Early Psychological Reaction to the Stress of Widowhood

References

• Arens, D. A. Widowhood and well-being: An examination of sex differences within a causal model. International Journal on Aging and Human Development (1982-83) 15:27–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwell, C. Transition to widowhood. Family Relations (1981) 30:117–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, P. E., Clayton, P. J., Halikas, J. A., et al. The depression of widowhood after thirteen months. British Journal of Psychiatry (1973) 122: 561–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. The Adolph Meyer Lecture: Childhood mourning and its implications for psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry (1961a) 118:481–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. Processes of mourning. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis (1961b) 42:317–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadhead, W. E., Kaplan, B. H., James, S. A., et al. The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. American Journal of Epidemiology (1983) 117:521–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caserta, M. S., Lund, D. A., and Dimond, M. D. Assessing interviewer effects in a longitudinal study of bereaved elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology (1985) 40:637–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayton, P. J. et al. The depression of widowhood. British Journal of Psychiatry (1972) 120:71–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, P. J. Bereavement. In E. S. Paykel, ed., Handbook of Affective Disorders. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, P. J. Bereavement and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1990) 51(7):34–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, P. J., Parilla, R. H., Jr., and Bieri, M. D. Methodological problems in assessing the relationship between acuteness of death and the bereavement outcome. In J. Reiffel et al., eds., Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: The Life-Threatened Patient, the Family, and the Staff. Columbia University Press, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., et al. The Hopkins symptom checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. Behavioral Science (1974) 19:1–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deutsch, H. Absence of grief. Psychoanalytic Quarterly (1937) 6:12–22.
   Google Scholar
• Engel, G. L. Is grief a disease? Psychosomatic Medicine (1961) 23:18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faschingbauer, T. R., Zisook, S., and DeVaul, R. The Texas revised inventory of grief. In S. Zisook, ed., Biopsychosocial Aspects of Grief and Bereavement. American Psychiatric Press, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. Mourning and melancholia (1917). Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 14. Hogarth Press, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Fulton, R., and Gottesman, D. J. Anticipatory grief: A psychosocial concept reconsidered. British Journal of Psychiatry (1980) 137:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, D. E., Breckenridge, J. N., Thompson, L. W., et al. Effects of bereavement on indicators of mental health in elderly widows and widowers. Journal of Gerontology (1983) 38:565–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerber, I., Rusalem, R., Hannon, N., et al. Anticipatory grief and aged widows and widowers. Journal of Gerontology (1975) 30:225–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helsing, K. J., and Szklo, M. Mortality after bereavement. American Journal of Epidemiology (1981) 114:41–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyman, D. K., and Gianturco, D. T. Long-term adaptation by the elderly to bereavement. Journal of Gerontology (1973) 28:359–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmes, T. H., and Rahe, R. H. The social read-justment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research (1967) 11:213–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M. J., Krupnick, J., Kaltreider, N., et al. Initial psychological response to parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry (1981) 38: 316–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, S., Hansen, F., Berkman, L., et al. Depressions of bereavement. Comprehensive Psychiatry (1989) 30:218–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, S., and Ostfeld, A. An epidemiological review of the mortality of bereavement. Psychosomatic Medicine (1977) 39:344–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaprio, J., Koskenvuo, M., and Rita, H. Mortality after bereavement: A prospective study of 95,647 widowed persons. American Journal of Public Health (1987) 77:283–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerman, G. L., and Izen, J. The effects of bereavement and grief on physical health and general well-being. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine (1977) 9:63–104.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, P. S., and Lemeshow, S. Sampling for Health Professionals. Belmont, CA: Lifetime Learning Publications, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann, E. Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry (1944) 101:141–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, C. Life events and depressive disorder reviewed. Archives of General Psychiatry (1980) 37: 529–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon, B., and Pugh, T. F. Suicide in the widowed. American Journal of Epidemiology (1965) 81:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison, D. C., and Viola, A. The health of widows in the year following bereavement. Journal of Psychosomatic Research (1968) 12:297–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterweis, M., Solomon, F., and Green, M., eds. Bereavement Reactions, Consequences and Care. National Academy of Sciences, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Osterweis, M., Solomon, F., and Green, M. Bereavement reactions, consequences and care. In S. Zisook, ed., Biopsychosocial Aspects of Bereavement. American Psychiatric Press, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes, C. M. Recent bereavement as a cause of mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry (1964) 110:298–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes, C. M. Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life. International Universities Press, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes, C. M. Determinants of outcome following bereavement. Omega (1975a) 6:303–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes, C. M. Unexpected and untimely bereavement: A statistical study of young Boston widows and widowers. In B. Schoenberg et al., eds., Bereavement: Its Psychosocial Aspects. Columbia University Press, 1975b.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes, C. M., and Weiss, R. S. Recovery from Bereavement. Basic Books, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, G. H. The mourning-liberation process in health and disease. In S. Zisook, ed., The Psychiatric Clinics of North America: Grief and Bereavement. W. B. Saunders, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Raphael, B. The Anatomy of Bereavement. Basic Books, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Raphael, B. Preventive intervention with the recently bereaved. Archives of General Psychiatry (1977) 34:1450–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanfield, S. B. Predicting bereavement outcome: Marital factors. Family Systems Medicine (1983) 1:40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Shuchter, S. R. Dimensions of Grief. Jossey-Bass, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Shuchter, S. R., and Zisook, S. Multidimensional approach to widowhood. Psychiatric Annals (1986) 16:305–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroebe, M. S., Stroebe, W., Gergen, K. J., et al. The broken heart: Reality or myth? Omega (1981-82) 12:87–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachon, M. L. S. Grief and bereavement following the death of a spouse. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal (1976) 21:35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vachon, M., Rogers, J., Lyall, A., et al. Predictors and correlates of adaptation to conjugal bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry (1982a) 139:998–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachon, M., Sheldon, A. R., and Lancee, W. J., et al. Correlates of enduring distress patterns following bereavement: Social network, life situations, and personality. Psychological Medicine (1982b) 12:783–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener, A., Gerber, I., Battin, D., et al. The process and phenomenology of bereavement. In G. Schoenberg et al., eds., Bereavement: Its Psychosocial Aspects. Columbia University Press, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Zisook, S. Adjustment to widowhood. In S. Zisook, ed., Biopsychosocial Aspects of Grief and Bereavement. American Psychiatric Press, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Zisook, S., and DeVaul, R. Unresolved grief. American Journal of Psychoanalysis (1985) 45: 370–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zisook, S., and Shuchter, S. R. Time course of spousal bereavement. General Hospital Psychiatry (1985) 7:95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisook, S., and Shuchter, S. R. The first four years of widowhood. Psychiatric Annals (1986) 16: 288–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisook, S., Shuchter, S. R., and Lyons, L. E. Predictors of psychological reactions during the early course of bereavement. Psychiatric Clinics of North America (1987a) 10:355–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisook, S., Shuchter, S. R., and Schuckit, M. Factors in the persistence of unresolved grief among psychiatric outpatients. Psychosomatics (1987b) 26:497–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisook, S., Schneider, D., and Shuchter, S. R. Anxiety and bereavement. Psychiatric Medicine (1990) 8:83–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zung, W. W. K. A self-rating scale for depression. Archives of General Psychiatry (1975) 12:63–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar