Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: a descriptive study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(9):767–770. DOI:10.7326/M20-2665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith L, Jacob L, Butler L, et al. Prevalence and correlates of physical activity in a sample of UK adults observing social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2020;6(1):e000850. DOI:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000850.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuch FB, Bulzing RA, Meyer J, et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior changes in self-isolating adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a cross-sectional survey exploring correlates. Sport Sci Health. 2022;18(1):155–163. DOI:10.1007/s11332-021-00788-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadarangani KP, De Roia GF, Lobo P, et al. Changes in sitting time, screen exposure and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown in south American adults: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(10):5239. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18105239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Larrad A, Mañas A, Labayen I, et al. Impact of COVID-19 confinement on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Spanish university students: role of gender. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):369. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18020369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo EL, Reichert FF. Studies of physical activity and COVID-19 during the pandemic: a scoping review. J Phys Act Health. 2020;17(12):1275–1284. DOI:10.1123/jpah.2020-0406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora T, Grey I. Health behaviour changes during COVID-19 and the potential consequences: a mini-review. J Health Psychol. 2020;25(9):1155–1163. DOI:10.1177/1359105320937053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods JA, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Med Health Sci. 2020;2(2):55–64. DOI:10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kostka T, Berthouze SE, Lacour J, et al. The symptomatology of upper respiratory tract infections and exercise in elderly people. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(1):46–51. DOI:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming-Dutra CN, Gierke K, Hall R, et al. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 — United States.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 February 12–Mar 28, ;69(13):382–386. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, et al. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(9):811–829. DOI:10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young DR, Hivert MF, Alhassan S, et al. physical activity committee of the council on lifestyle and cardiometabolic health; council on clinical cardiology; council on epidemiology and prevention; council on functional genomics and translational biology; and stroke council. sedentary behavior and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a science advisory from the American heart association. Circulation. 2016;134(13):e262–279. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunstan DW, Barr EL, Healy GN, et al. Television viewing time and mortality: the Australian Diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (ausdiab). Circulavtion. 2010;121(3):384–391. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.894824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren TY, Barry V, Hooker SP, et al. Sedentary behaviors increase risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):879–885. DOI:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c3aa7e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamburg NM, McMackin CJ, Huang AL, et al. Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27(12):2650–2656. DOI:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes. 2007;56(11):2655–2667. DOI:10.2337/db07-0882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer UE, Briss PA, Goodman RA, et al. Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA. Lancet. 2014;384(9937):45–52. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60648-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pears M, Kola-Palmer S, De Azevedo LB. The impact of sitting time and physical activity on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. Sport Sci Health. 2022;18:179–191. DOI:10.1007/s11332-021-00791-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asiamah N, Opuni FF, Mends-Brew E, et al. Short-term changes in behaviors resulting from COVID-19-related social isolation and their influences on mental health in Ghana. Community Ment Health J. 2021;57(1):79–92. DOI:10.1007/s10597-020-00722-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez EZ, Silva FM, Morigi TZ, et al. Physical activity in periods of social distancing due to COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey. Cien Saude Colet. 2020;25(suppl 2):4157–4168. DOI:10.1590/1413-812320202510.2.27242020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu C, Chi X, Liang K, et al. Moving more and sitting less as healthy lifestyle behaviors are protective factors for insomnia, depression, and anxiety among adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:1223–1233. DOI:10.2147/PRBM.S284103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunes R, Frontini R, Amaro N, et al. Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese adults during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4360. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17124360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckins JF, daSilva AW, Wang W, et al. Mental health and behavior during the early phases of the covid-19 pandemic: a longitudinal mobile smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study in college students (Preprint). J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(6):e20185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monge S, Zamalloa PL, Moros MJS, et al. Lifting COVID-19 mitigation measures in Spain (May-June 2020). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2021;S0213-005X(21)00195–6. DOI:10.1016/j.eimc.2021.05.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghram A, Briki W, Mansoor H, et al. Home-based exercise can be beneficial for counteracting sedentary behavior and physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults. Postgrad Med. 2021;133(5):469–480. DOI:10.1080/00325481.2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yomoda K, Kurita S. Influence of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity in children: a scoping review of the literature. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2021;19(3):195–203. DOI:10.1016/j.jesf.2021.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bu F, Bone JK, Mitchell JJ, et al. Longitudinal changes in physical activity during and after the first national lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17723. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-97065-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaccagni L, Toselli S, Barbieri D. Physical Activity during COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6416. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18126416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitanga FJG, Matos SMA, Almeida MDCC, et al. Association between leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior with cardiometabolic health in the ELSA-Brasil participants. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:1–9. DOI:10.1177/2050312119827089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis JF, Adlakha D, Oyeyemi A, et al. An international physical activity and public health research agenda to inform coronavirus disease-2019 policies and practices. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9(4):328–334. DOI:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton MT, Healy GN, Dunstan DW, et al. Too little exercise and too much sitting: inactivity physiology and the need for new recommendations on sedentary behavior. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2008;2(4):292–298. DOI:10.1007/s12170-008-0054-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owen N, Sparling PB, Healy GN, et al. Sedentary behavior: emerging evidence for a new health risk. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(12):1138–1141. DOI:10.4065/mcp.2010.0444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body’s defense system. J Sport Health Sci. 2019;8(3):201–217. DOI:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh R, Stamatakis E, Folkerts D, et al. Effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with physical activity breaks on blood glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50(2):295–330. DOI:10.1007/s40279-019-01183-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson RJ, Katsanis E. The immunological case for staying active during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:6–7. DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Zheng X, Tong Q, et al. Overlapping and discrete aspects of the pathology and pathogenesis of the emerging human pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):491–494. DOI:10.1002/jmv.25709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844–847. DOI:10.1111/jth.14768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 2020;368:1–14. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m1091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung C. Risk factors for predicting mortality in elderly patients with COVID-19: a review of clinical data in China. Mech Ageing Dev. 2020;188:111255. DOI:10.1016/j.mad.2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Rosa M, Castrogiovanni P, Musumeci G. The synovium theory: can exercise prevent knee osteoarthritis? the role of mechanokines, a possible biological key. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2009;4(1):11. DOI:10.3390/jfmk4010011.
   Google Scholar
• Narasimhan M, Rajasekaran NSE. Nrf2 and antioxidant signaling in cardiac aging. Front Physiol. 2016;7:241. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2016.00241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, Maffulli N. Biological influence of physical exercise on hemostasis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2009;35(3):269–276. DOI:10.1055/s-0029-1222605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie DC. Respiratory physiology: adaptations to high-level exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(6):381–834. DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyh C, Krüger K, Strasser B. Physical Activity and Diet Shape the Immune System during Aging. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):622. DOI:10.3390/nu12030622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JE. Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? Biogerontology. 2016;17(3):581–602. DOI:10.1007/s10522-016-9642-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen AR, Mounier R, Plomgaard P, et al. Expression of interleukin-15 in human skeletal muscle effect of exercise and muscle fibre type composition. J Physiol. 2007;584(Pt 1):305–312. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimeno-Almazán A, Pallarés JG, Buendía-Romero Á, et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome and the potential benefits of exercise. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(10):5329. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18105329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK, Wagenmakers AJM. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control. Essays Biochem. 2006;42:105–117. DOI:10.1042/bse0420105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebello CJ, Axelrod CL, Reynolds CF 3rd, et al. Exercise as a moderator of persistent neuroendocrine symptoms of COVID-19. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2022;50(2):65–72. DOI:10.1249/JES.0000000000000284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantas WS, Neves WD, Gil S, et al. Exercise-induced anti-inflammatory effects in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cytokine. 2019;120:66–70. DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Cánoves P, Scheele C, Pedersen BK, et al. Interleukin-6 myokine signaling in skeletal muscle: a double-edged sword? FEBS J. 2013;280(17):4131–4148. DOI:10.1111/febs.12338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer CP. Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance? Exerc Immunol Rev. 2006;12:6–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal M, Febbraio MA, Whitham M. From cytokine to myokine: the emerging role of interleukin-6 in metabolic regulation. Immunol Cell Biol. 2014;92(4):331–339. DOI:10.1038/icb.2014.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, et al. Exerkines in health, resilience and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(5):273–289. DOI:10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK. Muscles and their myokines. J Exp Biol. 2011;214(2):337–346. DOI:10.1242/jeb.048074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(4):1154–1162. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, et al. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;285(2):E433–E437. DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, et al. The antiinflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(9):607–615. DOI:10.1038/nri3041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, et al. Position statement. Part one: immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17:6–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG. Potential importance of immune system response to exercise on aging muscle and bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2020;18(4):350–356. DOI:10.1007/s11914-020-00596-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parameshwar A, Maiya GA, Kamath SU, et al. Lifestyle modification with physical activity promotion on leptin resistance and quality of life in metabolic syndrome - a systematic review with meta-analysis. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2021;17(3):345–355. DOI:10.2174/1573399816666200211102917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon BR, McDowell CP, Hallgren M, et al. Association of efficacy of resistance exercise training with depressive symptoms: meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(6):566–576. DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashdown-Franks G, Firth J, Carney R, et al. Exercise as medicine for mental and substance use disorders: a meta-review of the benefits for neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Sports Med. 2020;50(1):151–170. DOI:10.1007/s40279-019-01187-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell CP, Dishman RK, Gordon BR, et al. Physical activity and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(4):545–556. DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547–560. DOI:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ma X, et al. Mental Health problems during the COVID-19 pandemics and the mitigation effects of exercise: a longitudinal study of college students in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3722. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17103722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandola A, Vancampfort D, Herring M, et al. Moving to beat anxiety: epidemiology and therapeutic issues with physical activity for anxiety. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(8):63. DOI:10.1007/s11920-018-0923-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker AG, Hetrick SE, Jorm AF, et al. The effectiveness of simple psychological and physical activity interventions for high prevalence mental health problems in young people: a factorial randomised controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2016;196:200–209. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier L, Shanmugasegaram S, Patten SB, et al. Self-management of mood and/or anxiety disorders through physical activity/exercise. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2017;37(5):149–159. DOI:10.24095/hpcdp.37.5.03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mammen G, Faulkner G. Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45(5):649–657. DOI:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum S, Tiedemann A, Sherrington C, et al. Physical activity interventions for people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(9):964–974. DOI:10.4088/JCP.13r08765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4065. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17114065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob L, Tully MA, Barnett Y, et al. The relationship between physical activity and mental health in a sample of the UK public: a cross-sectional study during the implementation of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Ment Health Phys Act. 2020; 19: 100345. DOI:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shechter A, Diaz F, Moise N, et al. Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;66:1–8. DOI:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond R, Byrd E. Standing up for health - improving mental wellbeing during COVID-19 isolation by reducing sedentary behaviour. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:232–234. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson J, Malm C, Furberg M, et al. physical activity during the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic: prevention of a decline in metabolic and immunological functions. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;2:57. DOI:10.3389/fspor.2020.00057.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhai L, Zhang Y, Zhang D. Sedentary behaviour and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(11):705–709. DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matias T, Dominski FH, Marks DF. Human needs in COVID-19 isolation. J Health Psychol. 2020;25(7):871–882. DOI:10.1177/1359105320925149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Connecting the World to Combat Coronovirus. https://www.who.int/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/healthyathome. Health at Home Campaign. 2020. cited 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Chesnut WM, MacDonald S, Wambier CG. Could diet and exercise reduce risk of COVID-19 syndemic? Med Hypotheses. 2021;148:110502. DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubic N, Jain S, Mihajlovic V, et al. Competing against COVID-19: have we forgotten about student-athletes’ mental health? Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(17):950–951. DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Connecting the World to Combat Coronovirus. https://www.who.int/news-room/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/healthyathome/healthyathome—physical-activity. Health at Home Campaign. 2020. cited 2022.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Connecting the World to Combat Coronovirus. https://www.who.int/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/healthyathome/healthyathome—mental-health. Health at Home Campaign. 2020. cited 2022.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Connecting the world to combat coronovirus. Health at Home Campaign. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/publications-and-technical-guidance/noncommunicable-diseases/stay-physically-active-during-self-quarantine [cited 2022 Jun 27]
   Google Scholar
• Lippi G, Henry BM, Sanchis-Gomar F. Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(9):906–908. DOI:10.1177/2047487320916823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade A, Dominski FH, Pereira M, et al. Infection risk in gyms during physical exercise. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25(20):19675–19686. DOI:10.1007/s11356-018-1822-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Glossary of terms. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/outdoor-activities.html. [cited 2021 Aug 15].
   Google Scholar
• Filgueira TO, Castoldi A, Santos LER, et al. The relevance of a physical active lifestyle and physical fitness on immune defense: mitigating disease burden, with focus on COVID-19 consequences. Front Immunol. 2021;12:587146. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2021.587146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahart I, Darcy P, Gidlow C, et al. The Effects of Green Exercise on Physical and Mental Wellbeing: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(8):1352. DOI:10.3390/ijerph16081352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazlehurst MF, Muqueeth S, Wolf KL, et al. Park access and mental health among parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):800. DOI:10.1186/s12889-022-13148-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colley RC, Bushnik T, Langlois K. Exercise and screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Rep. 2020;31(6):3–11. DOI:10.25318/82-003-x202000600001-eng.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint-Maurice PF, Troiano RP, DR B Jr, et al. Association of daily step count and step intensity with mortality among US Adults. JAMA. 2020;323(12):1151–1160. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebar AL, Stanton R, Geard D, et al. A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychol Rev. 2015;9(3):366–378. DOI:10.1080/17437199.2015.1022901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheval B, Sivaramakrishnan H, Maltagliati S, et al. Relationships between changes in self-reported physical activity, sedentary behaviour and health during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in France and Switzerland. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(6):699–704. DOI:10.1080/02640414.2020.1841396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennell C, Eremus T, Puyana MG, et al. The importance of physical activity to augment mood during COVID-19 Lockdown. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3):1270. DOI:10.3390/ijerph19031270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SW, Lee J, Moon SY, et al. Physical activity and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 related mortality in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2021;56(16) ;901–912. DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Sinha R. The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Med. 2014;44(1):81–121. DOI:10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloza J, Castillo B, Micheo W. Benefits of Exercise in the Older Population. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017;28(4):659–669. DOI:10.1016/j.pmr.2017.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear VA, Boardley I, Chiou SY, et al. Social media use informing behaviours related to physical activity, diet and quality of life during COVID-19: a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1333. DOI:10.1186/s12889-021-11398-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyenhuis SM, Greiwe J, Zeiger JS, et al. Exercise and fitness in the age of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2152–2155. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark M, Lupton D. Pandemic fitness assemblages: the sociomaterialities and affective dimensions of exercising at home during the COVID-19 crisis. Convergence. 2021;27(5):1222–1237. DOI:10.1177/13548565211042460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhen V, Cartwright T. Feasibility and outcome of an online streamed yoga intervention on stress and wellbeing of people working from home during COVID-19. Work. 2021;69(2):331–349. DOI:10.3233/WOR-205325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feuerstein G. The yoga tradition: its history, literature, philosophy and practice. Prescott, AZ: Hohm Press; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Polero P, Rebollo-Seco C, Adsuar JC, et al. Physical activity recommendations during COVID-19: narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;18(1):65. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18010065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSimone GT. Virtual fitness: choosing a program that is right for you. ACSMs Health Fit J. 2020;24(4):3–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortis C, Giancotti GF, Rodio A, et al. Home is the new gym: exergame as a potential tool to maintain adequate fitness levels also during quarantine. Human Movement. 2020;21(4):79–87. DOI:10.5114/hm.2020.94826.
   Google Scholar
• Mokmin NAM, Jamiat N. The effectiveness of a virtual fitness trainer app in motivating and engaging students for fitness activity by applying motor learning theory. Educ Inf Technol. 2021;26(2):1847–1864. DOI:10.1007/s10639-020-10337-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimerer C, Alves SP, Rufo-Tavares W, et al. Home-based kettlebell exercise and coronavirus outbreak: practical suggestions. Strength Conditioning J. 2021;43(4):115–120. DOI:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison JS, Schoenfeld B, Schoenfeld ML. Applications of kettlebells in exercise program design. Strength Conditioning J. 2011;33(6):86–89. DOI:10.1519/SSC.0b013e31822faf78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett A, Cerin E, Baranowski T. Active video games for youth: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2011;8(5):724–737. DOI:10.1123/jpah.8.5.724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf DL, Pratt LV, Hester CN, et al. Playing active video games increases energy expenditure in children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):534–540. DOI:10.1542/peds.2008-2851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barene S, Holtermann A, Oseland H, et al. Effects on muscle strength, maximal jump height, flexibility and postural sway after soccer and Zumba exercise among female hospital employees: a 9-month randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(19):1849–1858. DOI:10.1080/02640414.2016.1140906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly LJ, Scott S, Morencos CM, et al. Impact of a novel home-based exercise intervention on health indicators in inactive premenopausal women: a 12-week randomised controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(4):771–782. DOI:10.1007/s00421-020-04315-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandes JC, Di Castro VC, Mendonça ME, et al. Quality of life of women who practice dance: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2018;7(1):92. DOI:10.1186/s13643-018-0750-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues-Krause J, Krause M, Reischak-Oliveira A. Dancing for Healthy Aging: functional and Metabolic Perspectives. Altern Ther Health Med. 2019;25(1):44–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne P. The harvard medical school guide to Tai Chi: 12 weeks to a healthy body, strong heart, and sharp mind. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Miller SM, Hui-Lio C, Taylor-Piliae RE. Health Benefits of Tai Chi Exercise: A Guide for Nurses. Nurs Clin North Am. 2020;55(4):581–600. DOI:10.1016/j.cnur.2020.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen KM, Chen WT, Huang MF. Development of the simplified Tai Chi exercise program (STEP) for frail older adults. Complement Ther Med. 2006;14(3):200–206. DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2006.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho LP, Kergoat MJ, Bolduc A, et al. A systematic approach for prescribing posthospitalization home-based physical activity for mobility in older adults: the path study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(10):1287–1293. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.01.143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrusqué E, Buckinx F, Bolduc A, et al. Potential efficacy of pragmatic exercise program (sprint) during hospitalization in older adults on health care and physical performance: a pilot study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(1):126–133. DOI:10.1007/s12603-020-1483-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidu S, Khunti K, Yates T, et al. The importance of physical activity in management of type 2 diabetes and COVID-19. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021;12:20420188211054686. DOI:10.1177/20420188211054686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor D. Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgrad Med J. 2014;90(1059):26–32. DOI:10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-131366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, et al. Compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1575–1581. DOI:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM]. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 8th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Publishing Service. Department of arts, sport, the environment and territories [DASET]. Pilot survey of the fitness of Australians. Canberra; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Sallis JF, Owen N. Physical activity and behavioral medicine. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE publications; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/physical-activity/developing-guidelines-on-physical-activity-and-sedentary-behaviour [cited 2021 Sept 25].
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: web annex: evidence profiles (Geneva, Switzerland). 2020.
   Google Scholar