Towards a Geography of Knowledge Creation: The Ambivalences between ‘Knowledge as an Object’ and ‘Knowing in Practice’

REFERENCES

• Allen , J. 2000 . “ Power/economic knowledge. Symbolic and spatial formations ” . In _knowledge_space_economy , Edited by: Bryson , J. R. , Daniels , P. W. , Henry , N. and Pollard , J. 15 – 33 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Amin , A. and Cohendet , P. 2004 . Architectures of Knowledge. Firms, Capabilities and Communities , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ancori , B. , Bureth , A. and Cohendet , P. 2000 . The economics of knowledge: the debate about codification and tacit knowledge . Industrial and Corporate Change , 9 : 255 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Baba , M. L. 1999 . Dangerous liaisons: trust, distrust, and information technology in American work organizations . Human Organization , 58 : 331 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes , T. J. 2004 . Placing ideas: genius loci, heterotopia and geography's quantitative revolution . Progress in Human Geography , 28 : 565 – 595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt , H. , Malmberg , A. and Maskell , P. 2004 . Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation . Progress in Human Geography , 28 : 31 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackler , F. 1995 . Knowledge, knowledge work and organization: an overview and interpretation . Organization Studies , 16 : 1021 – 1046 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breschi , S. and Lissoni , F. 2001 . Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: a critical survey . Industrial and Corporate Change , 10 : 975 – 1005 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. S. and Duguid , P. 1991 . Organizational learning and communities of practice: toward a unified view of working, learning and innovation . Organization Science , 2 : 40 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. S. and Duguid , P. 2000a . The Social Life of Information , Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. S. and Duguid , P. 2000b . “ The mysteries of the region. Knowledge dynamics in Silicon Valley ” . In The Silicon Valley Edge. A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship , Edited by: Lee , C. M. , Miller , W. F. , Hanckock , M. G. and Rowen , H. S. 16 – 39 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. S. and Duguid , P. 2001 . Knowledge and organization: a social-practice perspective . Organization Science , 12 : 198 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camagni , R. 1991 . “ Local ‘milieu’, uncertainty and innovation networks: towards a new dynamic theory of economic space ” . In Innovation Networks: Spatial Perspectives , Edited by: Camagni , R. 121 – 144 . London : Belhaven .
   Google Scholar
• Coe , N. M. 2005 . Putting knowledge in its place – a review essay . Journal of Economic Geography , 5 : 381 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe , N. M. and Bunnell , T. 2003 . ‘Spatializing’ knowledge communities: towards a conceptualisation of transnational innovation networks . Global Networks , 3 : 437 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohendet , P. and Meyer-Krahmer , F. 2001 . The theoretical and policy implications of knowledge codification . Research Policy , 30 : 1563 – 1591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , H. M. 2001 . “ What is tacit knowledge? ” . In The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory , Edited by: Schatzki , T. R. , Knorr Cetina , K. and Savigny , E. V. 107 – 119 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , P. and Morgan , K. 2000 . The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions and Innovation , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cowan , R. , David , P. A. and Foray , D. 2000 . The explicit economics of knowledge codification and tacitness . Industrial and Corporate Change , 9 : 211 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Drucker , P. F. 1993 . Post-Capitalist Society , Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• English-Lueck , J. A. , Darrah , C. N. and Saveri , A. 2002 . Trusting strangers: work relationships in four high-tech communities . Information, Communication and Society , 5 : 90 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Enright , M. J. 2003 . “ Regional clusters: what we know and what we should know ” . In Innovation Clusters and Interregional Competition , Edited by: Brocker , J. , Dohse , D. and Soltwedel , R. 99 – 129 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Ettlinger , N. 2003 . Cultural economic geography and a relational and microspace approach to trust, rationalities, networks, and change in collaborative workplaces . Journal of Economic Geography , 3 : 145 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulconbridge , J. R. 2006 . Stretching tacit knowledge beyond the local fix? Global spaces of learning in advertising professional service firms . Journal of Economic Geography , 6 : 517 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertler , M. S. 2003 . Tacit knowledge and the economic geography of context, or the undefinable tactiness of being (there) . Journal of Economic Geography , 3 : 75 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard , M. and Stark , D. 2002 . Distributing intelligence and organizing diversity in new-media projects . Environment and Planning A , 34 : 1927 – 1949 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliani , E. and Bell , M. 2005 . The micro determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster . Research Policy , 34 : 47 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser , E. L. 1999 . Learning in cities . Journal of Urban Economics , 46 : 254 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. 1994 . Lob der Verschwendung. Redundanz in der Regionalentwicklung. Ein sozioökonmisches Plädoyer , Berlin : Sigma .
   Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. 2002a . Fragile sector, robust practices: project ecologies in new media . Environment and Planning A , 34 : 1911 – 1926 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. 2002b . The project ecology of advertising: tasks, talent and teams . Regional Studies , 36 : 245 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. 2004 . Learning in projects, remembering in networks? Communality, sociality, and connectivity in project ecologies . European Urban and Regional Studies , 11 : 103 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. and Ibert , O. 2006 . Bad company? The ambiguity of personal knowledge networks . Journal of Economic Geography , 6 : 251 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhough , B. 2006 . Tales of an island laboratory: defining the field in geography and science studies . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 31 : 224 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Håkanson , L. 2005 . Epistemic communities and cluster dynamics: on the role of knowledge in industrial districts . Industry and Innovation , 12 : 433 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , M. T. , Nohria , N. and Tierney , T. 1999 . What's your strategy in managing knowledge? . Harvard Business Review , March–April : 106 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helbrecht , I. 2004 . Bare geographies in knowledge societies – creative cities as text and piece of art: two eyes one vision . Built Environment , 30 : 191 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Howells , J. R. L. 2002 . Tacit knowledge, innovation and economic geography . Urban Studies , 39 : 871 – 884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibert , O. 2004 . Projects and firms as discordant complements: organisational learning in the Munich software ecology . Research Policy , 33 : 1529 – 1546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibert , O. Innovation as practice. Places of learning and learning action spaces in nanotechnology . Paper presented at the ‘Geographies of Nano-Technosciences’ Workshop . 10 February 2006 . Durham, , UK : Department of Geography, University of Durham .
   Google Scholar
• Isaksen , A. 2004 . Knowledge-based clusters and urban location: the clustering of software consultancy in Oslo . Urban Studies , 41 : 1157 – 1174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. , Lorenz , E. and Lundvall , B.-Å. 2002 . Why all this fuss about codified and tacit knowledge? . Industrial and Corporate Change , 11 : 245 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirat , T. and Lung , Y. 1999 . Innovation and proximity. Territories as loci of collective learning processes . European Urban and Regional Studies , 6 : 27 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knorr Cetina , K. 1981 . The Manufacture of Knowledge , Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Knorr Cetina , K. 1999 . Epistemic Cultures. How the Sciences Make Knowledge , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knorr Cetina , K. 2001 . “ Objectual practice ” . In The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory , Edited by: Schatzki , T. R. , Knorr Cetina , K. and Savigny , E. V. 175 – 188 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Lagendijk , A. 2003 . Towards conceptual quality in regional studies: the need for subtle critique – a response to Markusen . Regional Studies , 37 : 719 – 727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 1987 . Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Latour , B. and Woolgar , S. 1979 . Laboratory Life. The Social Construction of Scientific Facts , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lave , J. C. and Wenger , E. 1991 . Situated learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lorenz , E. 2001 . Models of cognition. The contextualisation of knowledge and organisational theory . Journal of Management and Governance , 5 : 307 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzen , M. 2005 . Knowledge and geography . Industry and Innovation , 12 : 399 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall , B.-Å. 1988 . “ Innovation as an interactive process: from producer–user interaction to the national system of innovation ” . In Technical Change and Economic Theory , Edited by: Dosi , G. , Freeman , C. , Nelson , C. , Silverberg , R. R. and Soete , L. L. G. 349 – 369 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Malmberg , A. and Maskell , P. 2002 . The elusive concept of localization economies: towards a knowledge-based theory of spatial clustering . Environment and Planning A , 34 : 429 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markusen , A. 1999 . Fuzzy concepts, scanty evidence, policy distance: the case of rigour and policy relevance in critical regional studies . Regional Studies , 33 : 869 – 884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell , P. and Malmberg , A. 1999 . The competitiveness of firms and regions. ‘Ubiquitification’ and the importance of localized learning . European Urban and Regional Studies , 6 : 9 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson , H. 2006 . “ How does knowledge production take place? On locating and mapping science and similar unruly activities ” . In Taking Place: Locating Science, Technology and Business Studies , Edited by: Baraldi , E. , Fors , H. and Houltz , A. 351 – 371 . Sagamore Beach, MA : Science History Publ .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , K. 2004 . The exaggerated death of geography: learning, proximity and territorial innovation systems . Journal of Economic Geography , 4 : 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulaert , F. and Sekia , F. 2003 . Territorial innovation models: a critical survey . Regional Studies , 37 : 289 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooteboom , B. 2001 . Learning and Innovation in Organizations and Economies , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Obstfeld , D. 2005 . Social networks . the tertius lungens orientation, and involvement in innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly , 50 : 100 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oinas , P. 1999 . Activity-specificity in organizational learning: implications for analysing the role of proximity . GeoJournal , 49 : 363 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Orlikowski , W. 2002 . Knowing in practice: enacting a collective capability in distributed organizing . Organization Science , 13 : 249 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paasi , A. 2002 . Place and region: regional worlds and words . Progress in Human Geography , 26 : 802 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paasi , A. 2004 . Place and region: looking through the prism of scale . Progress in Human Geography , 28 : 536 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , R. E. 1928 . Human migration and the marginal man . American Journal of Sociology , 33 : 881 – 893 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering , A. 1992 . “ From science as knowledge to science as practice ” . In Science as Practice and Culture , Edited by: Pickering , A. 1 – 26 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Polanyi , M. 1958 . Personal Knowledge. Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy , London : Routledge & Keegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Polanyi , M. 1966 . The Tacit Dimension , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Rantisi , N. M. 2002 . The competitive foundations of localized learning and innovation: the case of women's garment production in New York City . Economic Geography , 78 : 441 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse , J. 1996 . Engaging Science. How to Understand its Practices Philosophically , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schatzki , T. R. 1996 . Social Practices. A Wittgensteinian Approach to Human Activity and the Social , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schön , D. A. 1983 . The Reflective Practitioner New York, NY Basic
   Google Scholar
• Schutz , A. 1964 . “ The stranger. An essay in social psychology ” . In Collected Papers II. Studies in Social Theory. Edited and Introduced by Arvid Brodersen , Edited by: Schutz , A. 91 – 105 . Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , A. J. 1988 . New Industrial Spaces , London : Pion .
   Google Scholar
• Simmel , G. 1992 . Soziologie: Untersuchung über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Gesamtausgabe Band 11 , Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/Main .
   Google Scholar
• Simmie , J. 2005 . Innovation and space: a critical review of the literature . Regional Studies , 39 : 789 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stehr , N. 2001 . A world made of knowledge . Society , 3/4 : 89 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmüller , W. E. 2000 . Will new information and communication technologies improve the ‘codification’ of knowledge? . Industrial and Corporate Change , 9 : 361 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Storper , M. and Venables , A. J. 2004 . Buzz: face-to-face contact and the urban economy . Journal of Economic Geography , 4 : 351 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman , L. A. 1987 . Plans and Situated Actions. The Problem of Human Machine Communication , New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swan , J. , Scarbrough , H. and Robertson , M. 2002 . The construction of ‘communities of practice’ in the management of innovation . Management Learning , 33 : 477 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrift , N. 1999 . “ Steps to an ecology of place ” . In Human Geography Today , Edited by: Massey , D. , Allen , J. and Sarre , P. 295 – 322 . Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Tsoukas , H. 1996 . The firm as a distributed knowledge asset: a constructionist approach . Strategic Management Journal , 17 : 11 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y. F. 1975 . Place: an experiential perspective . Geographical Review , 65 : 151 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y. F. 1977 . Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minneapolis Press .
   Google Scholar
• Von Hippel , E. 1994 . ‘Sticky information’ and the locus of problem solving: implications for innovation . Management Science , 40 : 429 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehling , P. 2006 . The situated materiality of scientific practices: postconstructivism – a new theoretical perspective in science studies? . Science, Technology and Innovation Studies , July ( Special Issue 1 ) 81 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Wenger , E. 1998 . Communities of Practice. Learning, Meaning and Identity , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , O. E. 1975 . Markets and Hierarchies , New York, NY : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zeller , C. 2004 . North Atlantic innovative relations of Swiss pharmaceuticals and the proximities with regional biotech arenas . Economic Geography , 80 : 83 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar