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Original Articles

Metaphorical transcendence: Images of the holy war in Franklin Roosevelt's first inaugural

Pages 427-446 | Published online: 05 Jun 2009

Notes

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  • Roosevelt , Franklin Delano . 1938 . The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt , Edited by: Rosenman , Samuel I. 5 vols. , 11 16 New York : Random House . 1928–1936
  • Campbell , Karlyn Kohrs and Jamieson , Kathleen Hall . 1985 . “Inaugurating the Presidency,” . Presidential Studies Quarterly , 15 : 405
  • Jamieson , Kathleen Hall . April 1988 . “Synecdochic Moments,” . April , Lecture at the University of Texas at Austin
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  • Ryan , Halford R. 1988 . Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency , 82 New York : Greenwood Press .
  • 1933 . “Roosevelt Address Stirs Great Crowd,” . New York Times , 5 March : 3
  • 1933 . New York Times , 5 March : 6
  • N.J. 1933 . “Before election I was 100 per cent against Franklin D. Roosevelt; now I am 100 per cent for him. His inaugural speech, I believe, showed him to be the leader which we sadly needed. . . .” . New York Times , 8 March : 12
  • 1933 . “His indictment of the money changers drew by far the greatest applause from a sober‐minded audience,” . The New York Herald Tribune , 5 March : 2
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  • Roosevelt , Franklin Delano . The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt , 11 65 – 6 .
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  • Burns . “A dozen days after the inauguration a move of adulation for Roosevelt was sweeping the country. . . . A flush of hope swept the nation,” . 168
  • Davis , Kenneth S. 1986 . FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933–1937; A History , 34 New York : Random House .
  • Wilson , John Frederick . 1979 . Public Religion in American Culture , 3 – 6 . Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
  • Hart , Roderick P. 1977 . The Political Pulpit , 70 West Lafayette, Indiana : Purdue University Press .
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  • Bellah , Robert N. 1967 . “Civil Religion in America,” . Daedalus , 96 Winter : 1 – 21 .
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  • Hart , Roderick P. 1977 . The Political Pulpit , West Lafayette, Indiana : Purdue University Press .
  • Wilson , John Frederick . 1979 . Public Religion in American Culture , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
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  • 1992 . “Transcript of Speech by Clinton Accepting Democratic Nomination,” . New York Times , 17 July : A14
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  • March 5 1774 . “Boston Massacre Oration” . March 5 ,
  • Reid , Ronald F. , ed. 1988 . Three Centuries of American Rhetorical Discourse , 102 Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland Press .
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  • Morison , Samuel Eliot . 1965 . The Oxford History of the American People , 885 – 6 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • 1986 . President Johnson's War on Poverty: Rhetoric and History , University, AL : University of Alabama Press . David Zarefsky has illustrated that the rhetorical momentum of the military metaphor is both initially attractive, and ultimately self‐destructive, for when the metaphorical war is against something so difficult to eradicate as poverty, the war is categorically lost, since war cannot be “partially” won
  • Leuchtenberg , William E. 1964 . “The New Deal and the Analogue of War,” . In Change and Continuity in Twentieth‐Century America , Edited by: Braeman , John , Bremner , Robert H. and Walters , Everett . 81 – 143 . Columbus, OH : Ohio State University Press .
  • Burke , Kenneth . “Though Christians have a record of much turbulent fighting, Christianity is a philosophy of peace,“ ” . In A Grammar of Motives 397
  • Osborn , Michael . 1967 . “Archetypal Metaphor in Rhetoric: The Light‐Dark Family,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 53 : 126
  • Osborn , Michael M. and Ehninger , Douglas . 1962 . “The Metaphor in Public Address,” . Speech Monographs , 29 : 223 – 234 .
  • Black , Edwin . 1970 . “The Second Persona,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 56 : 109 – 119 .
  • Jamieson , Kathleen Hall . 1980 . “The Metaphoric Cluster in the Rhetoric of Pope Paul VI and Edmund G. Brown, Jr. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 66 : 51 – 72 .
  • Ivie , Robert L. 1982 . “The Metaphor of Force in Prowar Discourse: The Case of 1812,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68 : 240 – 253 .
  • Ivie , Robert L. 1986 . “Literalizing the Metaphor of Soviet Savagery: President Truman's Plain Style,” . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 51 Winter : 91 – 105 .
  • Lakoff , George and Johnson , Mark . 1980 . Metaphors We Live By , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Ryan . “Study” . 140
  • Larson , Arthur . 1968 . Eisenhower: The President Nobody Knew , 150 New York : Scribner's .
  • Ryan . “Study” . 141 – 143 . 145 – 146 .
  • Ryan . Presidency 82
  • Zarefsky , David . 1986 . Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty: Rhetoric and History , University, AL : University of Alabama Press .
  • Roosevelt , Franklin . “It seems that things are in a rut, fixed, settled, that the world has grown old and tired and very much out of joint. This is the mood of depression, of dire and weary depression,” . 147
  • Wrage , Ernest J. and Baskerville , Barnet , eds. 1962 . Contemporary Forum: American Speeches on Twentieth Century Issues , 146 – 156 . New York : Harper .
  • Ivie , Robert L. 1974 . “Presidential Motives for War,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 60 : 343
  • Jamieson , Kathleen M. Hall . 1973 . “Generic Constraints and the Rhetorical Situation,” . Philosophy and Rhetoric , 6.3 Summer : 162 – 170 .
  • Bitzer , Lloyd . 1968 . “The Rhetorical Situation,” . Philosophy and Rhetoric , 1 : 1 – 14 .
  • Bellah , Robert . “As S.M. Lipset has recently shown, American religion at least since the early‐nineteenth century has been predominantly activist, moralistic, and social rather than contemplative, theological, or innerly spiritual,” . 12
  • Lipset , Seymour Martin . 1964 . “Religion and American Values,” . In The First New Nation New York Chapter 4
  • Bormann , Ernest G. 1982 . “A Fantasy Theme Analysis of the Television Coverage of the Hostage Release and the Reagan Inaugural,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68 : 136
  • Roosevelt . “Address to the Commonwealth Club,” . Edited by: Wrage and Baskerville .
  • 1933 . New York Times , 6 March : 11
  • Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr. 1958 . The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal , 2 vols. , 1 Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . II
  • 1933 . New York Herald Tribune , 5 March : 4
  • Ryan . “Study” . 145 – 6 .
  • Marcus , Edwin . 1934 . New York Times , 18 November
  • Rollins . “What Roosevelt did do, and with monumental success, was to preserve the faith which vague commitment or partial action might have shattered,” . 366
  • Lippmann , Walter . “At the beginning of March, the country was in such a state of confused desperation that it would have followed almost any leader anywhere he chose to go. . . . In one week, the nation, which had lost confidence in everything and everybody, has regained confidence in the government and in itself,” . 13
  • Orwell , George . 1960 . Animal Farm , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . [1946]
  • Conway , Flo and Siegelman , Jim . 1982 . Holy Terror: The Fundamentalist War on America's Freedoms in Religion, Politics, and Our Private Lives , New York : Dell Publishing Company/Delta .

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