517
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Economic Efficiency of Residential Water Conservation Programs in a Pennsylvania Public Water Utility

&
Pages 116-129 | Received 01 Apr 2011, Accepted 01 Aug 2011, Published online: 09 Mar 2012

Literature Cited

  • Arro Consulting, Inc. 2010 . Shippensburg 1.0 MGD Expansion Feasibility Study. Microsoft Excel spreadsheet , Lititz , PA : Arro Consulting .
  • Bakker , K. 2002 . From state to market? Water mercantilization in Spain . Environment and Planning A , 34 ( 5 ) : 767 – 90 .
  • Bates , B. C. , Kundzewicz , Z. W. , Wu , S. and Palutikof , J. P. 2008 . Climate change and water , Geneva , , Switzerland : Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat .
  • Becher , A. E. and Root , S. I. 1981 . Groundwater and geology of the Cumberland Valley, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania , Harrisburg , PA : Water Resource Report 50, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources .
  • Blankenship , K. 2008 . Wastewater plants close to reaching 2010 objectives . Bay Journal , 18 ( 11 ) : 10 – 11 . 1
  • Brooks , D. B. 2006 . An operational definition of water demand management . Water Resources Development , 22 ( 4 ) : 521 – 28 .
  • CET Engineering Services . 2009 . Memorandum to Mr. Earl Parshall, Shippensburg Borough Authority Secretary, Re: Tank site evaluation , Harrisburg , PA : 8 September 2009, CET Engineering Services .
  • CET Engineering Services . 2010 . 2009 Water system annual report , Harrisburg , PA : CET Engineering .
  • Cooley , H. and Gleick , P. H. 2009 . “ Urban water-use efficiencies: Lessons from United States cities ” . In The world's water 2008–2009: The biennial report on freshwater resources , Edited by: Gleick , P. H. 101 – 26 . Washington , DC : Island Press .
  • Denver Water . 2010 . Solutions 2010: Saving water for the future , Denver , CO : Denver Water .
  • Domene , E. and Sauri , D. 2006 . Urbanisation and water consumption: Influencing factors in the metropolitan region of Barcelona . Urban Studies , 43 ( 9 ) : 1605 – 23 .
  • Dziegielewski , B. 1999 . Management of water demand: Unresolved issues . Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education , 114 : 1 – 7 .
  • Energy Policy Act of 1992 . Title 42 U.S. Code §13201 et seq .
  • European Commission . 2000 . EU water framework directive 2000/60/EC , Brussels : Belgium: European Commission .
  • Fiske and Associates . 2001 . California urban water agencies urban water conservation potential. Final report, Fiske and Associates Portland , OR http://www.cuwa.org/library/UrbanWaterConservationPotential.pdf (last accessed 10 December 2010)
  • Fox , C. , McIntosh , B. S. and Jeffrey , P. 2009 . Classifying households for water demand forecasting using physical property characteristics . Land Use Policy , 26 : 558 – 68 .
  • GDS Associates, Inc. 2002 . Quantifying the effectiveness of various water conservation techniques in Texas , Austin : Texas Water Development Board . http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/RWPG/rpgm_rpts/2001483390.pdf (last accessed 10 December 2010)
  • Gleick , P. H. 2003 . Water use . Annual Review of Environment and Resources , 28 ( 1 ) : 275 – 314 .
  • Gober , P. , Wentz , E. A. , Lant , T. , Tschudi , M. K. and Kirkwood , C. W. 2011 . WaterSim: A simulation model for urban water planning in Phoenix, Arizona, USA . Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , 38 ( 2 ) : 197 – 215 .
  • Harlan , S. L. , Yabiku , S. T. , Larsen , L. and Brazel , A. J. 2009 . Household water consumption in an arid city: Affluence, affordance, and attitudes . Society and Natural Resources , 22 ( 8 ) : 691 – 709 .
  • Inman , D. and Jeffrey , P. 2006 . A review of residential water conservation tool performance and influences on implementation effectiveness . Urban Water Journal , 3 ( 3 ) : 127 – 43 .
  • Kallis , G. and Cocossis , H. 2003 . Managing water for Athens: From the hydraulic to the rational growth paradigms . European Planning Studies , 11 ( 3 ) : 245 – 61 .
  • Kenney , D. S. , Goemans , C. , Klein , R. , Lowrey , J. and Reidy , K. 2008 . Residential water demand management: Lessons from Aurora, Colorado . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 44 ( 1 ) : 192 – 207 .
  • March , H. and Sauri , D. 2010 . The suburbanization of water scarcity in the Barcelona metropolitan region: Sociodemographic and urban changes influencing domestic water consumption . The Professional Geographer , 62 ( 1 ) : 32 – 45 .
  • Mayer , P. W. , D’Oreo , W. B. , Opitz , E. M. , Kiefer , J. C. , Davis , W. Y. , Dziegielewski , B. and Nelson , J. O. 1999 . Residential end uses of water , Denver , CO : AWWA Research Foundation .
  • Mecca , S. , Brown , W. , Callahan , A. and Mulligan , P. 2009 . “ Rational water use in the US: The potential for the retrofit of simple residential technologies ” . In Water resources management V: Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Water Resources Management , Edited by: Brebbia , C. A. and Popov , V. 269 – 79 . Southampton , UK : WIT Press .
  • Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department . 2009 . 2008 Annual water-use efficiency plan report, Miami-Dade County, Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department , Miami , FL : Water Use Efficiency Section .
  • Michelsen , A. M. , McGuckin , J. T. and Stumpf , D. 1999 . Nonprice water conservation programs as a demand management tool . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 35 ( 3 ) : 593 – 602 .
  • National Climate Data Center . 2011 . Daily surface data for Shippensburg , Pennsylvania . http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdo (last accessed 8 April 2011)
  • Paulson , K. , Featherstone , J. and Greene , S. 2007 . Conservation-induced wastewater flow reductions improve nitrogen removal: Evidence from New York City . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 43 ( 6 ) : 1570 – 82 .
  • Renwick , M. E. and Green , R. D. 2000 . Do residential water demand side management policies measure up? An analysis of eight California water agencies . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 40 ( 1 ) : 37 – 55 .
  • Sauri , D. and del Moral , L. 2001 . Recent developments in Spanish water policy: Alternatives and conflicts at the end of the hydraulic age . Geoforum , 32 ( 3 ) : 351 – 62 .
  • Seattle Public Utilities Resource Conservation Office . 2009 . Seattle water supply system regional 1% water conservation program: Saving water partnership 2008 annual report , Seattle , WA : City of Seattle .
  • Shandas , V. and Parandvash , G. H. 2010 . Integrating urban form and demographics in water-demand management: An empirical case study of Portland, Oregon . Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , 37 ( 1 ) : 112 – 28 .
  • Sharpe , W. E. and Swistock , B. 2008 . Household water conservation , State College: Pennsylvania State University Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension .
  • Shippensburg Borough Authority (SBA) . 2010 . Operating year 2009, Chapter 94 municipal wasteload report , PA : Borough of Shippensburg .
  • Smith , W. J. Jr. and Wang , Y. D. 2007 . Conservation rates: The best “new” source of urban water during drought . Water and Environment Journal , 22 ( 2 ) : 100 – 16 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2011 . Water Sense Program information http:// www.epa.gov/WaterSense (last accessed 8 April 2011)
  • Water Conservation Alliance of Southern Arizona . 2006 . Evaluation and cost benefit analysis of municipal water conservation programs http://www.watercasa.org/research/ecoba (last accessed December 10, 2010)
  • Wentz , E. A. and Gober , P. 2007 . Determinants of small-area water consumption for the city of Phoenix, Arizona . Water Resources Management , 21 : 1849 – 63 .
  • Wescoat , J. L. Jr. 1984 . Integrated water development: Water use and conservation practice in Western Colorado. University of Chicago Department of Geography Research Paper No. 210 , Chicago : University of Chicago .
  • Western Resource Advocates . 2003 . SMART water: A comparative study of urban water use efficiency across the Southwest , Boulder , CO : Western Resource Advocates . http://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/water/smartwater.php (last accessed 28 March 2011)
  • World Water Forum . 2000 . Ministerial declaration of The Hague on water scarcity in the 21st century , The Hague , , The Netherlands : IWA .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.