Regional Social Legitimacy of Entrepreneurship: Implications for Entrepreneurial Intention and Start-up Behaviour

REFERENCES

• Ajzen I. (1991) The theory of planned behaviour, Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes 50, 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen I. (2011) Constructing a Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire (available at: http://people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.diag.html ) (accessed on 18 March 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich H. E. and Fiol C. M. (1994) Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation, Academy of Management Review 19, 645–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson M. and Koster S. (2011) Sources of persistence in regional start-up rates – evidence from Sweden, Journal of Economic Geography 11, 179–201. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist J. A. and Pischke J.-S. (2009) Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Aoyama Y. (2009) Entrepreneurship and regional Culture: the case of Hamamatsu and Kyoto, Japan, Regional Studies 43, 495–512. doi: 10.1080/00343400902777042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armington C. and Acs Z. J. (2002) The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation, Regional Studies 36, 33–45. doi: 10.1080/00343400120099843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage C. J. and Conner M. (2001) Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review, British Journal of Social Psychology 40, 471–499. doi: 10.1348/014466601164939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcroft B., Love J. H. and Malloy E. (1991) New firm formation in the British counties with special reference to Scotland, Regional Studies 25, 395–409. doi: 10.1080/00343409112331346597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audretsch D. B. and Fritsch M. (1994) The geography of firm births in Germany, Regional Studies 28, 359–365. doi: 10.1080/00343409412331348326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audretsch D. B. and Keilbach M. (2004) Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance, Regional Studies 38, 949–959. doi: 10.1080/0034340042000280956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitektine A. (2011) Towards a theory of social judgments of organizations: the case of legitimacy, reputation, and status, Academy of Management Review 36, 151–179. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2011.55662572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma N. and Schutjens V. (2011) Understanding regional variation in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitude in Europe, Annals of Regional Science 47, 711–742. doi: 10.1007/s00168-010-0375-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma N., Stel A. and Suddle K. (2008) The geography of new firm formation: evidence from independent start-ups and new subsidiaries in the Netherlands, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 4, 129–146. doi: 10.1007/s11365-007-0058-8
   Google Scholar
• Brambor T., Clark W. R. and Golder M. (2006) Understanding interaction models: improving empirical analyses, Political Analysis 14, 63–82. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpi014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brixy U. and Grotz R. (2007) Regional patterns and determinants of birth and survival of new firms in Western Germany, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 19, 293–312. doi: 10.1080/08985620701275510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner M. and Armitage C. J. (1998) Extending the theory of planned behavior: a review and avenues for further research, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 28, 1429–1464. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsson P. and Wiklund J. (1997) Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates, Journal of Economic Psychology 18, 179–199. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00004-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deephouse D. L. and Suchmann M. C. (2008) Legitimacy in organizational institutionalism, in Greenwood R., Oliver C., Sahlin K. and Suddaby R. (Eds) The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, pp. 49–77. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio P. and Powell W. W. (1983) The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields, American Sociological Review 48, 147–160. doi: 10.2307/2095101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzioni A. (1987) Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimation, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 8, 175–189. doi: 10.1016/0167-2681(87)90002-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink M., Loidl S. and Lang R. (2012) Community Based Entrepreneurship and Rural Development. Routledge: London.
   Google Scholar
• Fornahl D. (2003) Entrepreneurial activities in a regional context, in Fornahl D. and Brenner T. (Eds) Cooperation, Networks, and Institutions in Regional Innovation Systems, pp. 38–57. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. (1997) New firms and regional employment change, Small Business Economics 9, 437–448. doi: 10.1023/A:1007942918390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. and Falck O. (2007) New business formation by industry over space and time: a multidimensional analysis, Regional Studies 41, 157–172. doi: 10.1080/00343400600928301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. and Mueller P. (2004) Effects of new business formation on regional development over time, Regional Studies 38, 961–975. doi: 10.1080/0034340042000280965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. and Mueller P. (2007) The persistence of regional new business formation-activity over time – assessing the potential of policy promotion programs, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17, 299–315. doi: 10.1007/s00191-007-0056-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. and Wyrwich M. (2014) The long persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship: Germany 1925 to 2005, Regional Studies (in this issue).
   Google Scholar
• Gertler M. (2010) Rules of the game: the place of institutions in regional economic change, Regional Studies 44, 1–15. doi: 10.1080/00343400903389979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens A. (1984) The Constitution of Society. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• González S. and Healey P. (2005) A Sociological institutionalist approach to the study of innovation in governance capacity, Urban Studies 42, 2055–2069. doi: 10.1080/00420980500279778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood R., Raynard M., Kodeih F., Micelotta E. R. and Lounsbury M. (2011) Institutional complexity and organizational responses, Academy of Management Annals 5, 317–371. doi: 10.1080/19416520.2011.590299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayter R. (2004) Economic geography as dissenting institutionalism: the embeddedness, evolution and differentiation of regions, Geografiska Annaler B 86, 95–115. doi: 10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00156.x
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson G. M. (2006) What are institutions?, Journal of Economic Issues 40, 1–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmén H. (1995) What's new and what's regional in the ‘new regional geography’?, Geografiska Annaler B 77, 47–63. doi: 10.2307/490374
   Google Scholar
• Hox J. J. (2010) Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications. Routledge, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Hu L. and Bentler P. M. (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling 6, 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kautonen T., van Gelderen M. and Fink M. (2015) Robustness of the theory of planned behaviour in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 39(3), DOI:10.1111/etap.12056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kautonen T., van Gelderen M. and Tornikoski E. T. (2013) Predicting entrepreneurial behaviour: a test of the theory of planned behaviour, Applied Economics 45, 697–707. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2011.610750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeble D. and Walker S. (1994) New firms, small firms and dead firms: spatial patterns and determinants in the United Kingdom, Regional Studies 28, 411–427. doi: 10.1080/00343409412331348366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibler E. (2013) The formation of entrepreneurial intentions in a regional context, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 25, 293–323. doi: 10.1080/08985626.2012.721008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolvereid L. (1996) Prediction of employment status choice intentions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 21, 47–57.
   Google Scholar
• Lafuente E., Vaillant Y. and Rialp J. (2007) Regional differences in the influence of role models: comparing the entrepreneurial process of rural Catalonia, Regional Studies 41, 779–795. doi: 10.1080/00343400601120247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang R., Fink M. and Kibler E. (2013) Understanding place-based entrepreneurship in rural Central Europe: a comparative institutional analysis, International Journal of Small Business DOI:10.1177/0266242613488614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang R. and Roessl D. (2011) Contextualizing the governance of community co-operatives: evidence from Austria and Germany, Voluntas 22, 706–730. doi: 10.1007/s11266-011-9210-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S. Y., Florida R. and Acs Z. J. (2004) Creativity and entrepreneurship: a regional analysis of new firm formation, Regional Studies 38, 879–891. doi: 10.1080/0034340042000280910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévesque M. and Minniti M. (2006) The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior, Journal of Business Venturing 21, 177–194. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao J. and Welsch H. (2005) Roles of social capital in venture creation: key dimensions and research implications, Journal of Small Business Management 43, 345–362. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00141.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liñán F., Urbano D. and Guerrero M. (2011) Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: start-up intentions of university students in Spain, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23, 187–215. doi: 10.1080/08985620903233929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maillat D. (1995) Territorial dynamic, innovative milieus and regional policy, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 7, 157–165. doi: 10.1080/08985629500000010
   Google Scholar
• Marquis C. and Battilana J. (2009) Acting globally but thinking locally? The enduring influence of local communities on organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior 29, 283–302. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2009.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin R. (2000) Institutional approaches in economic geography, in Sheppard E. and Barnes T. J. (Eds) A Companion to Economic Geography, pp. 77–94. Blackwell, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Minniti M. (2005) Entrepreneurship and network externalities, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 57, 1–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2004.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller P., van Stel A. J. and Storey D. J. (2008) The effects of new firm formation on regional development over time: the case of Great Britain, Small Business Economics 30, 59–71. doi: 10.1007/s11187-007-9056-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North D. C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2006) The New Rural Paradigm: Policy and Governance. Working Paper on Territorial Policy in Rural Areas. OECD, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom E. (2005) Doing institutional analysis: digging deeper than markets and hierarchies, in Ménard C. and Shirley M. (Eds) Handbook of New Institutional Economics, pp. 819–848. Springer, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Parker S. C. (2009) The Economics of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Rafiqui P. S. (2009) Evolving economic landscapes: why new institutional economics matters for economic geography, Journal of Economic Geography 9, 329–353. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbn050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds P. D. (1997) Who starts new firms? Preliminary explorations of firms-in-gestation, Small Business Economics 5, 449–462. doi: 10.1023/A:1007935726528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds P. D., Storey D. J. and Westhead P. (1994) Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates, Regional Studies 28, 443–456. doi: 10.1080/00343409412331348386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriquez-Pose A. (2013) Do institutions matter for regional development?, Regional Studies 47, 1034–1047. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2012.748978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogelberg S. G. and Stanton J. M. (2007) Understanding and dealing with organizational survey nonresponse, Organizational Research Methods 10, 195–209. doi: 10.1177/1094428106294693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott W. R. (1995) Institutions and Organizations. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Scott W. R. (2010) Reflections: the past and future of research on institutions and institutional change, Journal of Change Management 10, 5–21. doi: 10.1080/14697010903549408
   Google Scholar
• Sheeran P. (2002) Intention–behaviour relations: a conceptual and empirical overview, European Review of Social Psychology 12, 1–36. doi: 10.1080/14792772143000003
   Google Scholar
• Sorenson O. and Audia P. G. (2000) The social structure of entrepreneurial activity: geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940–1989, American Journal of Sociology 106, 424–462. doi: 10.1086/316962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souitaris V., Zerbinati S. and Al-Laham A. (2007) Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources, Journal of Business Venturing 22, 566–591. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stam E. (2010) Entrepreneurship, evolution and geography, in Boschma R. and Martin R. L. (Eds) The Handbook of Evolutionary Economic Geography, pp. 307–348. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Austria (2011a) Statistical Classifications of Regions (available at: http://www.statistik.at/web_en/classifications/regional_breakdown/index.html) (accessed June 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Austria (2011b) Population by Demographic Characteristics (available at: http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_alter_geschlecht/index.html ) (accessed June 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Austria (2013) Regional Statistical Database – StatCube Service (available at: http://www.statistik.at/web_en/publications_services/superstar_database/index.html) (accessed March 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Finland (2011) Statistical Grouping of Regions (available at: http://www.stat.fi/meta/luokitukset/kuntaryhmitys/001-2011/index_en.html ) (accessed June 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Finland (2013) Regional Statistical Database – StatFin Service (available at: http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/databasetree_en.asp ) (accessed February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg R. (2009) Regional dimensions of entrepreneurship, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship 5, 211–340. doi: 10.1561/0300000024
   Google Scholar
• Suchmann M. C. (1995) Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches, Academy of Management Review 20, 571–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton P. H. and Flynn K. H. (2003) Entrepreneurship, networks, and geographies, in Acs Z. J. and Audretsch D. B. (Eds) Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, pp. 401–433. Kluwer, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Tödtling F. and Wanzenböck H. (2003) Regional differences in structural characteristics of start-ups, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 15, 351–370. doi: 10.1080/0898562032000058923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trettin L. and Welter F. (2011) Challenges for spatially oriented entrepreneurship research, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23, 575–602. doi: 10.1080/08985621003792988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillant Y. and Lafuente E. (2007) Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity?, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 19, 313–337. doi: 10.1080/08985620701440007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Stel A. J. and Storey D. J. (2004) The link between firm births and job creation: is there a upas tree effect?, Regional Studies 38, 893–910. doi: 10.1080/0034340042000280929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welter F. (2011) Conceptual challenges and ways forward, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35, 165–184. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier S. R., Kelley D., Kew J., Herrington M. and Vorderwülbecke A. (2013) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012 – Global Report. Babson College, Babson Park, MA; Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago; Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Kuala Lumpur; and Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London.
   Google Scholar