37,635
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Role of Fitness Professionals in Public Health: A Review of the Literature

, & ORCID Icon

References

  • Anderson, G., Elliott, B., & Woods, N. (2010). The Canadian personal training survey. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 13(5), 19–28.
  • Andreasson, J., & Johansson, T. (2014). The global gym: Gender, health and pedagogies. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Andrews, D. L. (2008). Kinesiology’s inconvenient truth and the physical cultural studies imperative. Quest, 60(1), 45–62. doi:10.1080/00336297.2008.10483568
  • Armour, K., & Griffiths, M. (2012). Case study research. In K. Armour, & D. Macdonald (Eds.), Research methods in physical education and youth sport (pp. 204–216). London, UK: Routledge.
  • Armour, K. M., & Chambers, F. C. (2014). Sport & exercise pedagogy: The case for a new integrative sub-discipline in the field of sport & exercise sciences/kinesiology/human movement sciences. Sport, Education & Society, 19, 855–868. doi:10.1080/13573322.2013.859132
  • Armour, K. M., & Harris, J. (2013). Making the case for developing new PE-for-health pedagogies. Quest, 65, 201–219. doi:10.1080/00336297.2013.773531
  • Armour, K. M., & Makopoulou, K. (2012). Great expectations: Teacher learning in a national professional development programme. Teaching & Teacher Education, 28, 336–346. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.10.006
  • Armour, K. M., Quennerstedt, M., Chambers, F. C., & Makopoulou, K. (2015). What is ‘effective’ CPD for contemporary physical education teachers? A Deweyan framework. Sport, Education & Society, 1–13. i-first. doi:10.1080/13573322.2015.1083000
  • Ayo, N. (2012). Understanding health promotion in a neoliberal climate and the making of health conscious citizens. Critical Public Health, 22(1), 99–105. doi:10.1080/09581596.2010.520692
  • Baart De La Faille-Deutekom, M., Middelkamp, I., & Steenbergen, J. (2012). The state of research in the global fitness industry. Zeist, The Netherlands: HDD Group.
  • BHF National Centre—Physical Activity & Health and Loughborough University. (2010). Exercise referral toolkit. Retrieved from http://www.bhfactive.org.uk/sites/Exercise-Referral-Toolkit/downloads.html
  • Blair, S. N. (2009). Physical inactivity: The biggest public health problem of the 21st century. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1), 1–2.
  • Booth, A., Papaioannou, D., & Sutton, A. (2012). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. London, UK: Sage.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brown, B. J., & Baker, S. (2012). Responsible citizens: Individuals, health and policy under neoliberalism. London, UK: Anthem.
  • Cale, L. A. (2000). Physical activity promotion in secondary schools. European Physical Education Review, 6(1), 71–90. doi:10.1177/1356336X000061006
  • Central YMCA Qualifications. (2014). Tomorrow’s exercise professionals: What does the future hold? London, UK: Author.
  • Chen, C. C. (2006). Discussion of the market of fitness centres and personal trainers in Taiwan. Sport Management, 11, 35–44.
  • Chiu, W., Lee, Y., & Lin, T. (2010). Performance evaluation criteria for personal trainers: An analytical hierarchy process approach. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38, 895–905. doi:10.2224/sbp.2010.38.7.895
  • Corcos, D. M., Robichaud, J. A., David, F. J., Leurgans, S. E., Vaillancourt, D. E., Poon, C., … Comella, C. L. (2013). A two-year randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance exercise for Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 28, 1230–1240. doi:10.1002/mds.25380
  • Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: A step-by-step approach. British Journal of Nursing, 17(1), 38–43. doi:10.12968/bjon.2008.17.1.28059
  • Cushion, C. J., Armour, K. M., & Jones, R. L. (2003). Coach education and continuing professional development: Experience and learning to coach. Quest, 55, 215–230. doi:10.1080/00336297.2003.10491800
  • Dale, S., Godinet, S., Kearse, N., & Field, A. (2010). The future of fitness: A white paper. Auckland, New Zealand: Les Mills International. Retrieved from http://w2.lesmills.com/files/globalcentral/docs/Future%20of%20Fitness%20White%20Paper_for%20release_Dec%202009.pdf
  • Danson, M., & Arshad, N. (2014). The literature review. In K. O’Gorman & R. MacIntosh (Eds.), Research methods for business and management: A guide to writing your dissertation (pp. 37–57). Oxford, UK: Goodfellow.
  • De Lyon, A. T. C., & Cushion, C. J. (2013). The acquisition and development of fitness trainers’ professional knowledge. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27, 1407–1422. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182653cc1
  • Eickhoff-Shemek, J. M. (2010). An analysis of 8 negligence lawsuits against personal fitness trainers: 3 major liability exposures revealed. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 14(5), 34–37. doi:10.1249/FIT.0b013e3181ed58b4
  • Ermelling, B. A. (2012). Improving teaching through continuous learning: The inquiry process John Wooden used to become coach of the century. Quest, 64, 197–208. doi:10.1080/00336297.2012.693754
  • European Health & Fitness Association (EHFA). (2011). Becoming the hub: The health and fitness sector and the future of health enhancing physical activity: Final report. Commissioned by the European Commission. Brussels, Belgium: Author.
  • Evans, J., & Davis, B. (2014). Physical education PLC: Neoliberalism, curriculum and governance. New directions for PESP research. Sport, Education & Society, 19, 869–884. doi:10.1080/13573322.2013.850072
  • Frew, M., & McGillivray, D. (2005). Health clubs and body politics: Aesthetics and the quest for physical capital. Leisure Studies, 24, 161–175. doi:10.1080/0261436042000300432
  • Gavin, J. (1996). Personal trainers’ perceptions of role responsibilities, conflicts, and boundaries. Ethics & Behavior, 6(1), 55–69. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0601_4
  • George, M. (2008). Interactions in expert service work: Demonstrating professionalism in personal training. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 37(1), 108–131. doi:10.1177/0891241607309498
  • Gilbert, W. D., & Trudel, P. (2004). Analysis of coaching science research published from 1970–2001. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 75, 388–399. doi:10.1080/02701367.2004.10609172
  • Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., & Ekelund, U. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380, 247–257. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1
  • Howley, E. T., & Thompson, D. L. (2012). Fitness professional’s handbook (6th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Hutson, D. J. (2013). “Your body is your business card”: Bodily capital and health authority in the fitness industry. Social Science & Medicine, 90, 63–71. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.003
  • International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association. (2015). The IHRSA global report 2015. Boston, MA:Author.
  • Jeffery, R. W., Wing, R. R., Thorson, C., & Burton, L. R. (1998). Use of personal trainers and financial incentives to increase exercise in a behavioral weight-loss program. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 66, 777–783. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.5.777
  • Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L., & Lacey, F. M. (2011). Doing your literature review: Traditional and systematic techniques. London, UK: Sage.
  • Jones, R. L., Armour, K. M., & Potrac, P. (2003). Constructing expert knowledge: A case study of a top-level professional soccer coach. Sport, Education & Society, 8, 213–229. doi:10.1080/13573320309254
  • Joy, E., Blair, S. N., McBride, P., & Sallis, R. (2013). Physical activity counselling in sports medicine: A call to action. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(1), 49–53. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091620
  • Kohl, H. W., Craig, C. L., Lambert, E. V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J. R., Leetongin, G., & Kahlmeier, S. (2012). The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. The Lancet, 380, 294–305. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8
  • Lawson, H. A. (2005). Empowering people, facilitating community development, and contributing to sustainable development: The social work of sport, exercise, and physical education programs. Sport, Education & Society, 10(1), 135–160. doi:10.1080/1357332052000308800
  • LeBesco, K. (2011). Neoliberalism, public health, and the moral perils of fatness. Critical Public Health, 21, 153–164. doi:10.1080/09581596.2010.529422
  • Lloyd, C. (2005a). Competitive strategy and skills: Working out the fit in the fitness industry. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(2), 15–34. doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2005.tb00144.x
  • Lloyd, C. (2005b). Training standards as a policy option? The regulation of the fitness industry. Industrial Relations Journal, 36, 367–385. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2005.00365.x
  • Lloyd, C. (2008). Recruiting for fitness: Qualifications and the challenges of an employer-led system. Journal of Education & Work, 21, 175–195. doi:10.1080/13639080802214019
  • Lloyd, C., & Payne, J. (2013). Changing job roles in the Norwegian and UK fitness industry: In search of national institutional effects. Work, Employment & Society, 27(1), 3–20. doi:10.1177/0950017012460325
  • Lubans, D. R., Plotnikoff, R. C., Jung, M., Eves, N., & Sigal, R. (2012). Testing mediator variables in a resistance training intervention for obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Psychology & Health, 27, 1388–1404. doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.613471
  • Lyle, J., & Cushion, C. J. (2010). Sports coaching: Professionalisation and practice. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone.
  • Macdonald, D. (2011). Like a fish in water: Physical education policy and practice in the era of neoliberal globalization. Quest, 63(1), 36–45. doi:10.1080/00336297.2011.10483661
  • Macdonald, D. (2014). Is global neo-liberalism shaping the future of physical education? Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 19, 494–499. doi:10.1080/17408989.2014.920496
  • Macdonald, D., & Tinning, R. (1995). Physical Education teacher education and the trend to proletarianization: A case study. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 15(1), 98–118. doi:10.1123/jtpe.15.1.98
  • Madeson, M. N., Hultquist, C., Church, A., & Fisher, L. A. (2010). A phenomenological investigation of women’s experiences with personal training. International Journal of Exercise Science, 3, 157–169.
  • Malek, M. H., Nalbone, D. P., Berger, D. E., & Coburn, J. W. (2002). Importance of health science education for personal fitness trainers. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(1), 19–24. doi:10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0019:IOHSEF>2.0.CO;2
  • Maloof, R. M., Zabik, R. M., & Dawson, M. L. (2001). The effect of use of a personal trainer on improvement of health related fitness for adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5), s74. doi:10.1097/00005768-200105001-00424
  • Marnoch, J. (2013, February). REPs update. The Register of Exercise Professionals Welsh Convention, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
  • Mazzetti, S. A., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Ratamess, N. A., Gomez, A. L., … Fleck, S. J. (2000). The influence of direct supervision of resistance training on strength performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, 1175–1184. doi:10.1097/00005768-200006000-00023
  • McClaran, S. R. (2003). The effectiveness of personal training on changing attitudes towards physical activity. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2(1), 10–14.
  • McKean, M. R., Slater, G., Oprescu, F., & Burkett, B. J. (2015). Do the nutrition qualifications and professional practices of registered exercise professionals align? International Journal of Sport Nutrition, Exercise & Metabolism, 25, 154–162. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0051
  • McKenzie, T. L., & Lounsbery, M. A. F. (2009). School physical education: The pill not taken. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 3, 219–225. doi:10.1177/1559827609331562
  • Melton, D. I., Dail, T. K., Katula, J. A., & Mustian, K. M. (2010). The current state of personal training: Managers’ perspectives. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24, 3173–3179. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e381f5
  • Melton, D. I., Katula, J. A., & Mustian, K. M. (2008). The current state of personal training: An industry perspective of personal trainers in a small Southeast community. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22, 883–889. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181660dab
  • Middelkamp, J., & Steenbergen, J. (2012). Personal training. In M. Baart De La Faille-Deutekom, J. Middelkamp, & J. Steenbergen (Eds.), The state of research in the global fitness industry (pp. 56–66). Zeist, The Netherlands: HDD Group.
  • Millington, B. (2016). Fit for prosumption: Interactivity and the second fitness boom. Media, Culture & Society, i-first. doi:10.1177/0163443716643150
  • Moore, G. F., Moore, L., & Murphy, S. (2011). Facilitating adherence to physical activity: Exercise professionals’ experiences of the National Exercise Referral Scheme in Wales: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 11, 935. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-935
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excelence. (2006). A rapid review of the effectiveness of exercise referral schemes to promote physical activity in adults. London, UK: Author.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excelence. (2014). Exercise referral schemes to promote physical activity. London, UK: Author.
  • North, J. (2013). Philosophical underpinnings of coaching practice research. Quest, 65, 278–299. doi:10.1080/00336297.2013.773524
  • O’Sullivan, M. (2004). Possibilities and pitfalls of a public health agenda for physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 23, 392–404. doi:10.1123/jtpe.23.4.392
  • Oprescu, F., McKean, M., & Burkett, B. (2012). Exercise Professionals - could they be the forgotten public health resource in the war against obesity? Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies, 2(5), e122. doi:10.4172/2161-0673.1000e122
  • Pate, R. R., O’Neill, J. R., & McIver, K. L. (2011). Physical activity and health: Does physical education matter? Quest, 63(1), 19–35. doi:10.1080/00336297.2011.10483660
  • Pavey, T. G., Anokye, N., Taylor, A. H., Trueman, P., Moxham, T., Fox, K. R., … Taylor, R. S. (2011). The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of exercise referral schemes: A systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment, 15(44), 1–254. doi:10.3310/hta15440
  • Pavey, T. G., Taylor, A. H., Fox, K. R., Hillsdon, M., Anokye, N., Campbell, J. L., … Taylor, R. S. (2011). Effect of exercise referral schemes in primary care on physical activity and improving health outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 343, d6462. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-e6462rep
  • Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Phillips, J. (2016, June 16). Interview: David Stalker. Health Club Management, 236, 34–38.
  • Pope, C. C. (2014). The jagged edge and the changing shape of health and physical education in Aotearoa New Zealand. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 19, 500–511. doi:10.1080/17408989.2013.837440
  • Potrac, P., Gilbert, W., & Denison, J. (2013). Routledge handbook of sports coaching. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Ratamess, N. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., Hoffman, L. R., & Kang, J. (2008). Self-selected resistance training intensity in healthy women: The influence of a personal trainer. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 103–111. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f29cc
  • Reiff, M. A. (1996). Defining personal training. In S. Roberts (Ed.), The business of personal training (pp. 3–6). Leeds, UK: Human Kinetics.
  • Rossi, T., Pavey, A., Macdonald, D., & McCuaig, L. (2015). Teachers as health workers: Patterns and imperatives of Australian teachers’ work. British Educational Research Journal, 42, 258–276. doi:10.1002/berj.3197
  • Royal College of Physicians. (2012). Exercise for life—physical activity in health and disease. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians.
  • Rozas, L. W., & Klein, W. C. (2010). The value and purpose of the traditional qualitative literature review. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 7, 387–399. doi:10.1080/15433710903344116
  • Rupp, J. C., Campbell, K., Thompson, W. R., & Terbizan, D. (1999). Professional preparation of personal trainers. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 70(1), 54–56. doi:10.1080/07303084.1999.10605653
  • Sallis, J., & McKenzie, T. (1991). Physical education’s role in public health. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 62(2), 124–137. doi:10.1080/02701367.1991.10608701
  • Sallis, R. E. (2009). Exercise is medicine and physicians need to prescribe it! British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1), 3–4. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.054825
  • Sassatelli, R. (2010). Fitness culture: Gyms and the commodification of discipline and fun. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Schempp, P. (1993). Constructing professional knowledge: A case study of an experienced high school teacher. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 13(1), 2–23. doi:10.1123/jtpe.13.1.2
  • Smith Maguire, J. (2001). Fit and flexible: The fitness industry, personal trainers and emotional service labor. Sociology of Sport Journal, 18, 379–402. doi:10.1123/ssj.18.4.379
  • Smith Maguire, J. (2008). Fit for consumption: Sociology and the business of fitness. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Sowden, S. L., & Raine, R. (2008). Running along parallel lines: How political reality impedes the evaluation of public health interventions. A case study of exercise referral schemes in England. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62, 835–841. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.069781
  • Sparling, P. A. (2005). Are wellness/fitness programs benefitting participants’ movement and mobility in daily life? Quest, 57(1), 162–170. doi:10.1080/00336297.2005.10491850
  • Stacey, D., Hopkins, M., Adamo, K., Shorr, R., & Prud’homme, D. (2010). Knowledge translation to fitness trainers: A systematic review. Implementation Science, 5(1), 28. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-28
  • Storer, T. W., Dolezal, B. A., Berenc, M. N., Timmins, J. E., & Cooper, C. B. (2014). Effect of supervised, periodized exercise training vs. self-directed training on lean body mass and other fitness variables in health club members. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28, 1995–2006. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000331
  • Thomas, G. (2011). How to do your case study: A guide for students and researchers. London, UK: Sage.
  • Thompson, W., Bushman, B., & Desch, J. (2010). ACSM’s resources for the personal trainer (3rd ed.). London, UK: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Trost, S. G., Blair, S. N., & Khan, K. M. (2014). Physical inactivity remains the greatest public health problem of the 21st century: Evidence, improved methods and solutions using the ‘7 investments that work’ as a framework. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 169–170. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093372
  • Turok, F. (2013). UKActive chairman’s speech. Retrieved from http://www.ukactive.com/downloads/managed/Fred_Turok_ukactive_Chairman_Summit_Speech.pdf
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014). Occupational outlook handbook, 2014–15 edition, fitness trainers and instructors. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/personal-care-and-service/fitness-trainers-and-instructors.htm
  • Warburton, D. E., Bredin, S. S., Charlesworth, S. A., Foulds, H. J., McKenzie, D. C., & Shephard, R. J. (2011). Evidence-based risk recommendations for best practices in the training of qualified exercise professionals working with clinical populations. Applied, Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 36(s1), s232–265. doi:10.1139/h11-054
  • Wilkinson, C., & Bretzing, R. (2011). High school girls’ perceptions of selected fitness activities. Physical Educator, 68(2), 58–65.
  • Williams, N., Hendry, M., France, B., Lewis, R., & Wilkinson, C. (2007). Effectiveness of exercise-referral schemes to promote physical activity in adults: Systematic review. British Journal of General Practice, 57, 979–986. doi:10.3399/096016407782604866
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). London, UK: Sage.