Bohemian Graduates in the UK: Disciplines and Location Determinants of Creative Careers

REFERENCES

• Abreu , M. , Faggian , A. , Comunian , R. and McCann , P. 2011 . ‘Life is short, art is long’: the persistent wage gap between Bohemian and non-Bohemian graduates . Annals of Regional Science , : 1 – 17 . Online First DOI: 0.1007/s00168-010-0422-4
   Google Scholar
• Aston , J. 1999 . Ambitions and destinations: the careers and retrospective views of art and design graduates and postgraduates . International Journal of Arts and Design Education , 18 : 231 – 240 . (doi:10.1111/1468-5949.00179)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baines , S. and Wheelock , J. 2003 . Creative livelihoods: the economic survival of visual artists in the North of England . Northern Economic Review , 33/34 : 118 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Ball , L. 2003 . Future Directions for Employability Research in the Creative Industries Art, Design and Communication – Learning and Teaching Support Network/The Council for Higher Education in Art and Design (CHEAD), Brighton (available at: http://www.adm.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/resources-by-topic/employability/future-directions-for-employability-research-in-the-creative-industries) (accessed 12 May 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Banks , M. 2006 . Moral economy and cultural work . Sociology , 40 : 455 – 472 . (doi:10.1177/0038038506063669)
   Google Scholar
• Becker , G. S. 1964 . Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blair , H. 2001 . ‘You're only as good as your last job’: the labour process and labour market in the British film industry . Work, Employment and Society , 15 : 149 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair , H. , Grey , S. and Randle , K. 2001 . Working in film: employment in a project based industry . Personnel Review , 30 : 170 – 185 . (doi:10.1108/00483480110380334)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma , R. A. and Fritsch , M. 2009 . Creative class and regional growth: empirical evidence from seven European countries . Economic Geography , 85 : 391 – 423 . (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01048.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1993 . The Field of Cultural Production. Essays on Art and Literature , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1996 . The Rules of the Art. Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field , Cambridge : Polity .
   Google Scholar
• Chapain , C. A. and Comunian , R. 2009 . Creative cities in England: researching realities and images . Built Environment , 35 : 212 – 229 . (doi:10.2148/benv.35.2.212)
   Google Scholar
• Clifton , N. 2008 . The ‘creative class’ in the UK: an initial analysis . Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography , 90 : 63 – 82 . (doi:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2008.00276.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comunian , R. 2009 . Questioning creative work as driver of economic development: the case of Newcastle–Gateshead . Creative Industries Journal , 2 : 57 – 71 . (doi:10.1386/cij.2.1.57/1)
   Google Scholar
• Comunian , R. 2011 . Rethinking the creative city: the role of complexity, networks and interactions in the urban creative economy . Urban Studies , 48 : 1157 – 1179 . (doi:10.1177/0042098010370626)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comunian , R. and Faggian , A. 2011 . “ Higher education and the creative city ” . In Handbook on Cities and Creativity , Edited by: Mellander , C. , Andersson , A. and Andersson , D. 187 – 207 . London : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Comunian , R. , Faggian , A. and Jewell , S. 2011 . Winning and losing in the creative industries. An analysis of creative graduates' career opportunities across creative disciplines . Cultural Trends , 20 : 291 – 308 . (doi:10.1080/09548963.2011.589710)
   Google Scholar
• Comunian , R. , Faggian , A. and Li , Q. C. 2010 . Unrewarded careers in the creative class: the strange case of Bohemian graduates . Papers in Regional Science , 89 : 389 – 410 . (doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00281.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comunian , R. , Smith , D. and Taylor , C. Forthcoming 2012 . The role of universities in the regional creative economies of the UK: hidden protagonists and the challenge of knowledge transfer . European Planning Studies ,
   Google Scholar
• Crewe , L. 1996 . Material culture: embedded firms, organizational networks and the local economic development of a fashion quarter . Regional Studies: Journal of the Regional Studies Association , : 257 – 272 . (doi:10.1080/00343409612331349618)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , S. , Cutler , T. , Hearn , G. , Ryan , M. and Keane , M. 2004 . An innovation agenda for the Creative Industries: where is the R&D? . Media International Australia: incorporating Culture and Policy , 112 : 174 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Currid , E. 2007 . The Warhol Economy: How Fashion, Art and Music Drive New York City , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) . 1998 . Creative Industries Mapping Document , London : DCMS .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) . 1999a . Creative Industries – The Regional Dimension , London : DCMS .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) . 1999b . Creative Industries Exports – The Hidden Potential , London : DCMS .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) . 2001 . Creative Industries Mapping Document , London : DCMS .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) . 2003 . Regional Cultural Data Framework. Report by Positive Solutions, Business Strategies, Burns Owens Partnership and Andy C. Pratt , London : DCMS .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) . 2010 . Creative Industries Economic Estimates , London : DCMS .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) . 2009 . Digital Britain: Final Report , London : DCMS and BIS .
   Google Scholar
• Eikhof , D. R. and Haunschild , A. 2006 . Lifestyle meets market: bohemian entrepreneurs in creative industries . Creativity and Innovation Management , 15 : 234 – 241 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-8691.2006.00392.x)
   Google Scholar
• Ekinsmyth , C. 2002 . Project organization, embeddedness and risk in magazine publishing . Regional Studies , 36 ( 3 ) : 229 – 243 . (doi:10.1080/00343400220122043)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggian , A. and McCann , P. 2006 . Human capital and regional knowledge assets: a simultaneous equation model . Oxford Economic Papers , 58 ( 3 ) : 475 – 500 . (doi:10.1093/oep/gpl010)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggian , A. and McCann , P. 2009a . Human capital, graduate migration and innovation in British regions . Cambridge Journal of Economics , 33 : 317 – 333 . (doi:10.1093/cje/ben042)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggian , A. and McCann , P. 2009b . “ Human capital and regional development ” . In Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories , Edited by: Capello , R. and Nijkamp , P. 131 – 151 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Faggian , A. , McCann , P. and Sheppard , S. 2007a . Human capital, higher education and graduate migration: an analysis of Scottish and Welsh students . Urban Studies , 44 ( 13 ) : 2511 – 2528 . (doi:10.1080/00420980701667177)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggian , A. , McCann , P. and Sheppard , S. 2007b . Some evidence that women are more mobile than men: gender differences in the UK graduate migration behavior . Journal of Regional Science , 47 ( 3 ) : 517 – 539 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2007.00518.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florida , R. 2002 . The Rise of the Creative Class , New York, NY : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Florida , R. 2003 . Cities and creative class . City and Community , 2 : 3 – 19 . (doi:10.1111/1540-6040.00034)
   Google Scholar
• Florida , R. 2006 . The Flight of the Creative Class , New York, NY : HarperBusiness .
   Google Scholar
• Florida , R. , Mellander , C. and Stolarick , K. 2008 . Inside the black box of regional development – human capital, the creative class and tolerance . Journal of Economic Geography , 8 : 615 – 649 . (doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn023)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freakley , V. and Neelands , J. 2003 . The UK artist's world of work . Research in Dance Education , 4 : 51 – 61 . (doi:10.1080/14647890308305)
   Google Scholar
• Galloway , S. and Dunlop , S. 2006 . “ Deconstructing the concept of ‘creative industries’ ” . In Cultural Industries: The British Experience in International Perspective , Edited by: Eisenberg , C. , Gerlach , R. and Handke , C. Berlin : Humboldt University Berlin . [on-line]
   Google Scholar
• Garnham , N. 2005 . From cultural to creative industries. An analysis of the implications of the ‘creative industries’ approach to arts and media policy making in the United Kingdom . International Journal of Cultural Policy , 11 : 15 – 29 . (doi:10.1080/10286630500067606)
   Google Scholar
• Gill , R. 2002 . Cool, creative and egalitarian? Exploring gender in project-based new media work in Europe . Information, Communication and Society , 5 : 70 – 89 . (doi:10.1080/13691180110117668)
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser , E. L. 2005 . Review of Richard Florida's ‘The Rise of the Creative Class’ . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 35 : 593 – 596 . (doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.01.005)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. 2004 . Learning in projects, remembering in networks? Communality, sociality and connectivity in project ecologies . European Urban and Regional Studies , 11 : 99 – 119 . (doi:10.1177/0969776404041417)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greater London Authority (GLA) . 2002 . Creativity: London's Core Business , London : GLA .
   Google Scholar
• Greater London Authority (GLA) . 2004 . London's Creative Sector: 2004 Update , London : GLA .
   Google Scholar
• Greater London Authority (GLA) . 2007 . Working Paper 22: London's Creative Sector: 2007 Update , London : GLA .
   Google Scholar
• Hausman J. and McFadden D. (1984) Specification tests for the multinomial logit model, Econometrica 52 (5), 1219–1240.
   Google Scholar
• Hesmondhalgh , D. and Baker , S. 2008 . Creative work and emotional labour in the television industry . Theory, Culture and Society , 25 : 97 – 118 . (doi:10.1177/0263276408097798)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hracs , B. J. 2009 . “ Beyond Bohemia: geographies of everyday creativity for musicians in Toronto ” . In Spaces of Vernacular Creativity: Rethinking the Cultural Economy , Edited by: Edensor , T. , Leslie , D. , Millington , S. and Rantisi , N. M. 75 – 88 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt J. (2010) Arts keynote speech given at The Roundhouse, London, UK, 19 May (script available at http://www.culture.gov.uk/news/ministers_speeches/7069.aspx).
   Google Scholar
• Jayne , M. 2005 . Creative industries: the regional dimension? . Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy , 23 : 537 – 556 . (doi:10.1068/c0453)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , C. 1996 . “ Careers in project networks: the case of film industry ” . In The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organisational Era , Edited by: Arthur , M. B. and Rousseau , D. M. 58 – 75 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Juuti , S. and Littleton , K. 2010 . Musical identities in transition: Solo-piano students' accounts of entering the academy . Psychology of Music , 38 ( 4 ) : 481 – 497 . (doi:10.1177/0305735609351915)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloosterman , R. C. 2010 . Building a career: labour practices and cluster reproduction in Dutch architectural design . Regional Studies , 44 : 859 – 871 . (doi:10.1080/00343400903236873)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knell , J. and Oakley , K. 2007 . London's Creative Economy: An Accidental Success? , London : The Work Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• London Higher . 2005 . The Creative Capital: Exploring London's Creative Education Sector , London : London Higher .
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzen , M. and Frederiksen , L. 2005 . The management of projects and product experimentation: examples from the music industry . European Management Review , 2 : 198 – 211 . (doi:10.1057/palgrave.emr.1500044)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markusen , A. 2006 . Urban development and the politics of a creative class: evidence from the case study of artists . Environment and Planning A , 38 : 1921 – 1940 . (doi:10.1068/a38179)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markusen , A. and Schrock , G. 2006 . The artistic dividend: urban artistic specialisation and economic development implications . Urban Studies , 43 : 1661 – 1686 . (doi:10.1080/00420980600888478)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley , A. and Fillis , I. 2005 . Careers and lifestyles of craft makers in the 21st century . Cultural Trends , 14 : 139 – 156 . (doi:10.1080/09548960500292375)
   Google Scholar
• McRobbie , A. 2002 . Clubs to companies: notes on the decline of political culture in speeded up creative worlds . Cultural Studies , 16 : 516 – 531 . (doi:10.1080/09502380210139098)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellander , C. 2009 . Creative and knowledge industries: an occupational and distribution approach . Economic Development Quarterly , 23 : 294 – 305 . (doi:10.1177/0891242409343808)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellander , C. and Florida , R. 2007 . The creative class or human capital? – explaining regional development in Sweden . KTH/CESIS, Electronic Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation , paper no. 79
   Google Scholar
• National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) . 2003 . Forward Thinking – New Solutions to Old Problems: Investing in the Creative Industries , London : NESTA .
   Google Scholar
• National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) . 2008a . The Art of Innovation: How Fine Arts Graduates Contribute to Innovation , London : NESTA .
   Google Scholar
• National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) . 2008b . Beyond the Creative Industries: Mapping the Creative Economy in the United Kingdom , London : NESTA .
   Google Scholar
• National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA) . 2009 . The Geography of Creativity , London : NESTA .
   Google Scholar
• Neff G. (2005) The changing place of cultural production: the location of social networks in a digital media industry, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 597, 134–152.
   Google Scholar
• Nixon , S. and Crewe , B. 2004 . Pleasure at work? Gender, consumption and work-based identities in the creative industries . Consumption, Markets and Culture , 7 : 129 – 147 . (doi:10.1080/1025386042000246197)
   Google Scholar
• Oakley , K. 2009 . From Bohemian to Britart – art students over 50 years . Cultural Trends , 18 : 281 – 294 . (doi:10.1080/09548960903268105)
   Google Scholar
• Olfert , M. R. and Partridge , M. D. 2011 . Creating the cultural community: ethnic diversity vs. agglomeration . Spatial Economic Analysis , 6 : 25 – 55 . (doi:10.1080/17421772.2010.540032)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , A. C. 1997 . The cultural industries production system: a case study of employment change in Britain, 1984–91 . Environment and Planning A , 29 : 1953 – 1974 . (doi:10.1068/a291953)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimer , S. , Pinch , S. and Sunley , P. 2008 . Design spaces: agglomeration and creativity in British design agencies . Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography , 90 : 151 – 172 . (doi:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2008.00284.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , A. 2003 . No Collar: The Humane Workplace and Its Hidden Costs , New York, NY : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Shattock , M. 2010 . Managing mass higher education in a period of austerity . Arts and Humanities in Higher Education , 9 : 22 – 30 . (doi:10.1177/1474022209350093)
   Google Scholar
• Spence , M. 1973 . Job market signaling . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 87 : 355 – 374 . (doi:10.2307/1882010)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolarick , K. and Florida , R. 2006 . Creativity, connections and innovation: a study of linkages in the Montréal Region . Environment and Planning A , 38 : 1799 – 1817 . (doi:10.1068/a3874)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunley , P. , Pinch , S. and MacMillen , J. 2010 . Growing design? Challenges and constraints facing design consultancies in three English city-regions . Regional Studies , 44 : 873 – 887 . (doi:10.1080/00343401003604671)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , C. 2006 . Beyond advocacy: developing an evidence base for regional creative industry strategies . Cultural Trends , 15 : 3 – 18 . (doi:10.1080/09548960600615871)
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. and Littleton , K. 2008 . Art work or money: conflicts in the construction of a creative identity . Sociological Review , 56 : 275 – 292 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2008.00788.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Train K. (2003) Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Vinodrai , T. 2006 . Reproducing Toronto's design ecology: career paths, intermediaries, and local labor markets . Economic Geography , 82 : 237 – 263 . (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2006.tb00310.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar