The impact of palliative care on the frailty-stroke continuum: from theoretical concepts to practical aspects

References

• Warlow CP. Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet. 1998;352(Suppl 3):SIII 1–4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)90086-1
   Google Scholar
• Donkor ES. Stroke in the 21(st) century: a snapshot of the burden, epidemiology, and quality of life. Vol. 2018. Stroke Res Treat; 2018. p. 3238165.
   Google Scholar
• Owolabi MO, Thrift AG, Mahal A et al. Primary stroke prevention worldwide: translating evidence into action. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(1):e74–e85. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00230-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh RJ, Chen S, Ganesh A, et al. Long-term neurological, vascular, and mortality outcomes after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2018;13(8):787–796. doi: 10.1177/1747493018798526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CO. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(5):439–458. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30034-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick JP, Abir M. Transitions of care for stroke patients: opportunities to improve outcomes. circ cardiovasc qual outcomes. 2015;8(6 Suppl 3):S190–2. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002288
   Google Scholar
• Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, et al. Frailty: an emerging research and clinical paradigm–issues and controversies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):731–737. doi: 10.1093/gerona/62.7.731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seamon BA, Simpson KN. The effect of frailty on discharge location for medicare beneficiaries after acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100(7):1317–1323. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer K, Vetrano DL, Padua L, et al. Frailty syndromes in persons with cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2019;10:1255. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun LT, et al. Palliative care and cardiovascular disease and stroke: a policy statement from the American heart association/American stroke association. Circ. 2016;134(11):198–225. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creutzfeldt CJ, Holloway RG, Walker M. Symptomatic and palliative care for stroke survivors. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(7):853–860. doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1966-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blacquiere D, Bhimji K, Meggison H, et al. Satisfaction with palliative care after stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2013;44(9):2617–2619. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon P, Burton JK, Quinn TJ, et al. Prevalence, measurement, and implications of frailty in stroke survivors: an analysis of three global aging cohorts. Int J Stroke. 2023;18(6):720–727. doi: 10.1177/17474930231151847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YN, Yan FH, Wang XY, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of frailty in stroke patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging. 2023;27(2):96–102. doi: 10.1007/s12603-023-1879-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousufuddin M, Young N. Aging and ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(9):2542–2544. doi: 10.18632/aging.101931
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanai M, Noguchi M, Kubo H, et al. Pre-stroke frailty and stroke severity in elderly patients with acute stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(12):105346. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton JK, Stewart, J, Blair, M et al. Prevalence and implications of frailty in acute stroke: systematic review & meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2022;51(3).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce N, Atkinson T, Guire Mc, et al. Frailty and stroke thrombectomy outcomes-an observational cohort study. Age Ageing. 2022;51(2).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang F, Li N, Yang L, et al. Association of pre-stroke frailty with prognosis of elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction: a cohort study. Front Neurol. 2022;13:855532. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.855532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue H, Huang C, Zhu Q, et al. Relationships among cognitive function, frailty, and health outcome in community-dwelling older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:790251. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.790251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steigleder T, Kollmar R, Ostgathe C. Palliative care for stroke patients and their families: barriers for implementation. Front Neurol. 2019;10:10. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison R 2nd, Assadzandi S, Adelman M. Frailty: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(4):219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans NR, Todd OM, Minhas JS, et al. Frailty and cerebrovascular disease: concepts and clinical implications for stroke medicine. Int J Stroke. 2022;17(3):251–259. doi: 10.1177/17474930211034331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer J, Schust S, Peske K, et al. Catabolic signaling and muscle wasting after acute ischemic stroke in mice: indication for a stroke-specific sarcopenia. Stroke. 2014;45(12):3675–3683. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–56. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wæhler IS, Saltvedt I, Lydersen S, et al. Association between in-hospital frailty and health-related quality of life after stroke: the nor-COAST study. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):100. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02128-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwood K, Mitnitski A, Song X, et al. Long-term risks of death and institutionalization of elderly people in relation to deficit accumulation at age 70. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(6):975–979. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00738.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel K, Shrier WEJ, Sengupta N, et al. Frailty, assessed by the Rockwood clinical frailty scale and 1-year outcomes following ischaemic stroke in a non-specialist UK stroke centre. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022;31(6):106451. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi SM, Olivieri‐Mui B, McCarthy EP, et al. Changes in a frailty index and association with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(4):1057–1062. doi: 10.1111/jgs.17002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J, Wang J, Chen J, et al. Stroke and frailty index: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024;36(1):114. doi: 10.1007/s40520-024-02777-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert T, Neuburger J, Kraindler J, et al. Development and validation of a hospital frailty risk score focusing on older people in acute care settings using electronic hospital records: an observational study. Lancet. 2018;391(10132):1775–1782. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30668-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renedo D, Acosta JN, Koo AB, et al. Higher hospital frailty risk score is associated with increased risk of stroke: observational and genetic analyses. Stroke. 2023;54(6):1538–1547. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullahi YS, Salmasi MY, Moscarelli M, et al. The use of frailty scoring to predict early physical activity levels after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;111(1):36–43. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achterberg P. Geriatric assessment and rehabilitation in older stroke patients. Vol. 24. EClinicalMedicine; 2020. p. 100438. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30182-6/fulltext
   Google Scholar
• Hosoi T, Yamana H, Tamiya H, et al. Association between comprehensive geriatric assessment and short-term outcomes among older adult patients with stroke: a nationwide retrospective cohort study using propensity score and instrumental variable methods. Vol. 23. EClinicalMedicine; 2020. p. 100411. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537020301553
   Google Scholar
• Vazquez S, Stadlan Z, Lapow JM, et al. Frailty and outcomes in lacunar stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2023;32(2):106942. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray SA, Kendall M, Boyd K, et al. Illness trajectories and palliative care. BMJ. 2005;330(7498):1007–1011. doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Liu F, Zhou M, et al. Functional status and its related factors among stroke survivors in rehabilitation departments of hospitals in Shenzhen, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol. 2022;22(1):173. doi: 10.1186/s12883-022-02696-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum M, Zeng L, Chai E, et al. Using functional status at the time of palliative care consult to identify opportunities for earlier referral. J Palliat Med. 2023;26(10):1398–1400. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2023.0265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creutzfeldt CJ, Longstreth WT, Holloway RG. Predicting decline and survival in severe acute brain injury: the fourth trajectory. BMJ. 2015;351:3904. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3904
   Google Scholar
• Comer AR, Williams LS, Bartlett S, et al. Palliative and end-of-life care after severe stroke. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2022;63(5):721–728. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.12.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frontera JA, Curtis JR, Nelson JE, et al. Integrating palliative care into the care of neurocritically ill patients: a report from the improving palliative care in the ICU project advisory board and the center to advance palliative care. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(9):1964–1977. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway RG, Arnold RM, Creutzfeldt CJ, et al. Palliative and end-of-life care in stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. Stroke. 2014;45(6):1887–1916. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson MT, Holloway RG. Palliative care in neurology. Mayo Clin Proc. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(10):1592–1601. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsch S, Ada L, Canning CG. Lower limb strength is significantly impaired in all muscle groups in ambulatory people with chronic stroke: a cross-sectional study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(4):522–527. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.10.106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin LA, Allain TJ, Mzinganjira H, et al. The role of human immunodeficiency virus-associated vasculopathy in the etiology of stroke. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(5):545–553. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergi G, Veronese N, Fontana L, et al. Pre-frailty and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly men and women: the Pro.V.A. study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(10):976–983. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison RA, Field TS. Post stroke pain: identification, assessment, and therapy. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;39(3–4):190–201. doi: 10.1159/000375397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijeratne T, Sales C. Understanding why post-stroke depression may be the norm rather than the exception: the anatomical and neuroinflammatory correlates of post-stroke depression. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8). doi: 10.3390/jcm10081674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astuti P, Kusnanto K, Dwi Novitasari F. Depression and functional disability in stroke patients. J Public Health Res. 2020;9(2):1835. doi: 10.4081/jphr.2020.1835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzollini V, Dalise S, Chisari C. How does stroke affect skeletal muscle? state of the art and rehabilitation perspective. Front Neurol. 2021;12:797559. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.797559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brizzi K, Creutzfeldt CJ. Neuropalliative care: a practical guide for the neurologist. Semin Neurol. 2018;38(5):569–575. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1668074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook T, Arnold R, Jeong K, et al. Opinion & special article: next steps in palliative care education for neurology residents. Neurology. 2021;97(24):1134–1137. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gofton TE, Chum M, Schulz V, et al. Challenges facing palliative neurology practice: a qualitative analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2018;385:225–231. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver DJ, Borasio GD, Caraceni A, et al. A consensus review on the development of palliative care for patients with chronic and progressive neurological disease. Eur J Neurol. 2016;23(1):30–38. doi: 10.1111/ene.12889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithard DG. Stroke in frail older people. Geriatrics (Basel). 2017;2(3). doi: 10.3390/geriatrics2030024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, et al. Physical frailty: ICFSR international clinical practice guidelines for identification and management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(9):771–787. doi: 10.1007/s12603-019-1273-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liesz A, Hu X, Kleinschnitz C, et al. Functional role of regulatory lymphocytes in stroke: facts and controversies. Stroke. 2015;46(5):1422–1430. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.008608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawluk H, Woźniak A, Grześk G, et al. The role of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines in pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:469–484. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S233909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couch C, Mallah K, Borucki DM, et al. State of the science in inflammation and stroke recovery: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;65(2):101546. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shichita T, Ito M, Yoshimura A. Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:319. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori K, Yoshimura Y, Wakabayashi H, et al. Improved systemic inflammation is associated with functional prognosis in post-stroke patients. Ann Geriatr Med Res. 2024. doi: 10.4235/agmr.24.0020
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz CM, Wolf SP, Troy J, et al. Characteristics of advance care planning in patients with cancer referred to palliative care. JCO Oncol Pract. 2021;17(2):e94–e100. doi: 10.1200/OP.20.00657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kristanti MS, Hidayati NW, Martina Sinta. Comparison of palliative care education for family caregivers in high-and-low-income countries: an integrative review. Belitung Nurs J. 2023;9(5):411–420. doi: 10.33546/bnj.2713
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby E, MacArtney JI. Pandemic delay: social implications and challenges for palliative care. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2023;17:26323524231159146. doi: 10.1177/26323524231159146
   Google Scholar
• Hackett J. The importance of holistic care at the end of life. Ulster Med J. 2017;86(2):143–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gijsberts MHE, Liefbroer AI, Otten R, et al. Spiritual care in palliative care: a systematic review of the recent European literature. Med Sci (Basel). 2019;7(2):. doi: 10.3390/medsci7020025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar