Physical Activity for Every Body: A Model for Managing Weight Stigma and Creating Body-Inclusive Spaces

References

• Almagro, B. J., Sáenz-López, P., & Moreno, J. A. (2010). Prediction of sport adherence through the influence of autonomy-supportive coaching among Spanish adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9, 8–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt, V., Rothenbacher, D., Zschenderlein, B., Schuberth, S., & Brenner, H. (2007). Body mass index and premature mortality in physically heavily working men–A ten-year follow-up of 20,000 construction workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49, 913–921. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31814544fe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnesen, A., Mietola, R., & Lahelma, E. (2007). Language of inclusion and diversity: Policy discourses and social practices in Finnish and Norwegian schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 11, 97–110. doi:10.1080/13603110600601034
   Google Scholar
• Atkins, D. (2012). Looking queer: Body image and identity in lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender communities. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon, L. (2010). Health at Every Size: The surprising truth about your weight. Dallas, TX: BenBella.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon, L., & Aphramor, L. (2011). Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutrition Journal, 10, 9–13. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, K., Crawford, D., & Owen, N. (2000). Too fat to exercise? Obesity as a barrier to physical activity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24, 331–333. doi:10.1111/j.1467-842X.2000.tb01579.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton, A. A., & Funk, D. C. (2008). An evaluation of theoretical frameworks for studying physically active leisure. Leisure Sciences, 30, 53–70. doi:10.1080/01490400701756410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., & Alexandris, K. (2009). Operationalizing a theory of participation in physically active leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 41, 177–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedini, L. A. (2000). “Just sit down so we can talk:” Perceived stigma and community recreation pursuits of people with disabilities. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 34, 55–68.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, T. R., & Howe, B. L. (2004). Effects of health-based and appearance-based exercise advertising on exercise attitudes, social physique anxiety and self-presentation in an exercise setting. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32, 1–12. doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, S. N., & Brodney, S. (1999). Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: Current evidence and research issues. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, S646–S662. doi:10.1097/00005768-199911001-00025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, S. N., Shaten, J., Brownell, K., Collins, G., & Lissner, L. (1993). Body weight change, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119, 749–757. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-7_Part_2-199310011-00024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boekhorst, J. A. (2015). The role of authentic leadership in fostering workplace inclusion: A social information processing perspective. Human Resource Management, 54, 241–264. doi:10.1002/hrm.2015.54.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boero, N. (2007). All the news that’s fat to print: The American “obesity epidemic” and the media. Qualitative Sociology, 30, 41–60. doi:10.1007/s11133-006-9010-4
   Google Scholar
• Brewis, A. A., Wutich, A., Falletta-Cowden, A., & Rodriguez-Soto, I. (2011). Body norms and fat stigma in global perspective. Current Anthropology, 52, 269–276. doi:10.1086/659309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruening, J. E. (2005). Gender and racial analysis in sport: Are all the women White and all the Blacks men? Quest, 57(3), 330–349. doi:10.1080/00336297.2005.10491861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckworth, J., Dishman, R. K., O’Connor, P. J., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2013). Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Burgard, D. (2009). What is “Health at Every Size.” In E. D. Rothblum & S. Solovay (Eds.), The fat studies reader. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cardinal, B. J., Whitney, A. R., Narimatsu, M., Hubert, N., & Souza, B. J. (2014). Obesity bias in the gym: An under-recognized social justice, diversity, and inclusivity issue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 85(6), 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Chelladurai, P. (2009). Managing organizations for sport and physical activity: A systems perspective (3rd ed.). Scottsdale, AZ: Holcomb Hathaway.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, K. L., Burke, V., Gorely, T. J., Beilin, L., & Puddey, I. B. (2003). Controlled comparison of retention and adherence in home-vs center-initiated exercise interventions in women ages 40–65 years: The SWEAT study (sedentary women exercise adherence trial). Preventive Medicine, 36, 17–29. doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, S., & Eklund, R. C. (1994). Social physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes toward exercise settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 70–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608–630. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B. (2008). Commitment to diversity and its influence on athletic department outcomes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 1, 176–201.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B. (2009). The moderating effect of diversity strategy on the relationship between racial diversity and organizational performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1445–1460. doi:10.1111/jasp.2009.39.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B. (2015). Diversity in sport organizations (3rd ed.). Scottsdale, AZ: Holcomb Hathaway.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B., & Singer, J. (2009). Diversity in athletics: An assessment of exemplars and institutional best practices. Indianapolis, IN: National Collegiate Athletic Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, G. B., & Woods, J. (2011). For the health of it: Advertisement message and attraction to fitness clubs. American Journal of Health Studies, 26, 4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, P. (2008). The experiences of young people with obesity in secondary school: Some implications for the healthy school agenda. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16, 410–418. doi:10.1111/hsc.2008.16.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyarto, E. V., Brown, W. J., Marshall, A. L., & Trost, S. G. (2008). Comparative effects of home- and group-based exercise on balance confidence and balance ability in older adults: Cluster randomized trial. Gerontology, 54, 272–280. doi:10.1159/000155653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, W. B., & Cotter, P. R. (1991). The relationship between sense of community and subjective well‐being: A first look. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 246–253. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26, 325–346. doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSensi, J. T. (1995). Understanding multiculturalism and valuing diversity: A theoretical perspective. Quest, 47, 34–43. doi:10.1080/00336297.1995.10484143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, M. A. (2004). Being a ‘doer’ instead of a ‘viewer’: The role of inclusive leisure contexts in determining social acceptance for people with disabilities. Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 137–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimmock, J. A., Hallett, B. E., & Grove, R. J. (2009). Attitudes toward overweight individuals among fitness center employees: An examination of contextual effects. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80, 641–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, A. J., & Chelladurai, P. (1999). Managing cultural diversity in sport organizations: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 13, 280–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, K., & Moore, M. (2005). Developing accessible play space in the UK: A social model approach. Children Youth and Environments, 15, 332–354.
   Google Scholar
• Egli, T., Bland, H. W., Melton, B. F., & Czech, D. R. (2011). Influence of age, sex, and race on college students’ exercise motivation of physical activity. Journal of American College Health, 59(5), 399–406. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.513074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdman, B. M. (2014). The practice of inclusion in diverse organizations. In B. M. Ferdman & B. R. Deane (Eds.), Diversity at Work: The Practice of Inclusion (pp. 3–54). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S., & Pastore, D. L. (1999). Diversity in sport? Utilizing the business literature to devise a comprehensive framework of diversity initiatives. Quest, 51, 310–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, G. F., Balady, G., Blair, S. N., Blumenthal, J., Caspersen, C., Chaitman, B., … Pollock, M. L. (1996). Statement on exercise: Benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. Circulation, 94, 857–862. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman, P. (2005). Language and disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 30, 57–59. doi:10.1080/13668250500033003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, G. D., Wadden, T. A., Makris, A. P., Davidson, D., Sanderson, R. S., Allison, D. B., & Kessler, A. (2003). Primary care physicians’ attitudes about obesity and its treatment. Obesity Research, 11, 1168–1177. doi:10.1038/oby.2003.161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis, J., Giles-Corti, B., Wood, L., & Knuiman, M. (2012). Creating sense of community: The role of public space. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32, 401–409. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, K. E., Reichmann, S. K., Costanzo, P. R., Zelli, A., Ashmore, J. A., & Musante, G. J. (2005). Weight stigmatization and ideological beliefs: Relation to psychological functioning in obese adults. Obesity Research, 13, 907–916. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The Psychological Continuum Model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual’s psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119–150. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
   Google Scholar
• Gard, M., & Wright, J. (2005). The obesity epidemic: Science, morality and ideology. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, W. W. (2005). Obesity: An overblown epidemic? Scientific American, 292, 70–77. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0605-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenleaf, C., & Weiller, K. (2005). Perceptions of youth obesity among physical educators. Social Psychology of Education, 8, 407–423. doi:10.1007/s11218-005-0662-9
   Google Scholar
• Gu, D., He, J., Duan, X., Reynolds, K., Wu, X., Chen, J., … Whelton, P. K. (2006). Body weight and mortality among men and women in China. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 776–783. doi:10.1001/jama.295.7.776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 474–487. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• hooks, b. (1981). Ain’t I a woman: Black women and feminism. Boston, MA: South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jeanes, R., & Magee, J. (2012). ‘Can we play on the swings and roundabouts?’ Creating inclusive play spaces for disabled young people and their families. Leisure Studies, 31, 193–210. doi:10.1080/02614367.2011.589864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasser, S. L., & Lytle, R. K. (2013). Inclusive physical activity: Promoting health for a lifetime. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Kerin, R. A., Varadarajan, P. R., & Peterson, R. A. (1992). First-mover advantage: A synthesis, conceptual framework, and research propositions. The Journal of Marketing, 56, 33–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantz, C., Hardy, C., & Ainsworth, B. (1997). Social physique anxiety and perceived exercise behaviour. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20, 83–93.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, W., & Cunningham, G. B. (2015). A picture is worth a thousand words: The influence of signaling, organizational reputation, and applicant race on attraction to sport organizations. International Journal of Sport Management, 16, 492–506.
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lox, C. L., Martin Ginis, K. A., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2014). The psychology of exercise: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). Scottsdale, AZ: Holcomb Hathaway.
   Google Scholar
• Mansfield, L., & Rich, E. (2013). Public health pedagogy, border crossings and physical activity at every size. Critical Public Health, 23, 356–370. doi:10.1080/09581596.2013.783685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, L. L., & Parsons, C. K. (2007). Effects of gender diversity management on perceptions of organizational attractiveness: The role of individual differences in attitudes and beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 865–875. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, D. L., & Diverse Populations Collaboration. (2005). Body mass index and mortality: A meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Annals of Epidemiology, 15, 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 6–23. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton, E., & Cunningham, G. (2012). When identities collide. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 6(1), 45–66. doi:10.1179/ssa.2012.6.1.45
   Google Scholar
• Myers, A., & Rosen, J. C. (1999). Obesity stigmatization and coping: Relation to mental health symptoms, body image, and self-esteem. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 23, 221–230. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks, J. B., & Roberton, M. A. (2002). The gender gap in student attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language: Implications for sport management education. Journal of Sport Management, 16, 190–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 189–193. doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2003). Ways of coping with obesity stigma: Review and conceptual analysis. Eating Behaviors, 4, 53–78. doi:10.1016/S1471-0153(02)00096-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2006). Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity, 14, 1802–1815. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puhl, R. M., & Latner, J. D. (2007). Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation’s children. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 557–580. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radell, S. A., Adame, D. D., & Cole, S. P. (2002). Effect of teaching with mirrors on body image and locus of control in women college ballet dancers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, 1239–1247. doi:10.2466/pms.2002.95.3f.1239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robison, J. (2005). Health at Every Size: Toward a new paradigm of weight and health. MedGenMed: Medscape General Medicine, 7, 13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roehling, M. V. (1999). Weight-based discrimination in employment: Psychological and legal aspects. Personnel Psychology, 52, 969–1016. doi:10.1111/peps.1999.52.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph, C. W., Wells, C. L., Weller, M. D., & Baltes, B. B. (2009). A meta-analysis of empirical studies of weight-based bias in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2007). Weight discrimination, hiring recommendations, person-job fit, and attributions: Fitness-industry implications. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 172–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmalz, D. L. (2010). ‘I feel fat’: Weight-related stigma, body esteem, and BMI as predictors of perceived competence in physical activity. Obesity Facts, 3, 15–21. doi:10.1159/000273210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shani, D., & Chalasani, S. (1992). Exploiting niches using relationship marketing. Journal of Services Marketing, 6, 43–52.
   Google Scholar
• Shelley, P. (2002). Everybody here? Play and leisure for disabled children and young people. London, England: Contact a Family.
   Google Scholar
• Sniezek, J. A., & Jazwinski, C. H. (1986). Gender bias in English: In search of fair language. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 642–662. doi:10.1111/jasp.1986.16.issue-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spink, K. S. (1992). Relation of anxiety about social physique tolocation of participation in physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 1075–1078. doi:10.2466/pms.1992.74.3c.1075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, T. (1988). Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: Evidence from four population surveys. Preventive Medicine, 17, 35–47. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90070-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch, E. A., Milsom, V. A., Debraganza, N., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., & Silverstein, J. H. (2007). Peer victimization, psychosocial adjustment, and physical activity in overweight and at-risk-for-overweight youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 80–89. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, C. N., Gau, B. S., & Lou, M. F. (2011). The effectiveness of exercise on improving cognitive function in older people: A systematic review. Journal of Nursing Research, 19, 119–131. doi:10.1097/JNR.0b013e3182198837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R., & Novak, S. A. (2011). Internalized societal attitudes moderate the impact of weight stigma on avoidance of exercise. Obesity, 19, 757–762. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R., & Shaprow, J. G. (2008). Effects of weight stigma on exercise motivation and behavior: A preliminary investigation among college-aged females. Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 131–138. doi:10.1177/1359105307084318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vina, J., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Martinez-Bello, V., & Gomez-Cabrera, M. C. (2012). Exercise acts as a drug; the pharmacological benefits of exercise. British Journal of Pharmacology, 167(1), 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01970.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waaler, H. T. (1984). Height. weight and mortality the Norwegian experience. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 215, 1–56. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1984.tb12901.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann, M. (2009). Fat studies: An invitation to revolution. In E. D. Rothblum & S. Solovay (Eds.), The fat studies reader. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 801–809. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, S., & Dixon, M. A. (2011). Understanding sense of community from the athlete’s perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 25, 257–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, S., Kerwin, S., & Walker, M. (2013). Examining sense of community in sport: Developing the multidimensional ‘SCS’ Scale. Journal of Sport Management, 27, 349–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, M. (2009). LGBT-inclusive language. English Journal, 98, 50.
   Google Scholar
• Whitt-Glover, M. C., Goldmon, M. V., Karanja, N., Heil, D. P., & Gizlice, Z. (2012). Learning and Developing Individual Exercise Skills (LADIES) for a better life: A physical activity intervention for Black women. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 33(6), 1159–1171. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2012.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar